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The article discusses the period in which Celtic linguistic scholarship flourished most vigorously outside the Celtic-speaking countries. It gives an insight what had drawn the principal scholars of the period to work on Celtic and what had kept them working even after their initial concerns had been satisfied. The article mentions that it uses Johann Caspar Zeuss' Grammatica Celtica and Holger Pedersen's Vergleichende Grammatik der keltischen Sprachem as references. It alleges that the Celtic languages formed part of the Indo-European family.

Chapter 6 of the book "Centre and Periphery in Modern British Poetry," by Andrew Duncan is presented. It highlights the foundation and developments of poetry and Celtic languages in West Scotland. It provides information on several Scottish poets, including Derick Thomson, Iain Crichton Smith, and George Campbell Hay, whose career and literary works have illustrated the struggling nature of Scottish poetry.

In the prologue, the point of view expressed was that of scholars today, whether linguists or historians. Language was a topic on which a number of early modern Europeans also expressed their opinions, sometimes forcefully. A study of languages and communities cannot afford to neglect such opinions. The following account is not intended as a history of linguistics, emphasizing the achievement of individual scholars, but rather as a map of attitudes to language, or changes in attitude, as revealed in commonplaces, or in ideas that gradually became commonplace at this time. Indeed, we might describe the early modern period as the age of what I shall call the ‘discovery of language’. THE LATER MIDDLE AGES The point of this dramatic expression is not to suggest that medieval people were unconcerned with the languages that they were speaking and writing. In thirteenth-century Spain, for example, the standardization of the language associated with King Alfonso the Wise (below, p. 63) implied knowledge of the alternatives to that standard. The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, in particular, were a time of increasing linguistic awareness, not only in the Italy of the early Renaissance but also in England, France and Central Europe. In Italy, for instance, Dante contributed to the debate on the vernacular in his De vulgari eloquentia, written around the year 1305. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The principal aim of this book is to reflect on the changing relations between language and community, or, more exactly, between languages and communities in the plural, in Europe and other areas in which European languages were spoken, from the invention of printing to the French Revolution. This is not a general survey of the history of the languages of Europe in the early modern period so much as a series of linked essays (originally lectures) on a few major strands in that history. Today, language is a topical subject. Indeed, the year 2001 was officially declared the ‘European Year of Language’. There should be little need to remind anyone of the links between language and politics, or, better, the entanglement of language with politics at a time when phrases such as ‘language rights’ and ‘identity politics’ have recently entered our everyday speech. At a time of involvement, this book makes an attempt at detachment or distanciation, reculer pour mieux sauter. Why should a cultural historian write about language? Why not leave the topic to the linguists? For one thing, because language is always a sensitive indicator – though not a simple reflection – of cultural change. In this respect, the history of linguistic borrowings (below, pp. 111ff.) is suggestive. What English borrowed from Italian in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, especially artistic terms such as aria, chiaroscuro, fresco and piazza, tells us something about both cultures, about Italian leadership in the arts and about English interest in catching up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]