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The article presents definitions for terms related to fire protection engineering. Some of these terms include house fires due to candles, car batteries and their behavior in fire, and carbon fiber which is a material used in fire engineering. Other terms include biomimetic sensors for carbon monoxide, Carry-Lite fire hose and catalytic gas sensor.

Chapter 17 of the book "199 Internet-Based Businesses You Can Start With Less Than One Thousand Dollars: Secrets, Techniques, and Strategies Ordinary People Use Every Day to Make Millions" is presented. It focuses on Internet crafts businesses which include unusual yarns and handmade candles. It discusses the business overview, skills, tips, and sources of information on each business. It also presents the success story of New England Birdhouse and its proprietor Bill Askenburg.

The article offers step-by-step instructions for making a flower arrangement in a glass container using bright flowers and candlelight.

Presents a speech to Messieurs the Members of the Chamber of Deputies about the petition of the manufacturers of candles, wax-lights, lamps, candle-sticks, street lamps, snuffers, extinguishers, and the producers of oil, tallow, rosin, alcohol, and generally of everything connected with lighting.

Chapter Four of the book "Basic Candle Making: All the Skills and Tools You Need to Get Started," is presented. The chapter reveals step-by-step instructions on creating a basic container candle, which is applied on various containers including jars, cups, and bowls. Creating container candles require various materials including 1 pound of paraffin, metal wick tabs, and a thermometer.

The article discusses the liturgy that is focused on the need for ecojustice and restoration of the Earth. It states that the preparation for the ceremony involves acquisition of a globe of the world and symbols for each of four elements, which includes incense for air, candle for fire, and compost for earth. It mentions the need to silently reflect on the call for ecojustice and thinking of the action to be taken. The prayer for gratitude is also mentioned.

The article offers information on the liturgy entitled "Walk in Beauty" regarding the beauty of the Earth. It mentions that one can prepare for the liturgy by placing a candle, a feather, and a bowl of water on the central symbol table. It states that the participants can offer one another a greeting of beauty by saying "You are beauty for our world."

By the early fourteenth century London was pre-eminent among English urban communities. Whether ranked according to wealth or according to population, its pre-eminence was undisputed. Although London was larger, more populous and wealthier than other English towns, it was distinguished from them not only by size and volume: it developed, in the period covered here, characteristics which were distinctive. London was different not only in scale, but also in kind. This pre-eminence is reflected in the creation and for the most part survival of a remarkable series of administrative records. Although the chamberlain's records (including the apprentice and freedom registers) were destroyed in a fire in the seventeenth century, the City is rich in custumals, record books and wills and deeds enrolled in the Husting court from the mid-thirteenth century. The pleadings in the mayor's court survive from the end of the thirteenth century and the records of the meetings of the court of aldermen and court of Common Council from 1416. In addition to the City's official records, there survive thousands of testaments enrolled in the ecclesiastical courts, pre-Reformation records of some thirty of London's parish churches and material of great interest from the archives of the livery companies. Much of this material, particularly that from the city's own administration, has been edited and calendared. Moreover, in the late fourteenth and fifteenth centuries the Londoners developed a taste for ‘London chronicles’, i.e. histories of England written in the vernacular and divided into mayoral, rather than regnal, years. These chronicles throw some fitful light upon the course of English history, but rather more light on the thought-world of the Londoners who commissioned and bought them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides an overview of the history of candles and candle making. It mentions that candles have played integral roles in religious ceremonies, adorned the walls of rulers, and lit shops and streets. It states that beeswax was one of the first ingredients used to make candles, recognized during the ancient Roman times for aromatic burning properties. It states that waxes extracted from vegetables and plants, and spermaceti were successfully experimented with candle making.

The article offers step-by-step instruction on candlemaking which uses both or a combination of the dip and carve technique.

The article offers step-by-step instruction on candlemaking that uses a technique of cooling poured wax according to colour and design to create multicoloured candles such as angled layered candles, landscaped candles, and swirly chunked candles.

The article offers step-by-step instruction on candle making through hand modelling that requires creativity, artistry, and imagination of a perceived candle design such as the creation of floating rose candles and wax fungus.

Meat and livestock prices: introduction (tables 6.1–6.16) The tables in this chapter bring together evidence on Scottish meat and livestock prices, together with prices of tallow, candle, butter and eggs from the sixteenth century to around 1780. Price quotations are very sparse before the middle of the sixteenth century, but even thereafter few good series are available. The suite of tables, considered as a whole, provide a fair indication of long-term price trends; for short-term movements, the St Andrews University meat purchase accounts, (tables 6.1–6.3), the various eighteenth-century price series (tables 6.12–6.16) and, of course, the Leven and Melville monthly price series 1690–1702 (table 6.11) are the most useful, though as usual all need to be used with caution. The tallow price series (tables 6.17–6.19) may also be useful in tracing short-term movements in sheep prices, but these have their own particularly complex interpretative problems, discussed in the next section. The question of typicality is particularly difficult with regard to livestock prices. Precisely when in the year any given quotation refers is often unknown, yet, as the Leven and Melville series demonstrates, prices varied significantly according to the season. Moreover, it is seldom stated exactly how old, and never how big, any of the cattle or sheep referred to in the miscellaneous series may have been when bought or sold. Even apparently straightforward terms contain ambiguities. The term ‘cattle’ or ‘nolt’ includes both oxen and cows (‘kye’). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The burghs and market regulation The extensive records produced by the town councils constitute one of the richest sources available for the history of prices in early modern Scotland. They contain some of the longest price series available, in many cases pre-dating fiars prices by more than a century. Although posing considerable interpretative difficulties, they provide a detailed record of price trends and fluctuations in a period otherwise largely devoid of reliable price data. The grain and grain-product prices, along with wine prices, derived from the town councils form the tables attached to this chapter, which is intended as a guide to their interpretation. The majority of the prices to be found in burgh records refer to the products of the principal crafts. Wheatbread, ale, tallow and candle prices appear almost annually in some burgh records, but other commodities such as oatbread, ryebread, wine and various kinds of meat appear at least periodically. Even the price of whisky was occasionally set. The burghs also assessed the price of labour, as we shall see in chapter 8. It is, however, important to acknowledge at the outset that most of these prices do not purport to record current market prices, but rather the price at which such goods were to be sold in the future. The fact that these were ‘statute’ prices – statements regarding the price at which certain goods should be sold – raises immediate problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Except in summer, the traditional house was cold and draughty, and at all times dark and gloomy. Its doors and windows admitted more air than light and gave little protection against the intruder. For most people their security lay in the paucity of goods worth stealing. People spent much of their time out of doors. Houses were for eating and sleeping, and only during the dark days of winter would people have spent much time within them. In the course of the later Middle Ages and early modern times, however, household furniture increased; domestic comforts, like cushions and curtains and decorated walls, became more common, and by small increments a house was slowly turned into a home. The central hearth Before the sixteenth century most homes had only a single hearth, centrally placed within the hall. A midde the halle flor A fier, stark and store Was light and brende bright. It was usually made of small stones set on edge, but sometimes of stone slabs, and occasionally of fire-hardened clay. Here a fire smouldered and was rarely allowed to go out because there was no ready means of lighting it again. Should it be extinguished, it had generally to be relighted with embers carried from a neighbouring house. This was a hazardous undertaking, and the rolls of the coroners's courts occasionally contain references to the disastrous consequences of the careless handling of a burning brand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The civilization of Roman Britain was neither merely provincial nor merely cosmopolitan, neither Celtic nor Roman simply, but a fusion of the two, though an imperfect and unstable fusion, whose elements were mixed in varying proportions in different social strata and in different parts of the country. The Roman invasion of ad 43 had been presaged, not only by Julius Caesar's forays a century earlier, but also by the growing commercial and cultural ties between Britain and the nearby continent. It was, indeed, the closeness of these ties and the fear that an independent Britain might stimulate rebellion in Gaul that led to the Claudian invasion. The course of the conquest of much of Britain which followed gave further emphasis to that threefold division of the island that has already been mentioned (p. 6). By ad 47–8 the Romans had overrun south-eastern Britain and had established a military base near the present town of Colchester as well as forts elsewhere to hold the conquered territory. Their advance was halted, if only momentarily, along the line of the Jurassic escarpment. From its edge they could, metaphorically at least, look down on to the clay-floored and forested Midlands. Along this line they built a series of segments of roads, later linked to form the Fosse Way. It became a military road from Lindum (Lincoln) to its original south-western termination on Lyme Bay, later moved to Isca Dumnoniorum (Exeter). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Edmund Bonner was Bishop of London during the reign of Mary Tudor, and his name has always been linked with hers in the history of the persecution. More than one-third of all the victims of the Marian reaction were indeed burnt within his diocese, but Bonner's prominent place in the record rests primarily on Foxe's identification of him as one of the arch-villains of Mary's reign. Foxe's Acts and Monuments launched ‘Bloody Bonner’ into history as the epitome of evil and injustice. He included in his book not only many documents but also episodes which had been passed to him by word of mouth. Such was the story of Tomkins, a weaver from Shoreditch ‘endued with God's mighty spirit’. When Bonner summoned him for examination, Tomkins remained steadfast in his faith, which so enraged Bonner that he seized Tomkins's hand and held it directly over the flame of a candle until the flesh blistered. Foxe did not invent this story. The Spanish ambassador had heard of Tomkins's ordeal before the end of March 1554/5, but his version emphasised Tomkins's bravado in voluntarily testing how much pain he could bear. Foxe did not probe as to who had initiated the candle episode. He was concerned to tell the history of the age-long conflict between the true and the apostate Church and so would not blur the picture he had drawn of the main protagonists. Tomkins was the holy martyr, Bonner the ‘persecutor of the light and a child of darkness’. The Elizabethans accepted Foxe's picture unhesitatingly and later historians have accepted it or modified it usually according to their own religious persuasion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, our understanding of the Tudor religious changes has been considerably increased by local studies, each concerned with a particular city, county or region and employing a range of different sources for the task. This essay is concerned instead with one of the principal varieties of material used in such studies, the accounts kept by parish churchwardens, and attempts to make a national survey. By taking the surviving accounts from across the whole of the country, with supporting information from visitation returns, sermons, official correspondence and literary sources, it is possible to examine issues which cannot be considered convincingly in local studies, and so to offer a different perspective to earlier work on the subject. Most of the churchwardens' accounts are incomplete, and several of those surviving give mere annual totals of income and expenditure without individual entries. In large part these faults are the work of time and personal inclination respectively, but they also reflect the tensions prevailing in the period as detailed sets of accounts often break off or become summary (infuriatingly) as the religious changes commence. Contentious items were erased as regimes and policies altered. Thus, of the 198 sets used for this study, being the great majority of those extant, only eighteen cover all the years between 1535 and 1570, in detail. Furthermore, they are geographically limited. The third of England north of the Trent is reflected by only a thirteenth of the accounts, and the four northernmost counties and the whole of Wales have yielded only one set each. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The excitement of history lies in its uncertainty. Except for the vital matter of accuracy in detail, there are no solved problems or authoritative conclusions in historical study. There is always more to be done – more documents to discover, more refined methods to apply, more issues to be considered, more thought to be given. So no history book, no matter how eminent the author or balanced the argument, can provide a definitive version of the past. It is not a defect of any particular work that it will be overtaken by later research, it is a characteristic of the historical discipline. Students should not be surprised that a well-established textbook is eventually challenged – rather they should be impressed that it has carried conviction for so long. For twenty years, Professor A. G. Dickens's The English Reformation stood in unrivalled mastery of its field, and it remained the best single-volume survey of the subject. It has been the standard text for teachers and students, and its pervasive influence could be detected in History examination scripts at all levels. But two decades of further research, much of it by historians inspired by the example of Dickens himself, have undermined old answers and raised new questions. Some recent writers would wish only to adjust the detail and emphases of 1964, but others suggest the need for a more fundamental revision of perspective. One of the reasons for the popularity of the Dickens version of the Reformation is that it built upon a well-established tradition in English historical consciousness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on healing the Earth in summer. It mentions that on long hot days, the spirits of leisure and playfulness shine where on can feel the heat of the sun, touch the grass barefooted, and hear frogs and mosquitoes. It states that the ecofeminist liturgies focus on the themes of healing, solar power, and fullness using the symbols of castles, candles, and flames.

The article offers safety tips in candle making. It suggests to do not pour melted wax down the drain because it will harden and the pipes will be clogged. It recommends to cover the work area using newspaper in case the wax spills and do not leave a melting wax unattended. It advises to submerge immediately the finger if it got hot melted wax in cold water and peel off the wax carefully when cool.

The article offers step-by-step instruction on cnadlemaking that includes a method of cutting corners either for a twisted or curved surface effect to a candle.

The article offers step-by-step instruction on candlemaking for the creation of candle fruits such as candle pears, oranges and apples.

The article offers step-by-step instruction on candlemaking particularly on the creation of one-colour candles, with details on the amount of cold wax to be poured into wax moulds.

The article offers step-by-step instruction on candlemaking which uses the technique of rolling sheets of wax to create flared spiral candles and rolling beeswax sheets to create tapered beeswax candles.

The article offers step-by-step instruction on candlemaking, particularly handfinishing completed candles according to the desired design of candles such as the method of twisting and handbraiding candles.

The article offers instructions for making colored pillar candles with brooches, bracelets and necklace.

Information on the release of energy from a section of the book "Energy" is presented. It notes that fire is a way to release the energy in fuels, such as wood and coal, and helps people generate electricity, power car engines and space rockets. It cites oxygen, fuel and heat as important elements in fires. Particular focus is given to the combustion process in a fire. It points out that a candle serves as a miniature chemical factory that converts the chemical energy stored in wax into light and heat.

The article offers information on the self-promotion campaign of Iron Design. The team decided to make custom matches with a mini portfolio inside to introduce the agency to potential clients who have never heard of them. The designers created the boxes out of recycled paper board jewelry boxes and insert cards made of 1-color on 100-pound dull-coated stock with die cut slots for candles and matchbooks, and tied 10 black candles together with red string.

The article presents a science experiment to help students explore steam power. A list of materials is provided, along with preparation and safety considerations, discussion topics and specific procedures such as letting students build wire legs that are long enough to back the metal container horizontally over the soapdish and the candle.

The article offers step-by-step instructions for candle making in a nutshell.

The article offers step-by-step instruction on candlemaking particularly on the creation of water candles that uses the plunge and pour method.

The article offers step-by-step instruction on candlemaking particularly on the creation of a sand candle.

The article offers step-by-step instruction on candlemaking for the creation of balloon candles.

The article offers step-by-step instruction on candlemaking using whipped wax in creating novelty candles like the ice cream cone candle.

The article offers information on candle making which uses the technique of hammering to create a decorative effect to a candle.

The article offers step-by-step instruction on candlemaking using both techniques or a combination between dipping and ironing.

The article offers step-by-step instruction on candlemaking, particularly on carving.

The article offers information on the appliqué technique, a process used in candlemaking that involves stucking of chunks of coloured wax on to the outside of a candle.

The article offers step-by-step instruction on candlemaking for the creation of pressed flower candles using surface techniques.

The article offers step-by-step instruction on candlemaking using the pour-in pour-out technique, a technique that is opposite to overdipping, in creating candle sculptures.

The article offers step-by-step instruction on candlemaking particularly on the proper wicking of molded candles using a wicking needle.

The article offers step-by-step instruction on the process of overdipping completed candles in candlemaking.

The article offers information on the history of candles and candlemaking which originated in the northern and central Europe. The use of candle had been the main source of artificial light other than the use of oil lamps. It was in the nineteenth century when tallow, an animal fat derived from sheep, pig, and cow, was used as the main material for making candles. Moreover, other animal products had also been used in creating candles such as beeswax, spermaceti, and vegetable waxes.

The article presents a science experiment for demonstrating students the reason why a burning candle goes out. A list of materials required for the experiment is provided. It is suggested to use to cover the candle with jars of different heights, volumes and shapes and note the time it takes for the flame to go out in each case.