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This paper presents a transonic buffet simulation on a half wing/body rigid model at a realistic Reynolds number. The modelling approach retained is a Zonal-DES approach which allows attached boundary layers to be protected and a rapid switching into LES mode in the separated areas. Transonic buffet phenomenon is a challenging case for DES type simulations since the separation point is unstable during time and the separation remains closed to the skin of the model. The simulation was performed on an adapted mesh and comparisons with experiments are carried out. It is shown that the mean field is accurately predicted with ZDES while the present RANS calculations failed to reproduce this shape of the separated area. The results also provide an insight into the unsteady nature of the flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Controlling infectious diseases is expensive and decisions have to be made on how to spend the money. Cost effectiveness analysis provides a rational basis for making these decisions, even if the present state of the art in this domain does not escape criticism. A presentation of the methods currently available, of the results they have produced, and of the criticisms they deserve, is followed by a discussion of the economic and ethical justifications of adopting a cost-effectiveness approach. This approach is then illustrated by an application to the choice of the best strategy to face up to the HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis epidemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) for the treatment of acute and chronic respiratory failure has achieved an increasingly important role over the last decade. Until the mid-eighties, mechanical ventilation in intensive care unit (ICU) patients with acute respiratory failure was generally delivered invasively via an endotracheal or tracheostomy tube. With growing knowledge of pathophysiology, it became apparent that there are also risks and complications, not only related to mechanical ventilation itself (volu- and barotrauma), but especially if mechanical ventilation is delivered invasively, such as the increased rate of nosocomial pneumonias [1]. Hoarseness, sore throat or vocal cord dysfunction becoming apparent after extubation may also result in long term complications [2], Therefore, the application of NIV techniques seems logical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expression of heat shock proteins (HSP) HSP70 and HSP27 is induced in response to a wide variety of physiological and environmental insults including anticancer chemotherapy, thus allowing the cell to survive to lethal conditions. The cytoprotective effect of HSP70 and HSP27 is related to their ability to disable apoptosis. HSP70 and HSP27 both inhibit key apoptotic proteins at the pre- and post-mitochondrial level. HSP70 and/or HSP27 basal levels are unusually high in malignant cells, and both have been accused of participating in oncogenesis and/or in chemotherapy resistance. In rodent models, HSP70 or HSP27 over-expression increases tumor growth and metastatic potential. HSP70 and HSP27 depletion or inhibition frequently reduces the size of the tumors and even can cause their complete involution (for HSP70). In this chapter we will describe the effectors of the apoptotic machinery that interact with HSP70 or HSP27, and we will discuss the inhibition of HSP70 and HSP27 as a novel strategy of cancer therapy [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Part 7 of Chapter 3 of the book "Mediterranean Climate Variability," by P. Lionello, P. Malanotte-Rizzoli and R. Boscolo, is presented. It provides an overview of the Mediterranean climate which is under the influence of both mid-latitude and tropical dynamics, such as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) on one side and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and monsoons on the other side. A list of issues that should be dealt with during the next decade is provided.

Part 5 of Chapter 3 of the book "Mediterranean Climate Variability," by P. Lionello, P. Malanotte-Rizzoli and R. Boscolo, is presented. It explores the precipitation and temperature trends in the Mediterranean Region. It provides an overview of the Mediterranean climate which is under the influence of both mid-latitude and tropical dynamics, such as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) on one side and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and monsoons on the other side.

Part 6 of Chapter 3 of the book "Mediterranean Climate Variability," by P. Lionello, P. Malanotte-Rizzoli and R. Boscolo, is presented. It provides an overview of the Mediterranean climate which is under the influence of mid-latitude and tropical dynamics, such as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) on one side and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and monsoons on the other side. It focuses on the link between mid-latitude circulation anomalies and tropical climate variability.

Part 4 of Chapter 3 of the book "Mediterranean Climate Variability," by P. Lionello, P. Malanotte-Rizzoli and R. Boscolo, is presented. It provides an overview of the Mediterranean climate which is under the influence of both mid-latitude and tropical dynamics, such as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) on one side and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and monsoons on the other side. It offers information on the winter half-year precipitation in the Mediterranean region.

Part 2 of Chapter 3 of the book "Mediterranean Climate Variability," by P. Lionello, P. Malanotte-Rizzoli and R. Boscolo, is presented. It explores the impacts of mid-latitude modes of atmospheric variability on Mediterranean climate. It provides an overview of the Mediterranean climate which is under the influence of mid-latitude and tropical dynamics, such as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) on one side and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and monsoons on the other side.

Part 1 of Chapter 3 of the book "Mediterranean Climate Variability," by P. Lionello, P. Malanotte-Rizzoli and R. Boscolo, is presented. It provides an overview of Mediterranean climate which is under the influence of both mid-latitude and tropical dynamics, such as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) on one side and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and monsoons on the other side. It explores climate in the region which is directly affected by continental and maritime air masses.

The sources cited within this book are presented including "Temperature and precipitation reconstruction in southern Portugal during the late Maunder Minimum," M. J. Alcoforado, M. F. Nunes, J. C. Garcia, and J. P. Taborada, "Dendropoma Lower Intertidal Reef Formations and Their Palaeoclimatological Significance," by F. Antonioli, R. Chemello, and S. Improta, and S. Riggio, and "Tyrrhenian Holocene Palaeoclimate Trends From Spelean Serpulids," by F. Antonioli, S. Silenzi, and S. Frisia.

Part 8 of Chapter 1 of the book "Mediterranean Climate Variability," by P. Lionello, P. Malanotte-Rizzoli and R. Boscolo, is presented. It reviews past Mediterranean climate variability covering the last few centuries and describes regional coverage, potential and limitations of the available instrumental data, documentary evidence and natural proxies. The question on the importance and limitations of documentary and natural proxies for Mediterranean precipitation reconstructions is discussed.

Part 7 of Chapter 1 of the book "Mediterranean Climate Variability," by P. Lionello, P. Malanotte-Rizzoli and R. Boscolo, is presented. It offers a comparison between the 500-year winter temperature and precipitation reconstructions It reviews the past Mediterranean climate variability which covers the last few centuries and describes the regional coverage, the potential and limitations of the available instrumental data, documentary evidence and natural proxies.

Part 6 of Chapter 1 of the book "Mediterranean Climate Variability," by P. Lionello, P. Malanotte-Rizzoli and R. Boscolo, is presented. It offers examples and potential on possible extratropical teleconnections covering the last few centuries. It presents reviews of the past Mediterranean climate variability which covers the last few centuries and describes the regional coverage, the potential and limitations of the available instrumental data, documentary evidence and natural proxies.

Part 5 of Chapter 1 of the book "Mediterranean Climate Variability," by P. Lionello, P. Malanotte-Rizzoli and R. Boscolo, is presented. It reviews the past Mediterranean climate variability which covers the last few centuries and describes the regional coverage, potential and limitations of the available data, documentary evidence and natural proxies. It focuses on the connection between the winter large-scale atmospheric circulation and the Mediterranean climate over the last few centuries.

Part 4 of Chapter 1 of the book "Mediterranean Climate Variability," by P. Lionello, P. Malanotte-Rizzoli and R. Boscolo, is presented. It reviews the past Mediterranean climate variability which covers the last few centuries and describes the regional coverage, the potential and limitations of the available instrumental data, documentary evidence and natural proxies. The evolution of Mediterranean temperature and precipitation over the last 500 years is presented with the use of data.

Part 3 of Chapter 1 of the book "Mediterranean Climate Variability," by P. Lionello, P. Malanotte-Rizzoli and R. Boscolo, is presented. It reviews the past Mediterranean climate variability covering the last few centuries and describes the regional coverage, potential and limitations of the available instrumental data, documentary evidence and natural proxies. It describes the basic idea of how to incorporate climate information from different areas to reconstruct large-scale climate fields.

Part 2 of Chapter 1 of the book "Mediterranean Climate Variability," by P. Lionello, P. Malanotte-Rizzoli and R. Boscolo, is presented. It presents reviews of the past Mediterranean climate variability which covers the last few centuries and describes the regional coverage, the potential and limitations of the available instrumental data, documentary evidence and natural proxies. It offers combined weather and climate information from early instrumental data back to the eighteenth century.

Part 1 of Chapter 1 of the book "Mediterranean Climate Variability," by P. Lionello, P. Malanotte-Rizzoli and R. Boscolo, is presented. It presents reviews of the past Mediterranean climate variability which covers the last few centuries and describes the regional coverage, the potential and limitations of the available instrumental data, documentary evidence and natural proxies. It presents a report on the availability and potential of natural proxies to reconstruct aspects of past climate.

France has been subjected to terrorism for the past 15 years. Several epidemiological studies have pointed to the high prevalence and severity of PTSD symptoms among the victims. Terrorism-related injuries and time elapsed since the trauma were associated with a negative prognosis. Since 1997, these findings led to the development of a medico-psychological intervention network accompanying the traditional emergency medical team, and giving pre-hospital psychological emergency care to provide secondary prevention. Specialized hospital- based psychiatric services were developed to complement this front-line network, offering an innovative system of care. Studies are needed to examine the effectiveness of this system in reducing trauma-related disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Part 9 of Chapter 1 of the book "Mediterranean Climate Variability," by P. Lionello, P. Malanotte-Rizzoli and R. Boscolo, is presented. It reviews the past Mediterranean climate variability covering the last few centuries and describes the regional coverage, the potential and limitations of the available instrumental data, documentary evidence and natural proxies. It suggests that climatic research must be focused on both modeling and reconstruction of extreme meteorological and climatic events.

A new damage model which takes account of void shape effect and anisotropy of the matrix material is integrated into the dynamic explicit finite element framework to predict the damage evolution which occurs under crash or stamping process. For the strain localization and failure, the pathological mesh dependence has been overcome by a non-local approach where the evolution equation for the porosity and the equivalent plastic strain is modified by an additional term containing a characteristic internal length. The non-local plastic-damage potential is written as: (1)$$ \Phi = C\frac{{q^2 }} {{\sigma _y^2 (\bar \varepsilon _{loc}^p ,\nabla ^2 \bar \varepsilon ^p )}} + 2q_1 f\cosh \left( {\frac{{\kappa \sigma _{\rm H} }} {{\sigma _y \left( {\bar \varepsilon _{loc}^p ,\nabla ^2 \bar \varepsilon ^p } \right)}}} \right) - (1 + q_3 f^2 ) = 0 $$ The damage model can take into account the three main phases of damage evolution: growth, nucleation and coalescence. To determine the critical porosity fc, the void coalescence failure mechanism by internal necking is considered by using a modified Thomason's plastic limit-load model on the reference volume element such as: (2)$$ \left\{ {F/\left( {\frac{{R_Z }} {{X - R_X }}} \right)^N + G/\left( {\frac{{R_X }} {X}} \right)^M } \right\}A_n \left[ {1 - T\frac{{\sigma _1 }} {{\sigma _y }}} \right] \leqslant \frac{{\sigma _1 }} {{\sigma _y }} $$ Consistent with (2), the plastic-damage potential (1) is used to calculate the void and matrix geometry changes using the current strain, void volume fraction f and shape factor S. Once the inequality (2) is satisfied, the void coalescence starts to occur and the void volume fraction at this point is the critical value fc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The poem "Beneath the Oak," by Stephen Brunet is presented. First Line: Crouched beneath the live oak, Last Line: Yet another layer beneath the oak.

A foreword to "Antique-Style Duck Decoys: Contemporary Techniques to Carve and Paint in the Folk Art Tradition" is presented.

A preface for the book "Ethics and the Internet in West Africa: Toward an Ethical Model of Integration" is presented.

Focuses on the crisis and tensions faced by Canadians due to French colonial empire in America during the period from 1760 to 1791. Capitulation of the Montreal in 1760 and the Treaty of Paris in 1763; Establishment of the Royal of Proclamation of 1763; Existence of the anti-papist laws and the Test Act.