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2. List of contributors

Author

Adhikari, Subhamay, primary, Agraharam, Gopikrishna, additional, Ahmadi, Amir Moghadam, additional, Ahmed, Noha A., additional, Ahmed, Osama M., additional, Almoiliqy, Marwan, additional, Arul Jothi, K.N., additional, Asir, A. Billy, additional, Ayoobi, Fatemeh, additional, Bahşi, Mert, additional, Banerjee, Antara, additional, Basalingappa, Kanthesh M., additional, Bhaskaran, Natarajan, additional, Bisgin, Atil, additional, Boga, Ibrahim, additional, Çelenk, Alper, additional, Chauhan, Nishtha, additional, Chawla, Shilpa, additional, Chopra, Tanishqua, additional, Cyril, Rozario, additional, Das, Alakesh, additional, Das, Amitava, additional, Dave, Megha, additional, Devadarshini, P., additional, Devi, Arikketh, additional, Dey, Amit, additional, Dharmarajan, Arun, additional, Dhinekaran, Aishwarya, additional, Di Liddo, Rosa, additional, Ezgin, Neriman, additional, Ghosh, Asit Ranjan, additional, Girigoswami, Agnishwar, additional, Girigoswami, Koyeli, additional, Gobianand, K., additional, Gopenath, T.S., additional, Gottardi, Michele, additional, Govindan, Ramajayam, additional, Graceline, Hepzibah, additional, Harini, Karthick, additional, Hemarangan, J., additional, Iffath, Aainaaz I., additional, Iyshwarya, B.K., additional, Jamali, Zahra, additional, Jayaraman, Selvaraj, additional, Jayasree, R., additional, Kalimuthu, Senthilkumar, additional, Kamath, Gayathri S., additional, Kanagaraj, Palaniyandi, additional, Kandir, Sinan, additional, Kaya, Meltem, additional, Keerthi, N., additional, Krishnamoorthy, Sneha, additional, Kulanthaivel, Langeswaran, additional, Kumaran, K., additional, Kumaran, R. Ileng, additional, Lakshmi, Mallela, additional, Lamloum, Nahed S., additional, Latheef, Fidha, additional, Leemon, Nikhila, additional, Maity, Shreya, additional, Maity, Sukhendu, additional, Marotta, Francesco, additional, Mathangi, Damal Chandrasekar, additional, Mohan, Manju, additional, Mukherjee, Raktim, additional, Muthusami, Sridhar, additional, Mythreyi, R., additional, Natarajan, Pandiyan, additional, Nidhu, A.B., additional, Pandiyan, Radha, additional, Panicker, Sreejith Parameswara, additional, Panneerselvam, Swetha, additional, Pathak, Surajit, additional, Patni, Anjali P., additional, Ponnusamy, Bhuvaneswari, additional, Poomarimuthu, Maheshkumar, additional, Pramanick, Kousik, additional, Rajagopal, Ponnulakshmi, additional, Rajasekaran, P.N., additional, Ramachandran, Ilangovan, additional, Ramachandran, Veerakumar, additional, Ramalingam, Satish, additional, Ramesh Bharadwaj, M.N., additional, Sasikumar, Greeshma, additional, Sharma, Girish, additional, Shriya, P., additional, Sivamani, Ganesan, additional, Sreeshma, Bhuvanadas, additional, Subbaraj, Gowtham Kumar, additional, Sudhakar Bhalerao, Supriya, additional, Thangam, C., additional, Thanikachalam, Puvithra, additional, Tuna, Gamze, additional, Varshini, Murugesan Amirtha, additional, Vasanth Kanth, T.L., additional, Veerabathiran, Ramakrishnan, additional, Veeraraghavan, Vishnupriya, additional, Venkataraman, P., additional, Vijay Murali, R.M., additional, Vinothkumar, G., additional, Yassin, Nour Y.S., additional, Yousefi-Ahmadipour, Aliakbar, additional, Yılmaz, Selda, additional, and Zaky, Mohamed Y., additional

Published
2024
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26. Contributors

Author

Abeliovich, Hagai, primary, Bernabei, Roberto, additional, Boga, Jose A., additional, Calvani, Riccardo, additional, Chen, Min, additional, Chua, Doreen S.K., additional, Coto-Montes, Ana, additional, Devenish, Rodney J., additional, Galindo, María F., additional, Gegg, Matthew E., additional, Hattori, Nobutaka, additional, Hayat, M.A., additional, Imai, Yuzuru, additional, Inoshita, Tsuyoshi, additional, Jordán, Joaquín, additional, Kanki, Tomotake, additional, Klionsky, Daniel J., additional, Kurihara, Yusuke, additional, Leeuwenburgh, Christiaan, additional, Leung, Wingnang, additional, Lim, Kah-Leong, additional, Lokireddy, Sudarsanareddy, additional, Lorenzi, Maria, additional, Marzetti, Emanuele, additional, Mijaljica, Dalibor, additional, Palau, Xavier Gallart, additional, Prescott, Mark, additional, Reiter, Russel J., additional, Simpson-Lavy, Kobi J., additional, Solesio, Maria E., additional, Sun, Huanhuan, additional, Tieu, Kim, additional, Tolkovsky, Aviva M., additional, Wang, Jin, additional, Wang, Ke, additional, Wang, Lei, additional, Xu, Chuanshan, additional, and Yao, Tso-Pang, additional

Published
2014
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40. RESOURCES.

Author

Boga, Steven

Abstract

The article presents information about resources related to caving. The National Speleological Society, located in Huntsville, Alabama, is dedicated to the exploration, study, and conservation of caves. This is a monthly magazine containing caving photos and articles, book reviews, analyses of new caving equipment, accident reports and safety tips, conservation concerns, and news about regional and national cavers and caving activities. The organizations and agencies that can also provide information on caves are The National Outdoor Leadership School in Lander and many more.

Published
1997

41. GLOSSARY.

Author

Boga, Steven

Abstract

The article presents a glossary of terms used in the book "Caving."

Published
1997

42. 9: Ethics and Conservation.

Author

Boga, Steven

Abstract

Caves can damage cavers, but far more often it is the other way around. Moreover, strained ligaments and broken bones will heal, but snap off a speleothem and it's broken forever, with thousands, maybe millions of years of geologic history wiped out in a single act of vandalism. The National Speleological Society is an organization "dedicated to the exploration, study, and conservation of caves." Many concerned members believe that "conservation" should be moved to the forefront. The Society encourages projects such as: establishing cave preserves; opposing the sale of speleothems; supporting effective protective measures; cleaning and restoring overused caves; cooperating with private cave owners by providing knowledge about their cave and assisting them in protecting their cave and property from damage during cave visits. INSETS: Untitled;CAVING ETIQUETTE;Untitled;Untitled

Published
1997

43. 8: Health and Safety.

Author

Boga, Steven

Abstract

Caving is not as dangerous as most people think. Sports that are far riskier, such as motorcycling and skiing, are taken for granted. Good training, technique, and equipment will overcome most cave hazards. Statistically, the most dangerous part of the trip is the drive to the site. Learn the limitations of the members of your group. You should be aware of each person's experience, fitness level, medical condition, and any other factors that might influence caving performance. Make sure everyone has proper safety equipment in good condition and enough food and water for an unexpected stay in the cave. INSETS: Untitled;Untitled;Untitled;Untitled

Published
1997

44. 7: Discovering New Caves.

Author

Boga, Steven

Abstract

Every sport has its cutting edge, its supreme symbol of success. Caving if take as a sport can be very interesting. The vast majority of caves are found in limestone, with maybe 10 percent forming as lava tubes. Limestone is deposited either in broad beds or in large, discrete chunks, called pods or lenses. Caves tend to proliferate in a type of limestone that is dense, fractures easily, and has been in contact with a lot of water. Geologic maps, which are found in the reports of the U.S. Geologic Survey and state mineral resource agencies, and in university geology department theses, can be an invaluable aid for cavers. INSET: Untitled.

Published
1997

45. 6: Advanced Techniques.

Author

Boga, Steven

Abstract

Technique will take a vertical caver much farther than brute strength and determination, although it's nice to have all three. Substituting physical power for technique results in sloppy climbing and quickly depletes energy. Technique means using your body and equipment efficiently and properly. If you can accomplish this, you will likely be a safe and successful vertical caver. This article by itself will not enable you to master the techniques of vertical caving, but it will provide necessary background, a head start, allowing you to progress more quickly when you get out in the field with an instructor. INSETS: Untitled;Untitled.

Published
1997

46. 5: Moving through Caves.

Author

Boga, Steven

Abstract

The passages traveled by most cavers are horizontal or nearly so, although they are often connected by pits and drops. The techniques necessary to negotiate moderate passages come naturally to cavers. Walking is the preferred mode of travel whenever possible. In wide-open caverns, you can walk upright. When ceiling height is not an issue, you can focus most of your attention on where to place your feet. Scrambling is the technique which can be used when a passage is too steep to walk up but not steep enough to demand classic rock-climbing skills. If you are trying to squeeze through a passage that is just wide enough, success depends in large part on your ability to relax, exhale, and push off with your feet. INSETS: Untitled;Untitled;Untitled;Untitled

Published
1997

47. 4: Equipment.

Author

Boga, Steven

Abstract

Vertical ascents and descents are by far the most hazardous caving maneuvers. For a caver to hang suspended hundreds of feet above a chasm, he must trust his equipment. Nowadays such trust is well placed. Using hardware and techniques adapted from mountaineering, cavers can safely negotiate even the deepest shafts. Modern ropes have come a long way from the horsehair ones used in ancient Carthage or even from the hemp lines used by pre-World War II pioneers in the Alps. Climbing ropes are usually sold in lengths of 120, 150, 165, and 300 feet, but cavers sometimes need longer or shorter ropes. The choice depends on the depth of the vertical pitches in the caves you intend to explore. Another important characteristic to consider when choosing a caving rope is whether it is static or dynamic. It is on this issue that climbers and cavers diverge. Climbers universally favor dynamic ropes, with their greater stretching and shock-absorbing ability. INSETS: Untitled;Untitled;Untitled;VERTICAL EQUIPMENT REQUIRED FOR BEGINNERS

Published
1997

48. 3: Personal Cave Gear and Clothing.

Author

Boga, Steven

Abstract

To explore your first horizontal or semihorizontal cave, all you really need is a hard hat, lighting, a good pair of boots, and some old clothes. Although there is no official uniform, your choice of outfits is critical. It must protect your body from rocks and jagged edges, be loose enough to permit a wide range of movements, and maintain an equilibrium between heat gain and loss. In general, cave clothes should keep you warm during prolonged periods of inactivity but not be so bulky that they restrict movement during crawling or climbing. The greatest advance in textiles for outdoor adventurers in the past decade has been the development of lightweight, high-performance polyester underwear. The key is how the pack performs while being pushed or dragged through crawlways. INSETS: Untitled;Untitled;Untitled;Untitled

Published
1997

49. 2: History of Caving.

Author

Boga, Steven

Abstract

For most of human history, the deep zone of caves has been associated with magic and mystery. Even the ancient sages, striving to replace superstition with rational thought, couldn't always overcome their cave phobias. The poet Virgil said of caves, "There is something supernatural here." The fear and revulsion that caves inspired in otherwise rational people were especially understandable before the widespread availability of carbide and electric lamps in the first part of the twentieth century. Strange apparitions always seemed to loom just beyond the reach of the glow cast by torch or candle.

Published
1997

50. 1: The Science of Caves.

Author

Boga, Steven

Abstract

Caves are cavities in rock, naturally occurring holes in the ground. The vast majority of caves are hollowed out by the action of mildly acidic water dissolving limestone, although volcanic caves may develop as lava tubes and streams of meltwater may carve ice caves in glaciers. Limestone is impervious to water until it fractures, which it is prone to do. Slightly acidic water is able to penetrate those fractures and dissolve the limestone. The groundwater that dissolves limestone to form cave chambers contains carbon dioxide absorbed from vegetation, soil, and the atmosphere. Some carbon dioxide unites with the limestone to form calcium bicarbonate, which may be dissolved and carried in water flowing through the cave. INSETS: Untitled;Untitled;Untitled.

Published
1997

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