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ThisPeptides isosteres chapterScaffolds focusesPharmacophore mapping onLibrary prospecting monosaccharidesFoldamers andMonosaccharides scaffolds theirPeptidomimetics derivatives as scaffolds for the synthesis of primarily bioactive compounds. Such carbohydrate derivatives have been designed to modulate mainly protein–protein and peptide–protein interactions although modulators of carbohydrate–protein and carbohydrate–nucleic acid interactions have also been of interest. The multiple hydroxyl groups that are present on saccharides have made pyranose, furanose and iminosugars ideal templates or scaffolds to which recognition or pharmacophoric groups can be grafted to generate novel compounds for medicinal chemistry. The synthesis of compounds for evaluations require strategies for regioselective reactions of saccharide hydroxyl groups and use of orthogonally stable protecting groups. Syntheses have been carried out on the solid phase and in solution. Also the use of uronic acids, amino sugars and sugar amino acids has facilitated the synthesis of peptidomimetics and prospecting libraries as they enable, through presence of amino or carboxylic acid groups, chemoselective approaches to be employed in solution and on solid phase. Sugar amino acidsSugar amino acids are readily incorporated, as peptide isosteres, to generate sugar-peptide hybridsSugar-peptide hybrids or for the synthesis of novel carbopeptoidsCarbopeptoids . The synthesis of new cyclic compounds, derived in part from saccharides, and their application as scaffolds is an emerging area and recent examples include spirocyclic compounds, benzodiazepine–saccharide hybrids and macrolide–saccharide hybrids. Potent bioactive saccharide derivatives have been identified that include enzyme inhibitorsInhibitors , somatostatinSomatostatin receptor ligands, integrinIntegrins ligands, anti-viralAntiviral compounds, shiga toxin inhibitors and cell growth inhibitors. Some saccharide derivatives have demonstrated improved cellular permeability when compared with peptides and are in clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional Chinese Medicine has been used for thousands of years and recently imports the western technology of dosage production. Extraction is the critical process to the production of medicine concoction which affects the quality of dosage and the effectiveness of the medical treatment. Concentration and composition of the active pharmaceutical ingredients of the herbal concoction are the two key parameters in measuring the quality of the extracts. However, the controls of extraction have faced a number of difficulties. This paper describes the methods of measuring the two key parameters by a selected Chinese herbal prescription during the extraction. Experiments were carried out for the investigation of the characteristics of the changes of the Concentration and composition of the herbal concoction. Subsequently, the problems of extraction control are outlined. The model predictive control and the adaptive control applied to the production of the herbal concoction have been discussed. The appropriate control techniques for the extraction of the active ingredients are proposed in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information about guidelines for registration of fixed-dose combination medicinal products that relate to articles that appeared in the January 1, 2005 issue of "WHO Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations" are presented.

The article presents the updated version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Model List of Essential Medicines adopted at the meeting of the WHO Expert Committee on the Selection and Use of Essential Medicines on March 31 to April 3, 2003 in Geneva, Switzerland, explanatory notes and supporting background information relating to the use and development of the Model List.

An alphabetical list of essential medicines along with their Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification code numbers is presented including acetazolamide with ATC code of S01EC01, benzathine benzylpenicillin with ATC code of J01CE08, diphteria-pertussis-tetanus vaccine with ATC code of J07AJ51, and hydrocortisone with ATC code of A07EA02.

Focuses on the significance of several distinct functional imaging techniques in investigating the active compounds working in the brain in vivo. Estimation of the relative cerebral blood flow; Factors affecting the functions of the central nervous system; Assessment on the accuracy of the medical tests results.

Pharmacokinetics is concerned with the bioavailability, distribution and excretion of drugs. For many classes of drugs there is a direct relationship between the pharmacological and toxicological effects of a drug and its concentration in the body. For most hpophilic drugs, which would include psychotropic agents, there is a positive relationship between the concentration of the drugs in the blood and its concentration at the site of action. The bioavailabilty of a drug is defined as the fraction of the unchanged drug that reaches the systemic circulation following administration by any route.

The article presents an introduction to the book "Gendered Moods." The main aim of this article is to explain the term "psychotropics." It also offers a brief introductory review of the existing research on psychotropic drug use and highlights the gender blindness and biases in this research. The writers of the book introduce the reader to their empirical study of psychotropic drug users from which ideas for this book emerged. First, they review the early work on gender differences in tranquilliser use and offer a clarification of how the "one-dimensional" accounts are presented in the explanations and conclusions. Psychotropics constitute the term for a larger group of drugs which today are used by physicians to influence the central nervous system of the sufferer. Some drugs have a stimulating effect, others a tranquillising one. Since the late 1960s, research on psychotropic drug use has shown consistently that women tend to use these drugs twice as often as men. As feminist scholars and women sociologists, the writers had a keen interest in developing a perspective on psychotropic drug use which would make the problems and needs of women psychotropic drug users more visible than they had been in past research.

A monograph for the pharmaceutical substance "CELLACEFATUM/CELLACEFATE" from the fourth edition of "The International Pharmacopoeia" is presented. Cellacefate is categorized as enteric coating agent for solid oral dosage forms. It is described as a white, free-flowing powder or colourless flakes. It is practically insoluble in water and ethanol. It is recommended that this substance be kept in a well-closed container and stored in a cool and dry place. Procedures for performing an identity test and assay of the substance are described.

A monograph for the pharmaceutical substance "CHLORAMBUCILUM/CHLORAMBUCIL" from the fourth edition of "The International Pharmacopoeia" is presented. Chlorambucil is a cytotoxic drug. It is described as a white or almost white powder. It is practically insoluble in water, freely soluble in ethanol TS and acetone R. It is recommended that this substance be kept in a well-closed container, protected from light.

A monograph for the pharmaceutical substance "CARMELLOSUM NATRICUM/CARMELLOSE SODIUM" from the fourth edition of "The International Pharmacopoeia" is presented. Carmellose sodium is categorized as a white to faintly yellowish powder or granules that is odourless. This substance is easily dispersed in water giving a colloidal solution and it is practically insoluble in acetone R. It is recommended that this substance be kept in a tightly closed container. Procedures for performing an identity test and assay of the substance are described.

A monograph for the pharmaceutical substance "BENZOYLIS PEROXIDUM CUM AQUA/HYDROUS BENZOYL PEROXIDE" from the fourth edition of "The International Pharmacopoeia" is presented. It is categorized as a keratolytic agent and described as white, amorphous or granular powder, that is practically insoluble in water. It is recommended that this substance be kept in a container that has been treated to reduce static discharge and that has a device for the release of excess pressure. Procedures for performing an identity test of the substance are described.

A monograph for the pharmaceutical substance "CETOMACROGOLUM 1000/CETOMACROGOL 1000" from the fourth edition of "The International Pharmacopoeia" is presented. Cetomacrogol 1000 is a nonionic surfactant. It is described as a cream-colored, waxy, unctuous mass, pellets or flakes that is odourless. It is soluble in water, ethanol and acetone. It is recommended that this substance be kept in a well-closed container, protected from heat. Procedures for performing an identity test and assay of the substance are described.

A monograph for the pharmaceutical substance "CERA CETYLA/CETYL ESTERS WAX" from the fourth edition of "The International Pharmacopoeia" is presented. Cetyle esters wax arnauba wax is a stiffening agent. It is described as a white top almost white translucent flakes with faint, mild aromatic odour. It is practically insoluble in water and ethanol and slightly soluble in hexane R. It is recommended that this substance be kept in a well-closed container protected from heat.

A monograph for the pharmaceutical substance "CELLULOSUM MICROCRYSTALLINUM/MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE" from the fourth edition of "The International Pharmacopoeia" is presented. Microcrystalline cellulose is categorized as tablet and capsule diluent, suspending agent and disintegrant. It is described as a white or almost white, fine crystalline or granular powder. It is practically insoluble in water and ethanol. It is recommended that this substance be kept in a well-closed container and stored in a cool and dry place.

A definition of the term "Biotoxin" is presented. It refers to a poisonous substance made by living organisms.

A monograph for the pharmaceutical substance "CERA CARNAUBA/CARNAUBA WAX" from the fourth edition of "The International Pharmacopoeia" is presented. Carnauba wax is a polishing agent for coated tablets, viscosity-increasing agent for ointments and release-rate modifier for oral formulations. It is described as a pale yellow to light brown, moderately coarse powder. It is practically insoluble in water but is soluble in toluene R and slightly soluble in boiling ethanol. It is recommended that this substance be kept in a well-closed container.

Information about the drug called LSD is presented. This mood-changing hallucinogenic drug is manufactured from lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD).

The article presents an encyclopedia entry for AZT. AZT or zidovudine is an antiviral drug used in treatment of acquired immunodefiency syndrome.

A definition of the term "uricosuric drugs" is presented. It refers to a drug that increases renal excretion of uric acid by allowing its renal reabsorption. Benz-bromarone, probenecid and sulfinpyrazone are therapeutically used uricosuric drugs.

An encyclopedia entry for the term "relative potency" is presented. The affinity of a drug is the ability of that drug to bind to the receptor. The relative potency of an agonist is determined by both its affinity and efficacy and only gives an indication of the relative concentrations at which they produce a particular response.

A definition of the term "receptor occupancy" is presented. It refers to the ratio of receptors occupied by a ligand at equilibrium and the total number of receptors available, usually expressed as a percentage of the total number of receptors. The entry includes the definition of binding potential and the equation for determining the percent receptor occupancy of a drug.

A definition of the term "octreotide" is presented. It refers to a chemical compound used in nuclear medicine for localization of gastronoma.

A definition of the term "bioreductive drug" is presented. It refers to an agent that is reduced in the state of oxide deficiency to produce a more active metabolite, which can be cytotoxic or that can be used for the detection of oxide-depleted tissue areas.