33 results on '"Adcock P"'
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2. Letters from Abroad. Occasional Paper Series 9
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Bank Street Coll. of Education, New York, NY., Levine, Linda, Casper, Virginia, Futterman, Donna, Casper-Futterman, Evan, Adcock, Holley, Penberg, David, Levine, Linda, Casper, Virginia, Futterman, Donna, Casper-Futterman, Evan, Adcock, Holley, Penberg, David, and Bank Street Coll. of Education, New York, NY.
- Abstract
What counts as knowledge and whose knowledge counts? When does going away help shape a clearer sense of home, and when does it not? How does living abroad change our perspectives as teachers and learners? The educators who have contributed to this Occasional Paper share a formidable combination of purpose, curiosity, courage, and self-awareness. Reflecting on their choices to live and work in other parts of the world, they offer a provocative range of personal and professional explanations for seeking our the strange and unknown. Their letters from abroad reveal a genuine interest in what matters to others, a capacity to describe people and environments with intriguing detail, and a willingness to reveal themselves as inexpert newcomers. As these essays make clear, no preparation is ever sufficient because what happens always diverges from and exceeds our expectations. Risk-taking and error are inevitable, as integral to each story as the exhilarating discoveries that travel affords. Most important, we learn how these educators came to value the experience of "otherness" in themselves as well as in those they met. Today, we are more mindful than ever of the need for global awareness, understanding, and engagement. "Letters from Abroad" is designed to highlight what some Bank Street colleagues have sought, found, and questioned while working far from home. The editors of the Occasional Papers Series hope these missives from foreign shores will inspire others to set out on explorations of their own, explorations in which they resist the temptation to make the strange familiar and enjoy, if only for a short while, the way that the familiar itself may become strange. After an introduction by Linda Levine, the essays comprising this paper are: (1) What We Bring with Us and What We Leave Behind: Six Months in Post-Apartheid South Africa (Virginia Casper, Donna Futterman, and Evan Casper-Futterman); (2) There and Almost Back Again (Holley Adcock); and (3) Living in the World (David Penberg).
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- 2002
3. The Save-Your-Life Glossary of Alcohol, AIDS, Drug, & Tobacco Terms.
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Adcock, Deborah
- Abstract
This document presents the Save-Your-Life Glossary, which consists of four parts: (1) the glossary itself, which defines alcohol, Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), drug, and tobacco-related terms; (2) the alerts sections, which focus on popular drugs or issues that concern young people; (3) the focus sections, which categorize and describe specific drugs and their effects; and (4) the information section, from which students can obtain telephone numbers and addresses to call or write for further information or help. A total of 171 terms are defined in the glossary. The alerts sections focus on AIDS, alcohol, heroin, "ice" (methamphetamine), inhalants, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), nicotine, peer pressure, and steroids. Drug categorized and described in the focus section include cannabis, cocaine, depressants, designer drugs, hallucinogens, inhalants, narcotics, and stimulants. Two pages are provided for notes and a final page, headed "Facts You Cannot Ignore!" lists salient facts on alcohol, AIDS, drugs, and tobacco. (NB)
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- 1993
4. School Library Services in a Multicultural Society
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American Association of School Librarians, Montiel-Overall, Patricia, Adcock, Donald C., Montiel-Overall, Patricia, Adcock, Donald C., and American Association of School Librarians
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According to the preface, "in light of the growing multicultural population in the United States, twenty-first-century library services will require culturally competent librarians." For years AASL has been addressing cultural issues in its official journal, "Knowledge Quest". This collection brings together articles that touch on a wide variety of issues related to culture, including: (1) cultural literacy; (2) ethnicity; (3) gender; (4) family; (5) language; and (6) technology. The nine articles from "Knowledge Quest", beginning with a column from long-time "Knowledge Quest" editor Debbie Abilock, are accompanied by new material from Patricia Montiel-Overall, Assistant Professor at the School of Information and Library Science Resources at the University of Arizona. This book contains the following: (1) Preface; (2) Introduction by Patricia Montiel-Overall; (3) School Library Services in a Multicultural Society: The Need for Cultural Competence (Patricia Montiel-Overall); (4) Educating Students for Cross-Cultural Proficiency (Homepage column) (Debbie Abilock); (5) Transforming the Hidden Curriculum: Gender and the Library Media Center (Hilary Crew); (6) A Focus on Fathers: The Role of Males in Children's Literacy Development (Steven Herb and Sara Willoughby-Herb); (7) Gender and Racial Bias in Juvenile Computer Books (Kay Bishop and Jennifer Bishop); (8) Publishing Spanish-Language Books in the United States (Philip Lee); (9) Multicultural Mosaic: A Family Book Club (Laurie Dias Mitchell and Elizabeth Harris); (10) Making Space for Diverse Adolescent Male Identities in School (Lance McCready); (11) Knowledge: The Cornerstone to Ethnic Sensitivity (On My Mind column) (Taghreed Alqudsi-ghabra); and (12) Improving Computer-Use Success for Students of Diverse Backgrounds (Lori S. Mestre).
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- 2009
5. Math Sense: Measurement and Data Analysis. Teacher's Resource Guide.
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Adcock, Deborah P. and Adcock, Deborah P.
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This book is a teacher's resource guide designed to help students gain the range of math skills they need to succeed in life, work, and on standardized tests; overcome math anxiety; discover math as interesting and purposeful; and develop good number sense. Topics covered in this book include measurement and data analysis such as measuring distance, space, time, capacity, weight, temperature, organizing and summarizing data, displaying data on a graph, and analyzing data. Lessons are organized around four strands: (1) skill lessons that present instruction and practice in math skills including computation and solving word problems; (2) tools lessons emphasizing the use of objects such as calculators or concepts such as estimation, all within real-life contexts; (3) problem solving lessons designed to strengthen estimation and reasoning skills and help students build strategies for solving single and multi-step problems; and (4) application lessons that provide practice with realistic situations that require mathematics. (Author/KHR)
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- 2003
6. A Planning Guide for Information Power: Building Partnerships for Learning with School Library Media Program Assessment Rubric for the 21st Century. The AASL Line Series.
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American Association of School Librarians, Chicago, IL., Adcock, Donald C., Adcock, Donald C., and American Association of School Librarians, Chicago, IL.
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This guide is designed to assist library media specialists in achieving the outstanding, comprehensive library media program outlined in "Information Power: Building Partnerships for Learning," published by the American Library Association and the Association for Educational Communications and Technology. The guide contains the following sections: (1) The Planning Process; (2) Preparing for the Planning Process; (3) Planning the First Committee Meeting; (4) Developing Your Mission Statement; (5) Developing Goals and Objectives; (6) Collecting Needed Information; (7) Developing Action Plans; (8) Evaluating the Library Media Program; (9) One Final Word; and (10) Action Plan Worksheet. A school library media program assessment rubric for the 21st century is presented that includes target indicators in the areas of teaching and learning, information access and delivery, and program administration. Also included are a glossary and a list of policies that determine the quality of the library media center programs. (MES)
- Published
- 1999
7. From One to Two Years: The Nova University Play and Learn Program.
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Nova Univ., Fort Lauderdale, FL. Inst. for Child Centered Education., Segal, Marilyn, Adcock, Don, Segal, Marilyn, Adcock, Don, and Nova Univ., Fort Lauderdale, FL. Inst. for Child Centered Education.
- Abstract
This booklet uses both words and photographs to describe behavior patterns typical of children from one to two years old and to suggest home play activities appropriate for use with children of this age. The booklet is organized into four age ranges: 12-15 months, 15-18 months, 18-21 months, and 21-24 months. Within each of these sections, a general overview is presented and typical behaviors and activities of children are described under four headings: learning about self and others, discoveries and achievements, problem solving, and imagination. Directions for making toys at home are contained in the final section. (JMB)
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- 1976
8. Analysis of Transcription Factor Activation.
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Walker, John M., Fan Chung, K., Adcock, Ian, Newton, Robert, and Adcock, Ian M.
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In addition to being essential for differentiation and maturation, regulated gene expression governs many cellular responses to their local environment. For example, cytokines, viral infection, and numerous other inflammatory stimuli elicit the expression of specific response genes. Such signals are generally [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2000
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9. Histone Acetylation and Histone Deacetylation.
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Walker, John M., Fan Chung, K., Adcock, Ian, Ito, Kazuhiro, J. Barnes, Peter, and M. Adcock, Ian
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In the resting cell, DNA is tightly compacted to prevent transcription factor accessibility. During activation of the cell, this compact inaccessible DNA is made available to DNA-binding proteins, thus allowing the induction of gene transcription (1,2). DNA is packaged into chromatin, a highly organized and dynamic protein-DNA complex. The fundamental subunit of chromatin, the nucleosome, is composed of an octomer of four core histones, an H3/H4 tetramer and two H2A/H2B dimers, surrounded by 146 bp DNA (2,3). The packaging of DNA into nucleosomes acts as a barrier to the initiation of transcription by preventing the access of transcriptional factors, and RNA polymerase II, to their cognate recognition sequences (4). Specific lysine residues in the N-terminal tails of the core histone can be post-translationally modified by acetylation of the ε-amino group. The dynamic equilibrium of core histone acetylation is established and maintained by histone acetyltransferase (HAT) and histone deacetylase (HDAC). Several transcriptional regulators possess intrinsic HAT and HDAC activities, strongly suggesting that histone acetylation and deacetylation play a causal role in regulating transcription (5-8). There is compelling evidence that increased gene transcription is associated with an increase in histone acetylation; hypoacetylation of histone is correlated with reduced transcription or gene silencing (2,7,8;Fig. 1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2000
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10. Locating Information in Video by Browsing and Searching.
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Hammoud, Riad I., Girgensohn, Andreas, Shipman, Frank, Adcock, John, Cooper, Matthew, and Wilcox, Lynn
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- 2006
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11. A Synergistic Approach to Efficient Interactive Video Retrieval.
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Costabile, Maria Francesca, Paternò, Fabio, Girgensohn, Andreas, Adcock, John, Cooper, Matthew, and Wilcox, Lynn
- Abstract
A video database can contain a large number of videos ranging from several minutes to several hours in length. Typically, it is not sufficient to search just for relevant videos, because the task still remains to find the relevant clip, typically less than one minute of length, within the video. This makes it impor tant to direct the users attention to the most promising material and to indicate what material they already investigated. Based on this premise, we created a video search system with a powerful and flexible user interface that incorporates dynamic visualizations of the underlying multimedia objects. The system employes an automatic story segmentation, combines text and visual search, and displays search results in ranked sets of story keyframe collages. By adapting the keyframe collages based on query relevance and indicating which portions of the video have already been explored, we enable users to quickly find relevant sec tions. We tested our system as part of the NIST TRECVID interactive search evaluation, and found that our user interface enabled users to find more relevant results within the allotted time than other systems employing more sophisticated analysis techniques but less helpful user interfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
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12. Drug Therapy in Pediatric Patients.
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Kearns, Gregory L., Adcock, Kim G., and Wilson, John T.
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Discusses the use of drugs in pediatric patients. Impact of development on both drug disposition and action; Details on the pharmacokinetics of drugs; Relationship between age and pharmacodynamics.
- Published
- 2001
13. Genome-Wide Search for Asthma Genes.
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Walker, John M., Fan Chung, K., Adcock, Ian, H. Mansur, Adel, and F. J. Morrison, John
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In addition to important environmental factors, it is now well established that genetic factors contribute significantly to the development of asthma and atopy, accounting for between 30 and 60% of the predisposition (1-3). This genetic predisposition is likely to result from the inheritance of a multiple number of polymorphic or mutant genes (4). Over the past decade, numerous researchers have conducted genetic linkage and/or association studies that aimed to identify such genes. These two types of studies are fundamentally different. A linkage study compares the inheritance pattern of the disease phe-notype to the inheritance pattern of a particular genetic marker in pedigrees, looking for coinheritance, and thus linking that particular marker locus to the disease. The association study, on the other hand, identifies candidate genes by comparing particular gene variant (allele) frequency in cases and controls, and therefore implicating that particular allele in the predisposition to the disease. Detecting genetic linkage usually indicates the presence of a gene within a genetic distance of approx 10 centimorgans (cM) around the linked locus. Genetic association tends to operate within a much shorter genetic distance (1 cM), but this distance varies, depending on the structure of the study population (relating to the ancestor founder effect). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2000
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14. Chemical Mutational Analysis of Human.
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Walker, John M., Fan Chung, K., Adcock, Ian, J. Lane, Stephen, and H. Lee, Tak
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This chapter describes a chemical method for mutational analysis of the human glucocorticoid receptor (hGR) cDNA. Corticosteroid-resistant (CR) asthma is associated with in vitro and in vivo defects in mononuclear cell function (1). In addition, molecular studies using these cells have revealed that there is reduced binding of the hGR to its DNA recognition site, the glucocorticoid response element, compared to corticosteroid-sensitive (CS) controls (2). The authors therefore postulated that a point mutation of the primary structure of the GR was responsible for this functional defect, necessitating a method that would be sensitive enough to detect single-base-pair (bp) mismatches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2000
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15. Modulation of β-Adrenoceptor Expression.
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Walker, John M., Fan Chung, K., Adcock, Ian, and C. W. Mak, Judith
- Abstract
β-Adrenoceptors (βAR) are members of the G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily, consisting of three subtypes: β1, β2, and β3 (1). cDNAs and genes encoding three subtypes have been cloned from several species, including human. There are only β1- and β2ARs to be found in lung (2), which regulate many aspects of lung function. In addition to desensitization and downregulation at the cell surface membrane, the number of βARs expressed is modulated by regulation of steady-state levels of mRNA and the rate of gene transcription (3). Regulation of β- and β2AR mRNAs and gene transcription in lung may occur after exposure to receptor agonists or drug treatments (4-6). Thus, this could represent a mechanism for long-term modulation of βAR expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2000
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16. Methods for Determining β2-Adrenoceptor Genotype.
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Walker, John M., Fan Chung, K., Adcock, Ian, C. Dewar, Jane, P. Wheatley, Amanda, and P. Hall, Ian
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Polymorphisms of the β2-adrenoceptor (β2AR) have been the focus of much interest as part of the search to elucidate the genetic basis of asthma and allergic disease. More recently, these polymorphisms have also been implicated in the genetic etiology of essential hypertension (1,2) and obesity (3,4). This chapter describes in detail the method of allele-specific-oligonucleotide hybridization (ASO), a technique that has been used extensively by the authors' group to determine β2AR genotype. This method should prove useful not only to those intending to analyze β2AR polymorphisms, but also for the analysis of other candidate genes, given that this technique can be adapted and applied to any known single-base mutation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2000
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17. Site-Directed Mutagenesis in Investigation of β-Adreno receptor Exosite.
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Walker, John M., Fan Chung, K., Adcock, Ian, and Green, Stuart A.
- Abstract
β2-adrenergic receptor agonists (β-agonists) are first-line agents for the treatment of acute bronchospasm. These drugs achieve bronchodilation primarily via activation of β2-adrenergic receptors (β2AR) located on airway smooth muscle cells. In addition, β-agonists may alleviate bronchospasm, and protect against airway hyperresponsiveness, by interacting with β2AR expressed on other lung cells, resulting in such diverse actions as alterations in ion permeability, changes in mucocilliary beat frequency, and so on (1). Most β-agonists in clinical use are structural derivatives of the endogenous β2AR agonist, adrenaline, including substituted catecholamines, such as isoprenaline and isoetharine; resourcinols, such as metaproterenol, fenoterol, and terbutaline; and saligenins, such as salbutamol and salmeterol. Of these, salmeterol, a highly lipophilic derivative of the partial agonist, salbutamol, represents the latest long-acting generation of β-agonists, with a duration of activity in excess of 24 h (2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2000
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18. Immunohistochemical Analysis of Adhesion Molecules in Airway Biopsies.
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Walker, John M., Fan Chung, K., Adcock, Ian, J. Wilson, Susan, and T. Holgate, Stephen
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Adhesion molecules are receptors found on the surface of leukocytes and endothelial cells, which bind to their ligands, either on other cells or on the extracellular matrix. The function of adhesion molecules is to allow leukocytes to interact with other hemopoetic cells or with foreign antigens (Ags) in the blood, to transiently adhere to the vascular endothelium, to migrate between endothelial cells and through the basement membrane into the surrounding tissue, and to adhere to the epithelium. There are three main groups of adhesion molecules: the integrins, immunoglobulin (Ig) supergene family, and the selectins: These are summarized in Table 1 (1-7). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2000
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19. Localization of IL-4 and IL-5 mRNA by In Situ Hybridization in Bronchial Biopsies.
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Walker, John M., Fan Chung, K., Adcock, Ian, Nakamura, Yutaka, Christodoulopoulos, Pota, and Hamid, Qutayba
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Cytokines are important biochemical mediators essential in initiating and maintaining inflammatory reactions associated with allergic disease in man. Although cytokines can be secreted from a variety of different cell types, considerable attention has been focused on T-lymphocyte-derived cytokines, which have been clearly implicated in the modulation of the immune system. Bronchial asthma is associated with persistent infiltration of the airways with activated CD4+T-lymphocytes, as well as other inflammatory cells exhibiting a T-helper type-2 (Th2)-like cytokine profile (1-3). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2000
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20. Intracellular Cytokine Staining for Analysis by Flow Cytometry.
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Walker, John M., Fan Chung, K., Adcock, Ian, Frew, Anthony J., Madden, Jacqueline, and Bakakos, Petros
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To determine the function of a particular cell type, it is necessary either to have a large number of similar (ideally identical) cells or to use extremely sensitive methods to detect the activity of a single cell. Lymphocytes present special difficulties, because they have very precise antigen (Ag) recognition requirements, and, under physiological conditions, they will only be activated if they are exposed to their particular Ag. Polyclonal mitogens, such as phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or anti-CD3, will activate most T-cells, but may not elicit a truly physiological response in terms of cytokine production, and so on. Moreover, the biological readout (release of cytokines into culture supernatant) will represent the net balance of the integrated response of all the activated cells, minus any consumption of cytokines by the cultured cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2000
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21. Quantitative Analysis of RANTES mRNA in Endobronchial Biopsies Using Polymerase Chain Reaction.
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Walker, John M., Fan Chung, K., Adcock, Ian, and Berkman, Neville
- Abstract
Inflammation of the airways is considered to be the key pathogenetic factor in asthma, airway hyperreactivity and clinical symptoms are considered secondary [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2000
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22. Transient Transgenic Approaches for Investigating the Role of Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor in Pulmonary Inflammatory and Immune Diseases.
- Author
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Walker, John M., Fan Chung, K., Adcock, Ian, Xing, Zhou, Stämpfli, Martin R., and Gauldie, Jack
- Abstract
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), a 23-kDa polypeptide, was originally identified as a hematopoietic growth factor, but has recently been found to be a multifunctional cytokine with many proinflammatory activities (1,2). GM-CSF can be produced by, and act upon, a broad range of cell types, including both immature and mature granulocyte and monocyte lineage cells, dendritic cells, and tissue structural cells. Abundant in vitro observations have suggested that GM-CSF is able to induce both differentiation and activation of these cells (1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2000
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23. Differential Display Analysis of Airway Epithelial Inflammatory Genes.
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Walker, John M., Fan Chung, K., Adcock, Ian, and Schwiebert, Lisa M.
- Abstract
Airway epithelial cells (ECs) form a continuous pseudostratified layer in the lung, creating a tight barrier that protects underlying tissue from the external environment. As such, airway ECs have been described classically as barrier cells that are involved in homeostasis; these cells respond to a variety of environmental stimuli, resulting in the alteration of their cellular functions, such as ion transport and movement of airway secretions. Recent evidence, however, suggests that airway ECs may also act as immune-effector cells, in response to noxious endogenous or exogenous stimuli. Several studies have shown that airway ECs express and secrete various immune molecules, such as lipid mediators, oxygen radicals, adhesion molecules, and a wide variety of cytokines, including chemokines (1). Through the expression and production of these immune molecules, the epithelium is now thought to be important in the initiation and exacerbation of inflammatory diseases of the lung, such as asthma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2000
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24. Proliferation of Circulating T-Lymphocytes.
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Walker, John M., Fan Chung, K., Adcock, Ian, and Larché, Mark
- Abstract
Together with B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes (or T-cells) comprise the antigen (Ag)-specific arm of the immune response. The Ag receptors of both cell types are generated by recombination of multiple gene segments (1), giving rise to a large repertoire of receptors of differing specificity. When a lymphocyte encounters Ag, cellular activation occurs via aggregation of cell surface Ag receptors (2). The consequences of activation are numerous, but, in the case of the T-cell, include clonal expansion, via proliferation, and also secretion of soluble mediators and growth factors, such as interleukin-2 (for a review of the role of the T-lymphocyte in allergic disease, seeref. 3). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2000
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25. Human Eosinophil Isolation and the Measurement of Apoptosis.
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Walker, John M., Fan Chung, K., Adcock, Ian, Kankaanranta, Hannu, de Souza, Patricia M., Giembycz, Mark A., and Lindsay, Mark A.
- Abstract
Eosinophils have been implicated in allergic diseases, such as bronchial asthma, which is characterized by elevated eosinophil numbers in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and peripheral blood. Their accumulation and activation within the airway mucosa is thought to cause tissue injury, contraction of airway smooth muscle, and increased bronchial responsiveness (1-3). The balance between cell maturation and death is of great importance in determining the number of eosinophils in the blood and tissues (4-6). Following in vitro culture in the absence of cytokines, eosinophils undergo apoptosis, or programmed cell death (7,8), a process that can be inhibited by cytokines such as interleukin-3 and -5 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and accelerated by such factors as corticosteroids and Fas (7-11). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2000
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26. Adhesion of T-Cells to Airway Smooth Muscle Cells.
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Walker, John M., Fan Chung, K., Adcock, Ian, Lazaar, Aili L., and Panettieri, Reynold A.
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Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) have been implicated in many cellular functions, including development, tumor metastasis, leukocyte activation, homing, and transendothelial migration, and can also serve as viral receptors. The role of CAMs on leukocytes and endothelial cells, and the interactions between these cell types, have been extensively characterized. The current model of leukocyte recruitment and homing involves the expression and activation of a cascade of CAMs, as well as the local production of chemoattractants, leading to leukocyte adhesion and transmigration into lymph nodes and sites of inflammation (1). Most studies have focused on the mechanisms that control leukocyte adhesion and transendothelial migration, yet the subsequent interactions of infiltrating leukocytes with other cell types in the submucosa, and with the extracellular matrix, may also be important for sustaining the inflammatory response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2000
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27. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activation in Eosinophils.
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Walker, John M., Fan Chung, K., Adcock, Ian, de Souza, Patricia M., Kankaanranta, Hannu, Giembycz, Mark A., and Lindsay, Mark A.
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The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) are an expanding family of proline-directed serine/threonine kinases that are activated, following their dual phosphorylation at conserved threonine and tyrosine residues, by a family of MAPK kinases (MEK). Presently, the MAPK family can be divided into three groups: the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), composed of ERK-1/2/3/4/5, the c-jun N-terminal kinases (JNK)-46/54; and the p38 MAP kinase (p38 MAPK) composed of p38/p38β/p38γ/p38δ (1). Of these enzymes, the authors have detected ERK-1/2/3/5, JNK-46/54, and p38 in guinea pig peritoneal eosinophils by Western analysis: ERK-4 and p38β were apparently absent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2000
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28. Expression of Interleukin-10 and Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor on Blood Monocytes and Alveolar Macrophages.
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Walker, John M., Fan Chung, K., Adcock, Ian, John, Matthias, and Lim, Sam
- Abstract
Peripheral blood monocytes (PBMs) and alveolar macrophages (AMs) are widely recognized as cells that play a central role in the regulation of immune and inflammatory activities, as well as in tissue remodeling. The fulfillment of these activities is mediated by complex and multifactorial processes involving products derived from macrophages and monocytes (1). Monocytes are an important source of cytokines that are released in asthma and are likely precursor cells to AMs. Macrophages usually elaborate powerful suppressive signals to limit the proliferative potential of T-cells, thus maintaining local immunologic homeostasis (2). In asthma, macrophages and monocytes may be stimulated by specific allergens to augment T-cell proliferation (3), which may result from a different profile of cytokines released from these cells. For example, increased release of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) may inhibit the immunosuppressive effect of macrophages (4). Indeed, macrophages and monocytes from asthmatic subjects release increased amounts of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor-α, Interferon-γ (IFN-γ), IL-6, and GM-CSF (5-8). Inhaled steroids used for the treatment of asthma reduce the number of infiltrating eosinophils, T-cells, macrophages, and mast cells in the airway submucosa (9). Suppression of proinflammatory cytokine release, such as GM-CSF, IL-4, IL-5, and regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), from many inflammatory and resident airway cells, is a likely mechanism of steroid action (10-12). Proinflammatory cytokine expression [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2000
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29. Flow Cytometric Analysis of Blood Monocytes and Alveolar Macrophages.
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Walker, John M., Fan Chung, K., Adcock, Ian, Taylor, Marcia L., and Bochner, Bruce S.
- Abstract
Pulmonary monocytes and macrophages are believed to function in a wide range of biological roles, including host defense against foreign organisms, maintenance of immunological homeostasis in the lung, presentation of antigen to lymphocytes, and migration to sites of tissue injury and inflammation (1). There is also mounting evidence that recruited blood monocytes and resident alveolar macrophages (AM) in lung disease express an activated phenotype, suggesting that they may play important roles in chronic respiratory diseases, including asthma and interstitial lung diseases (2-6). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2000
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30. Isolation and Characterization of Human Airway Fibroblasts in Culture.
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Walker, John M., Fan Chung, K., Adcock, Ian, Chakir, Jamila, Dubé, Jean, Laviolette, Michel, Goulet, Francine, Germain, Lucie, Auger, François, and Boulet, Louis-Philippe
- Abstract
Asthma is considered an airway inflammatory disorder characterized by variable airflow obstruction and airway hyperresponsiveness (1). The inflammatory component of asthma has been studied extensively over the past few years, but, more recently, the potential contribution of airway wall remodeling to functional and clinical changes has been emphasized (2,3). Although the methods of sampling of bronchial tissue were previously limited, being obtained mostly from autopsic or surgical specimens, they have improved recently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2000
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31. Brush Biopsy and Culture of Airway Epithelial Cells.
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Walker, John M., Fan Chung, K., Adcock, Ian, Kelsen, Steven G., Ciccolella, David, and Brennan, Kathleen
- Abstract
Stimulation by catecholamine agonists of the β-adrenergic coupled adenylyl cyclase (βAR-AC) system, expressed on human tracheobronchial epithelial cells (ECs), elicits a variety of cellular responses that favorably affect airway function, the intensity of the inflammatory reaction, and even the integrity of the epithelial lining (1-6). For example, β-agonist-stimulated production of second messenger, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), enhances salt and water exchange (2), ciliary beating (3), mucus secretion by goblet cells (1,4), proliferation of airway ECs (5), and protection against free radical induced injury (6). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2000
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32. Culture of Normal Human Airway Epithelial Cells and Measurement of Mucin Synthesis and Secretion.
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Walker, John M., Fan Chung, K., Adcock, Ian, and Wu, Reen
- Abstract
The plasticity of conducting airway epithelia is well recognized (1-3). Under normal conditions, the epithelia express mucociliary function, which is the first pulmonary defense mechanism against inhaled air pollutants. Aberrance in this function is either the cause or one of the major contributors to the pathogenesis of various pulmonary diseases, such as asthma and bronchitis. To exert this vital defense function, mucus-secreting cell types of surface epithelium and sub- mucosal gland synthesize and secrete a high-mol-wt mucous glycoprotein, mucin, which is responsible for the viscoelastic property of the surface mucus layer. Secreted mucus, which is able to trap air pollutants and microorganisms, is steadily removed from the airway surface by ciliary escalation. Overall, the coordinated mucociliary function helps to maintain homeostasis in airway lumen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2000
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Asthma.
- Author
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Walker, John M., Fan Chung, K., Chung, Fan, and Adcock, Ian
- Abstract
The condition termed "asthma" has been difficult to define satisfactorily. Much of this problem arises from poor understanding of its causes, natural history, and pathophysiology, and also from a lack of a specific marker(s) of the disease. To the clinician, the diagnosis of asthma is not difficult in most cases, particularly if patients present early with symptoms of intermittent wheeze and chest tightness, and if their symptoms respond to particular treatments, such as β-adrenergic agonists. Early definitions of asthma included the presence of airway obstruction that could spontaneously reverse with treatment, and also the increased narrowing of the airways to non-specific bronchoconstrictor stimuli, i.e., bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR). The essential elements of this definition were useful in separating asthma from other conditions, such as chronic bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and emphysema, which could sometimes be diagnostically confused with asthma. More recently, the definition of asthma has been enhanced by the recognition that the airway submucosa of patients with asthma are chronically inflamed with a typical inflammatory infiltrate, and that inflammatory processes are important causes of the chief characteristics of asthma: airway obstruction and BHR. In addition, the loss of reversibility of airway obstruction as a long-term effect of the chronic inflammatory process is recognized: [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2000
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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