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Chapter XIX of the book "Around the World on a Bicycle: From Teheran to Yokohama," by Thomas Stevens is presented. It explores on the author's journey from Shanghai, China to Nagasaki, Japan through the Japanese steamer Yokohama Maru. He had encountered ponies and buffaloes that wear shoes and carry agricultural products It highlights on the hospitality of Japanese people and establishments like tea-houses and hotels that offers fish and rice.

Chapter XX of the book "Around the World on a Bicycle: From Teheran to Yokohama," volume II, by Thomas Stevens is presented. The author narrates his bicycle travel in several villages and cities of Japan including Okoyama, Hakamatsu. He finally reached his destination which is the port city of Yokohama, Japan. He also noted various practices and keenly observed the Japanese way of life which he described as a happy go lucky, with friendly folks who seem to take their life in a stride.

The article presents seven observable situations on the life of children in Japan. It mentions a picture of little boys playing with snowballs in the winter season. It states a scene where two boys are playing with musical instruments such as flute made of bamboo and drum. Furthermore, a scene wherein boys are playing with the puppies of a large dog, which represents the large dogs in the street of Tokyo, is discussed.

The article offers information on different Japanese games that are being played by Japanese children for centuries including blindman's buff (eye-hiding), puss-in-the-corner and variety of "here we go round the mulberry bush". It mentions that Japanese games slightly differ from games in other countries. It states that kago play was purely a Japanese game in which two children carry a bamboo pole on their shoulders and on that a third child clings.

The article discusses the issue which states that Japanese children were frequently seen to enjoy childhood games due to adult intervention of controlling the games of their children to those games that are harmless. It states that due to foreign intervention of amusements, a very detectable change has passed over the Japanese people. It also states that Japanese children showed less enthusiasm for sports that results to its rarity.

Chapter XIII of the book "The Illustrious Prince," by Phillips Oppenheim is presented. The story continues as Penelope Morse and Prince Maiyo were talking about the courtship of the guy from Japan to the young lady of America. The chapter also details on the conversation of Miss Morse and the prince concerning the battle of Japan and the U.S.

The tale "The Rites for O'Iwa San" is presented.

The tale "Sanzugawa Bridgeless: The Flowerless Road Traversed by the Dead" is presented.

An appendix is presented of the characters of the Yotsuya Kwaidan or O'Iwa Inari Tales of the Tokugawa.

The tale "Ch&#016B;dayu Wins His Suit," by James Seguin De Benneville is presented.

This paper discusses recent histories of labor shortages in Singapore, Japan, and several western European countries. Emphasis is upon the economic effects of severe shortages of labor. Fearing that these shortages would seriously handicap further economic progress, many people in these countries have advocated large-scale immigration or increased population growth or both. It is the author's conclusion that the existence of a labor shortage is not a valid ground for encouraging either population growth or immigration. The series of which this publication is a part is intended to increase understanding of the interrelationships between population growth and socioeconomic and cultural patterns throughout the world, and to communicate this understanding to scholars and policy makers. (Author/RM)

This publication on human welfare and technological innovation contains two sections. The first section examines the objectives and functions of technological innovation while the second section discusses the direction and analysis of technology transfer between Japan and other nations. Subtopics within the first section include: (1) characteristics of technology, (2) human and environmental problems associated with technology, and (3) countermeasures to offset the problems of increasing technology. Section 2 contains five subtopics dealing with Japan's technology and its relationship to Asia and the world. These subtopics analyze problems stemming from the change in the industrial structure of Japan, examine Japan's role in the international division of labor and in the energy crisis, discuss the characteristics of Japan's science and technology and her relations with the United States and the industrialized nations of Europe, analyze relationships in the international division of labor in Asia, and discuss the need to develop a new scale for perception of environmental quality. (Author/DE)

This book attempts to shed light on the seemingly contradictory aspects of Japanese behavior. Separate chapters, grounded in interaction-oriented social scientific theory, focus on the themes of social relativism, belongingness, empathy, dependency, occupying the proper place, reciprocity, situational interaction, early socialization, selfhood, organized delinquency, suicide, culturally based moral rehabilitation, "shinkeishitsu" and Morita therapy, and spirit possession. By examining the beliefs and values generally shared by the Japanese, it is shown how this group places great importance on social interactions and relationships and less emphasis on individuality. The final chapter is devoted to a discussion of cultural change in Japan. (Author/GC)

The Japanese university system has been evolving gradually from more traditional patterns to more modern ones in terms of increased efficiency and participation, as well as from an elite to a mass enrollment system. However, the basic patterns of control and decisionmaking have changed little. The universities have been able to resist intrusions by the Ministry of Education, but many needed reforms have not taken place. Frustrated in its attempts to introduce structural reforms in existing universities, the Ministry of Education has turned more to the use of incentives to accomplish its aims, and it has established some new institutions on its own initiative. In the long run, these are likely to have considerable influence on the shape of Japanese higher education. (Author)

This report reviews the problems of protecting nature in a heavily industrialized democracy such as the United States. Factors contributing to the establishment of protected areas in the United States are traced from the creation of Yellowstone National Park in 1872 to the present. Arguments in defense of wilderness areas consider nature as: (1) a reservoir of normal ecological processes, (2) a sustainer of biological diversity, (3) a formative influence on the national character, (4) a church, (5) a guardian of mental health, and (6) an educational asset in developing environmental responsibility. Diverse agencies, programs, and efforts exist at all levels. The National Park Service, the United States Forest Service, the Bureau of Land Management, and the National Wilderness Preservation System function on the federal level. Coastal zone management and land use laws protect natural areas on the state level, city and county parks serve as protected areas on local levels, and private organizations such as the Sierra Club also contribute to wilderness preservation. Problems arise from the conflict between economic development and nature preservation, and the popularity of nature areas which leads to their destruction. Programs in Japan, Australia, New Zealand, East Africa, Europe, the Soviet Union, and Canada are also described. (KC)

Essays focusing on issues concerning youth education and unemployment problems are presented in this document. It is divided into three general areas. The first, Youth Unemployment in Western Industrial Countries, reviews general dimensions of the problem, the cyclical hypothesis, the demand hypothesis, the supply hypothesis, disaggregating American data, conclusions on causes, policies to combat youth unemployment, and educational policies. The second, Comparative National Experiences, focuses on youth education and unemployment problems in Great Britain, West Germany, Belgium, Sweden, Denmark, Poland, Japan, Mexico, and South Asia. And finally, an essay by Martin Trow, Reflections on Youth Problems and Policies in the U.S., emphasizes aspects of the youth unemployment problem that are relevant particularly to the U.S. He discusses the secondary labor market, the hidden economy, cultural unemployment, types of youth and policies for youth, and types of secondary labor market jobs. (CT)

The volume is intended to give readers a glimpse of the day-to-day life of disabled people in Japan. Eight brief papers present life experiences of a mentally retarded preschooler, severely disabled children, a child with muscular dystrophy, a young girl with polio living in the community, visually disabled and recovering mentally ill people receiving vocational training, a hearing impaired worker in a subway arcade shop, and a Down's syndrome man working in a laundry. The second part of the booklet describes services and programs (including education, income security, and employment) widely used by disabled persons in the community. A final section touches on such issues as legislation, participation of disabled people in policy development, and professional training. (CL)

The status of student political activism in the 1970s and 1980s in such nations as the United States, Britain, India, Japan, Italy, Canada, West Germany, Greece, Zambia and Latin America is examined. The volume consists of 13 chapters written by scholars who all agree that student activism is not now at peak levels of the 1960s, yet student movements continue to exist and student politics remains an important issue. Chapters include: "Student Activism in the 1970s and 1980s" (Philip Altbach); "From Revolution to Apathy: American Student Activism in the 1970s" (Philip Altbach); "Student Politics in America: Transformation Not Decline" (Arthur Levine and Keith R. Wilson); "The 'Old' New Left: A Reassessment by Former Participants in Canada, the United States and West Germany" (Cyril Levitt); "The 1970s in France: A Period of Student Retreat" (Raymond Boudon); "Student Politics in Italy: From Utopia to Terrorism" (Gianni Statera); "The Sixties and the Seventies: Aspects of Student Activism in West Germany" (Wolff-Dietrich Webler); "Japanese Student Activism in the 1970s" (Michiya Shimbori); "Contrary Imaginations: Student Activism and Beliefs in England During the Mid-1970s" (Pamela J. Yettram); "Student Activism in Greece: A Historical and Empirical Analysis" (George Psacharopoulos and Andreas M. Kazamias); "Student Politics in Contemporary Latin America" (Daniel Levy); "Sadhus No Longer: Recent Trends in Indian Student Activism" (N. Jayaram); and "Determinants of Third World Student Political Activism in the Seventies: The Case of Zambia" (Y. G. M. Lulat). Several conclusions are cited such as: (1) most of the literature on student activism resulted from the student political activities of the 1960s; (2) there is a dramatic difference between the student activism between the industrial nations and the Third World; (3) students in the Third World nations usually have direct political effect because of the lack of established political structures often present in developing nations; (4) student attitudes still rest well to the left of the general population; and (5) the economic situation in the 1970s has had an impact on the student population, in general tending to diminish activist movements in the industrialized nations. A list of contributors and an index are provided. (LC)

Academic activities undertaken during 1981-1982 by member countries of the Organization of Educational Cooperation and Development are reported in 21 articles. The following topics are addressed: higher education in the international age, curriculum and teaching, reforms and innovations, open universities and adult education, and higher education during financially difficult times. Titles and authors include the following: "The Role of the University in International Understanding" (Michio Nagai); "Who Owns the University Curriculum?" (A. H. Halsey); "Pilot Institutes for Higher Education Reform in Korea" (Jeung Rhee); "Innovations in American Higher Education: Curriculum and Teaching" (Philip G. Altbach); "Improvements in College Teaching in the United Kingdom" (Roy Joseph Cox);"Reforms in Chinese Higher Education" (Cheng Su); "Innovation of Higher Education in Japan: The Case of the University of Tsukuba" (Sho Takakura); "Sukhothai Thammathirat--Thailand's Open University" (Iam Chaya Ngam); "Adult Learning in Japanese Higher Education" (Masakazu Yano); "Japanese Higher Education in an Age of Financial Difficulties" (Morikazu Ushiogi); and "Higher Education in the Age of Financial Difficulties" (Paul L. Dressel). (SW)

Basic elements of the higher education system are considered, along with variations across nations (the United Kingdom, Sweden, Japan, Italy, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Australia, Canada, the United States, Poland, Yugoslavia, Mexico, and Thailand). Three basic elements of the organization of higher education system are identified: the way work tasks are arranged, primary norms and values, and the distribution of legitimate power throughout the system. Attention is directed to: national support structures for academics; the organization of academic work around knowledge; the division of academic labor by discipline and by sectors/institutional types; the foundations of academic beliefs and disciplinary points of view; integration in higher education through bureaucracy, politics, professions, and the market; and the way in which change occurs, including the contradiction between discipline and system, and the process of differentiation. The efforts of internal interest groups to do their work, protect their functions, and react to pressure are also addressed. It is concluded that the clash of social values in higher education will require considerable adjustments, and the systems most likely to prosper will be those that divide power, support variety, and allow ambiguity. (SW)

American schools might improve their performance by emulating certain successful businesses that, while distinctly American, have much in common with Japanese corporations. William Ouchi attributes Japanese business success to worker involvement; the typical Japanese corporation, he asserts, unifies its employees around a corporate philosophy transmitted through a corporate culture. Most American businesses, by contrast, are plagued with instability, as workers seek career growth at the expense of the company. American "Type Z" corporations, however, have attained prosperty and stability because, like Japanese corporations, they are people-centered and purposeful organizations. Meanwhile, despite growing criticism of American education, school effectiveness research has found examples of highly successful schools. The "Type Z" school is a new model that draws on both these analyses. The characteristics of such a school include: (1) a clear philosophy stressing excellence, equity, and enrichment in an optimistic environment; (2) a curriculum reflecting community goals and values; (3) classroom practices congruent with the school philosophy; (4) a sense of community among and between teachers and students; and (5) a strong principal providing symbolic leadership, instructional leadership, and group facilitation. (MCG)

The fundamental theme of these papers is what constitutes the common good and the issues and problems related to the understanding of that common good. Several anthropologists and a political scientist explore this theme in various geographic settings and from many theoretical and methodological perspectives. Among the countries and cultures represented in the compendium are Nigeria, Ghana, Japan, Singapore, Latin America, Chinatown USA, the Circumpolar North, and Canada. Papers include "Planning Nigeria's New Capital City: Implementation and the Public Good" (Ronald Cohen and John Paden); "Chieftaincy and Constitutionalism in Ghana: The Case of the Third Republic" (Maxwell Owusu); "The Reduction of Rates of Violent Crime: Japan since World War II" (Robert J. Smith); "Planners, Householders and Fertility Reduction" (Robert S. Merrill); "Conflict in Chinatown: Changing Images and Institutions" (Serena Nanda); "Research, Policy and Ideas in Good Currency: The Squatter Settlement Phenomenon" (Lisa R. Peattie); "Internal Colonialism or Self-Sufficiency? Problems and Prospects in the Circumpolar North" (John Dryzek and Oran R. Young); and "Formulating the Common Interest: The Role of Structures in Cree Development" (Richard F. Salisbury). (RM)

Focusing on culture and organizational processes, this book examines the influences of culture on the organizational processes of conflict, negotiation, and decision making. The essays discuss the following: (1) culture and communication in organizational contexts; (2) cultural communication and organizing; (3) stereotypes and schemata; (4) a theory of conflict and culture; (5) culture and the management of conflict situations; (6) national and organizational cultures in conflict resolution in Japan, the United States, and Yugoslavia; (7) ethnicity and mediation; (8) normative power and conflict potential in intergroup relationships; (9) culture and decision making; (10) subjective culture and organizational decision making; and (11) North American and Japanese managerial attitudes toward decision making. (HTH)