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Due to the increasing multicast applications and high desire for its deployment, it seems that any new technology should support multicast. However, Mpls (Multiprotocol Label Switching) technology which enhances IP packet forwarding capability by using layer 2 switching still does not offer any special solution for multicast support. In this paper, we propose a new mechanism for multicast over Mpls. We separate labels for unicast and multicast traffic. Our method use one label for each multicast tree. Therefore, consumes fewer labels compared to existing proposals and has smaller forwarding tables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet Protocol Next Generation Label Switching (IPngLS) is seen as another interesting approach satisfying the ever-increasing Internet users' multimedia demands as well as the future IPv6 addressing. With the concept of mapping the MPLS shim header into the IPv6 header, IPngLS provides the decrease of packet overhead which results in the better network performance. We have modified MPLS network simulator (MNS) extended from network simulator (ns) for IPngLS network simulator. The validation of our simulator is carried out by comparing with result from the approximate calculation with the timing diagram. After that, the performance study of IPngLS in comparison with MPLS is done by simulation. We evaluate the performance of multiple traffic sources based on throughput, bandwidth utilization, dropped packet and mean end-to-end delay. Our simulation results show that IPngLS provides better performance 1.695 %, based on throughput and bandwidth utilization, than MPLS at the very high traffic load, while the average of dropped packet and mean end-to-end of IPngLS is lower than MPLS 2.049 % and 1.491 %, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chapter 8 covers the application of ATM signalling by other protocols and applications: Classical IP over ATM (CLIP), LAN Emulation over ATM (LANE) Multi Protocol Over ATM (MPOA) and Sylvia, which is a multimedia application that uses UNI signalling [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Information on Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) from "Network Protocols Handbook" fourth edition is presented. IPv6 is based on IPv4. It refers to a network-layer protocol that contains addressing information and some control information enabling packets to be routed in the computer network. It presents a comparison of the key characters of IPv6 and IPv4. It also describes the protocol structure of IPv6.

Information on Flow Attribute Notification Protocol (FANP) from a chapter of the book "Network Protocols Handbook," Fourth Edition is presented. FANP refers to a protocol between neighbor modes which manages cut-through packet forwarding functionalities. By using the protocol, routers such as the Cell Switch Router (SCR) can forward incoming packets based on their datalink-level connection identifiers, bypassing usual IP packet processing. The FANP structure is illustrated.

Information on Internet Datagram Protocol (IDP) from a chapter of the book "Network Protocols Handbook," Fourth Edition is presented. IDP is used to support the SOCK_DGRAM abstraction for the Internet Protocol (IP) family. It is noted that IDP address formats are identical to those used by the Sequenced Packet Protocol (SPP). An overview of socket options for IDP is provided.

Information on the Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) from a chapter of the book "Network Protocols Handbook," Fourth Edition is presented. It refers to a lightweight and simple XML-based protocol that is designed to exchange structured and typed information on the Web. SOAP can be used in combination with a variety of existing Internet protocols and formats, and can support a wide range of applications from messaging systems to remote procedure calls (RPCs). The structure of SOAP is illustrated.

Information on the Data-Link Switching protocol (DLSw) from the book "Network Protocols Handbook," Fourth Edition, is presented. DLSw, originally a proprietary International Business Machines (IBM), provides forward mechanism for transporting IBM Systems Network Architecture (SNA) and network basic input/output system (NetBIOS) traffic over an Internet Protocol (IP) network. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has adopted the DLSw as a standard.

The article offers a description of the Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX) protocol from the book "Network Protocols Handbook," Fourth Edition. IPX is defined as a datagram protocol that functions in connectionless communications similar to Internet Protocol (IP) in the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and IP suite. IPX employs the services of a dynamic distance vector routing protocol such as Routing Information Protocol (RIP) or NetWare Link-State Protocol (NLSP).

Information about Internet Storage Name Service (iSNS) from a section of the book "Network Protocols Handbook" Fourth Edition is presented. It facilitates scalable configuration and management of Internet Small Computer Systems Interface (iSCSI) and Fibre Channel storage devices in an Internet Protocol network, by providing a set of services comparable to that available in Fibre Channel networks. It cites the four main functions and key Architectural Components of the iSNS.

Information on Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) from a chapter of the book "Network Protocols Handbook," Fourth Edition, is presented. It describes how RARP enables a physical machine in a local area network to request its Internet Protocol (IP) address from a gateway server's Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) table or cache. It outlines the protocol structure of RARP and cites related protocols.

Information on IP Control Protocol (IP) and IPv6 Control Protocol (IPv6CP) from a chapter of the book "Network Protocols Handbook," Fourth Edition, is presented. It points out that both IPCP and IPv6CP define the network control protocol for establishing and configuring the Internet Protocol or IPv6 over Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP). It discusses the purpose of the IP Compression Protocol Configuration option, as well as the responsibilities of the IPv6CP. It describes the protocol structure of IPCP and IPv6CP.

Information on Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) and Inverse ARP from the "Network Protocols Handbook," Fourth Edition, is presented. This protocol is capable of mapping an Internet protocol (IP) address to a physical machine address that is recognized in the local computer network. ARP lays out the rules for making a correlation between each multiple access computer (MAC) address with its corresponding IP address.

Information on Resource Reservation Protocol-Traffic Extension (RSVP-TE) from the "Network Protocols Handbook," Fourth Edition, is presented. This protocol is an addition to the RSVP protocol used for forming label switched paths (LSPs) in multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) networks. The protocol designates a session as a data flow a specific destination and transport-layer protocol.

Information on Constraint-Based Label Distribution Protocol (CR-LDP), from a chapter of the book "Network Protocols Handbook," fourth edition, is presented. It mentions the functions of CR-LDP and constraint-based routing. A chart showing the additional time, length and value parameters which are included in the CR-LDP structure but not in LDP is provided.

Information on Protocol Independent Multicast-Sparse Mode (PIM-SM), from a chapter of the book "Network Protocols Handbook," fourth edition, is presented. It presents a definition of PIM and discusses the uses of PIM-SM. It also mentions examples of multicast routing protocols and outlines the goals that are supported by PIM-SM. An overview of the protocol format of PIM-SM is provided.

Information on Protocol Independent Multicast Dense Mode (PIM-DM), from a chapter of the book "Network Protocols Handbook," 4th edition, is presented. PIM, which refers to a group of multicast routing protocols, has two main protocols, the PIM Sparse Mode and PIM-DM. PIM-DM, mainly designed for multicast local area network (LAN) applications, introduces the concept of protocol independence. An overview of the protocol structure is offered.

Information on Multicast Extensions to Open Shortest Path First (MOSPF) from a chapter of the book "Network Protocols Handbook," fourth edition is presented. MOSPF is a protocol that enhances Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Version 2 in order for its to support Internet Protocol (IP) multicast routing. It works by incorporating multicast information in OSPF link state advertisements. The structure of MOSPF protocol is also described.

Information on Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) from a chapter of the book "Network Protocols Handbook," fourth edition is presented. IGMP is a multicasting Internet protocol (IP) that is applied by IP hosts to report their memberships to any neighboring multicast routers. Messages that are transmitted through IGMP are encapsulated in IP datagrams. A description of the structure of IGMP is also offered.

Information on Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP) from "Network Protocols Handbook" fourth edition is presented. It refers to a resource reservation setup protocol designed for quality integrated services over the Internet and is used by a host to request specific qualities of service from the network for particular application data streams or flows.

Information on Routing information Protocol version 2 (RIP2) from "Network Protocols Handbook" fourth edition is presented. It refers to an extension of the RIP intended to expand the amount of useful information carried in the RIP2 messages and to include a measure of security. It also describes the protocol structure of RIP2.

Information on Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Internet protocol (IP) from "Network Protocols Handbook" fourth edition is presented. It is an interior gateway protocol which is used for routing between routers that belong to a single Autonomous System. It routes IP packets based on the destination IP address found in the IP packet header. It also describes the protocol structure of OSPF.

Information on Internet Control Message Protocol (ICPM) Router Discovery Protocol (IRDP) from "Network Protocols Handbook" fourth edition is presented. It enables a host to determine the address of a router that it can use as a default gateway. It also functions by eliminating the need for manual configuration of router addresses and is independent of any specific routing protocol, It also describes the protocol structure of IRDP.

Information on Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) from "Network Protocols Handbook" fourth edition is presented. ICMP refers to an integrated part of the Internet protocol suite. ICMP messages delivered in Internet protocol packets are used for out-of-band messages related to network operation or mis-operation. It also describes the key functions and protocol structure of ICMP.

Information on User Datagram Protocol (UDP) from the book "Network Protocols Handbook," Fourth Edition, is presented. This connectionless transport layer protocol offers a simple and unreliable message service for transaction-oriented services. UDP protocol ports distinguish several applications operating on a single device from one another.

Information on Tekelec's Transport Adaptor Layer Interface (TALI) from the "Network Protocols Handbook," Fourth Edition, is presented. TALI refers to the interface of a Signalling Gateway, which offers interworking between the Switched Circuit Network (SCN) and an Internet protocol (IP) network. This protocol is used to support reliable communication between the Signalling System 7 (SS7) and applications residing within the IP network.

Information on Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) from the "Network Protocols Handbook," Fourth Edition, is presented. This transport layer protocol offers a reliable stream delivery and virtual connection service to applications via the use of sequenced acknowledgement with retransmission of packets. TCP offers services such as stream data transfer, reliability and efficient flow control.

Information on Reliable User Datagram Protocol (RUDP) from the "Network Protocols Handbook," Fourth Edition, is presented. This protocol serves as a reliable transport protocol to transport telephony signalling across Internet protocol (IP) networks. It features a series of quality of service enhancements like congestion control tuning improvements, retransmit and thinning server algorithms.

Information on International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Transport Service on top of Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) (ITOT) from the "Network Protocols Handbook," Fourth Edition, is presented. ITOT refers to a mechanism that allows ISO applications to be transported to a Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) network. This transport service is identical to the Services and Interfaces provideed by the ISO Transport Service Definition.

Information on Reliable Data Protocol (RDP) from the "Network Protocols Handbook," Fourth Edition, is presented. This protocol refers to a connection-oriented transport protocol developed to efficiently support the bulk transfer of data. One of the functions of RDP is to offer a full-duplex communications channel between the two ports of each transport connection.

Information on Lightweight Presentation Protocol (LPP) from the "Network Protocols Handbook," Fourth Edition, is presented. This protocol refers to an approach used for providing stream-lined support of open source interface (OSI) application services on top of Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol-based (TCP/IP) network for some constrained environments. This protocol is used for a particular class of OSI applications.

Information on X Window System Protocol from the "Network Protocols Handbook," Fourth Edition, is presented. Also known as X Window/X Protocol, the protocol is a graphics architecture used as the graphical system on UNIX systems and Linux systems. This protocol offers a public protocol by which client programs can inquire and update information on X servers.

Information on Whois and RWhois protocols from the "Network Protocols Handbook," Fourth Edition, is presented. The Whois protocol is capable of retrieving information on names from a central registry. The RWhois protocol identifies both a directory access protocol and a directory architecture. RWhois protocol directs users toward the appropriate authority area by producing referrals.

Information on Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) from the "Network Protocols Handbook," Fourth Edition, is presented. The purpose of the protocol is to stream eXtensible Markup Language (XML) elements for near-real-time messaging, presence and request-response services. The protocol is based on the Jabber protocol for instant messaging.

Information on the Simple Network Management Protocol version one (SNMPv1) from the fourth edition of the "Network Protocols Handbook," is presented. It is explained that SNMP is the protocol developed to manage nodes on an Internet protocol (IP) network and SNMPv1 is a simple request/response protocol. The network-management system issues a request, and managed devices return responses. This behaviour is implemented by using one of four protocol operations: Get, GetNext, Set, and Trap. It highlights the protocol structure.

Information on the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) from the fourth edition of the "Network Protocols Handbook," is presented. SNMP is the standard protocol developed to manage nodes on an Internet protocol (IP) network. SNMP enables network administrators to manage network performance, find and solve network problems, and plan for network growth. an SNMP managed network consists of three key components: managed devices, agents, and network-management systems (NMSs).

Information on the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), from a chapter of the book "Network Protocols Handbook," 4th edition, is presented. DHCP, a communications protocol, supports static addresses for computers containing Web servers that need a permanent Internet Protocol (IP) address. A more advanced protocol, DCAP is used as an alternative to the Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP), another network IP management protocol. An illustration of the protocol structure is included.

Information on Domain Name System (DNS), from a chapter of the book "Network Protocols Handbook," 4th edition, is presented. DNS, a distributed Internet directory service, is used mostly to translate between domain names and Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, and to control Internet electronic mail (email) delivery. The DNS naming scheme is used to assign network device names globally and is implemented by geographically distributed sets of servers to names to addresses. An illustration of the protocol structure is included.

An encyclopedia entry for "Spatial Reuse Protocol" is presented. This is the underpinning of Cisco's proprietary metropolitan IP offerings, and will be a key component of the IEEE 802.17 Resilient Packet Ring (RPR).

A definition of the term "linear access procedure for frame mode services" (LAPF) is presented. In the context of networking and protocol, this refers to an enhanced Link-Access Protocol-D with congestion control capabilities for frame mode services in the frame relay network. In the User Plane, data link service data units between DL-service users are conveyed by LAPF.

A definition of the term "ICMP attack" is presented. It refers to the attack using the weakness of the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP). ICMP is utilized by the Internet protocol (IP) layer to send one-way informational messages to a host. Since there is no authentication in ICMP, attacks using ICMP can result in a denial of service.

A definition of the term "Dial Peer" is presented. It is also known as addressable call endpoint, a device that can originate or receive a call in a telephone network. When it comes to voice over IP (VoIP) network, dial peers include VoIP-capable computers, routers and gateways within a particular network.

The article offers a description of the Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP) from the book "Network Protocols Handbook," Fourth Edition. HSRP is created to support non-disruptive failover of Internet protocol (IP) traffic in some circumstances and allow hosts to appear to use a single router and maintain connectivity despite the fails of the actual first hop router. The protocol structure which involves authentication data and IP address is illustrated.

The article offers a description of the Cisco Group Management Protocol (CGMP) from the book "Network Protocols Handbook," Fourth Edition. CGMP makes Internet protocol (IP) multicast packets to be switched only to ports that have IP multicast clients and saves network bandwidth on used segments. CGMP automatically determines the ports to which the CGMP-capable router is attached. A CGMP is enabled by default and has a maximum of 64 IP multicast group registrations.

A section from the book "Network Protocol Handbook" is presented. It provides information on a protocol, known as the ISO Virtual Terminal service and protocol (VTP). A comparison between VTP and Telnet in the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol is provided.

Information on Mobile Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) from "Network Protocols Handbook" fourth edition is presented. IPv6 refers to a key protocol that enables mobile computing and networking. It details the main components defined in the Mobile IPv6 architecture. It also describes the protocol structure of Mobile IPv6.

Information on the Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP) from a chapter of the book "Network Protocols Handbook," Fourth Edition is presented. ISAKMP is a key protocol in the Internet security architecture that combines security concepts of authentication, key management and security associations. It defines procedures and packet formats to establish, modify and delete security associations. A Domain of Interpretation is used to group related protocols using ISAKMP to negotiate security associations.

Information on Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) from a chapter of the book "Network Protocols Handbook," Fourth Edition, is presented. It points out that SLIP is used for point-to-point serial connections running Transmission Control Protocol/IP (TCP/IP). It notes that SLIP can also be used in mixing hosts and routers to communicate with one another. SLIP refers to a sequence of characters that frame IP packets on a serial line. It discusses the two special characters that define the SLIP protocol and cites some related protocols.

Information on Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching (GMPLS), from a chapter of the book "Network Protocols Handbook," fourth edition, is presented. It presents a description of GMPLS, including its function and the multiple types of switching it supports. An overview of the structure of the GMPLS protocol suite is provided.

Information on Non-Broadcast, Multi-Access (NBMA) Next Hop Resolution Protocol (NHRP) from "Network Protocols Handbook" fourth edition is presented. It is utilized by a source station connected to a NBMA subnetwork to determine the Internet-working layer address and NBMA subnetwork addresses of the NBMA net hop towards a destination station. It also describes the protocol structure of NHRP.