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Current trends in armaments and militarism in the third world countries must be assessed against a background of imperialism and in relation to the tendency to use nuclear power for peaceful ends and oil power for militaristic ends. Discussion of these factors with relation to China, India, and the Arab countries requires examination of militaristic attitudes and the activities of the International Atomic Energy Agency. The Arab world's discovery of oil power and subsequent formation of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) are also discussed. It appears that interconnections among different sectors of policy exist along with interdependence among nations. The pursuit of disarmament or arms control cannot be separated from the struggle for equity in world politics. Since the power of the oil-producing nations is contributing toward a new world order, a new international military order becomes one precondition for a new international economic order. China's experimental rockets, India's nuclear devices, and the Arab consortium's arms industry may have to be placed alongside of OPEC as part of their total leverage if there is to be a change toward greater equity between developing and developed nations. Because nuclear capacity is linked with the third world's quest for dignity and power, some degree of proliferation may be the price for equality. (Author/KC)

This symposium on leadership development consists of three presentations. "Organizational Performance: The Future Focus of Leadership Development Programs" (Doris B. Collins) reports research that analyzed 54 leadership studies from 1984-2000 and confirmed that organizations have begun to take a more systemic approach to leadership development. "Hidden Dimension of Leadership Success: Implications for Building Effective Leaders" (Anne Khoury), a theory paper, proposes that the hidden dimensions are personal credibility and self efficacy and defines a successful leader in this model as one who can inspire others and turn aspiration into action to accomplish business results. "A Study of Leadership Roles, Styles, Delegation, and Qualities of Indian CEOs (Chief Executive Officers)" (T. V. Rao, Raju Rao, Soumya Dixit) addresses a study that found that Indian CEOs were good at managing their seniors, but weak in inspiring and developing their subordinates, culture building, and long-term goal setting; their leadership styles were largely developmental; delegation, activity level, positive thinking, communications were their strengths; and reactiveness, irritability, low empathy, patience, and participative nature were weak areas. Two of the papers include substantial bibliographies. (YLB)

This monograph contains 14 papers on the role of higher education in the developing world stimulated by discussion of that issue in "Higher Education: The Lessons of Experience" (World Bank, 1994). The first two papers offer background on the World Bank paper: "World Bank Traditions of Support to Higher Education and Capacity-Building: Reflections on 'Higher Education: The Lessons of Expereince'" (Kenneth King) and "Shaping the World Bank's Higher Education Paper: Dialogue, Consultation and Conditionality" (Alison Girdwood). The next three papers explore related fundamental issues: "The Implications of Globalisation for Higher Education" (Noel F. McGinn); "Higher Education-Business Partnerships: The Dilemma of Competitiveness and Equity" (Wim E. Biervliet); and "The Challenge to the Liberal Vision of Universities in Africa" (David Court). The next four papers address World Bank reform areas: "Redefining the Role of Government in Higher Education: How Realistic is the World Bank's Prescription?" (Keith Watson); "Diversifying the Funding of Tertiary Institutions: Is the Bank's Agenda the Right One?" (Christopher Colclough); "Institutional Diversification of Higher Education" (Peter Williams); and "Responding to Ambiguity: A Critique of the World Bank's Analysis of Quality Assurance, Responsiveness and Equity" (H. R. Kells). The next three papers present empirical perspectives on the World Bank paper. They are: "Higher Education in India at a Cross-roads" (Jandhyala B. G. Tilak); "A Chinese Model of Higher Education? Lessons from Reality" (Kai-ming Cheng); and"Equity, Access and Excellence in South Africa Higher Education" (Pundy Pillay). The final two papers look at other policies and practices in aid to higher education and are "The Power of Knowledge: A Comparison of Two International Policy Papers on Higher Education" (Berit Olsson) and "French Aid and the Crisis of Higher Education in Francophone Africa" (Francois Orivel). (Many papers contain extensive references.) (JB)

This collection of 20 papers addresses child development and early intervention issues related to literacy acquisition from a cross-cultural perspective. Titles of the papers are: (1) "Preparing Young Children for Literacy: Issues in Theory and Practice" (Lotty Eldering and Paul Leseman); (2) "Jomtien Revisited: A Plea for a Differentiated Approach" (John Bennett); (3) "Interaction of Context with Development: Theoretical Constructs for the Design of Early Childhood Education Programs" (Robert Serpell); (4) "Orientations on Culture: Some Comments on Intervention Programs" (Ype Poortinga); (5) "Interaction between Development Processes and Social-Cultural Context" (T. S. Saraswathi); (6) "Modification of Cognitive Components: Consequences for Early Intervention" (Fons van de Vijver); (7) "Many Kinds of Deprivation: Young Children and Their Families in South Africa" (Linda Richter); (8) "The Developmental Niche: Implications for Children's Literacy Development" (Sara Harkness and Charles Super); (9) "Linguistic Development as Related to Literacy" (Catherine Snow); (10) "How Parents Provide Young Children with Access to Literacy" (Paul Leseman); (11) "Literacy Development in a Multilingual Context" (Ludo Verhoeven); (12) "Responding to Children's Needs: Integrated Child Development Services in India" (Rajalakshmi Muralidharan and Venita Kaul); (13) "Empowerment of Parents: 'Proyecto Padres e Hijos' in Chile" (Johanne Filp and Ximena Valdes); (14) "Culture Sensitive Home Intervention: The Dutch HIPPY Experiment" (Lotty Eldering and Paul Vedder); (15) "A Model of Multipurpose Non-Formal Education: The Case of the Turkish Early Enrichment Project" (Cigdem Kagitcibasi); (16) "Success for All: Prevention and Early Intervention in Elementary Schools" (Robert Slavin and Nancy Madden); (17) "Critical Issues in the Evaluation of Preschool Intervention Programs" (Jan Slavenburg); (18) "Cooperative, Community-Based Evaluation of Preschool Programs" (Howard Richards and Loren Pierce); (19) "Researchers, Program Developers, and the Children Out There" (Nico van Oudenhoven); and (20) "Family, School, and Literacy: Recommendations for Intervention Programs." Most papers include a reference list. (MDM)

This volume contains 11 papers on the under-representation of women in higher education management in Bahrain, Finland, France, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nigeria, Peru, the United States and Canada, the South Pacific and the West Indies. All papers were written by women vice-chancellors, presidents and senior managers of universities in those nations. The papers are: "Bahrain: The Role of Women in Higher Education Management in the Arab Region" (Rafica S. Hammoud); "Finland: Women in Higher Education in Finland" (Veronica Stolte-Heiskanen); "France: The Role of Women in the Administration of Higher Education in France" (Michele Gendreau-Massaloux); "India: The Place of Women in the Management of Higher Education in India" (Suma Chitnis); "Indonesia: Indonesian Women in Higher Education Management" (Mariana Setiadarma); "Malaysia: Women Managers in Higher Education in Malaysia" (Asmah Haji Omar); "Nigeria: Women in Higher Education Management--The Nigerian Context" (Grace Alele Williams); "Peru: The Woman's Role in the Administration of Higher Education in Peru" (Gladys Buzzio Zamora RSCJ); "USA/Canada: Women in Higher Education Management in the United States and Canada" (Sandra Featherman); "University of the South Pacific: Women in Higher Education Management in the South Pacific--The Case of the University of the South Pacific" (Konai H. Thaman and Sarojini Pillay); and "University of the West Indies: Staff Development and Gender Equity in the Commonwealth Caribbean Universities--The Experience of the University of the West Indies" (Gwendoline Williams and Claudia Harvey). (Some papers contain references.) (JB)

The 14 papers in this volume address planning and administration of higher education within an international context. Papers are grouped into general studies, regional studies, and national and institutional studies. Included papers are: (1) "Management of Global and Educational Change: Challenges for Higher Education and Graduate Studies" (Gustavo Lopez Ospina); (2) "Accountability for More Efficiency and Effectiveness in Higher Education" (Klaus Huffner); (3) "Training for Planning and Management: Improved Management Systems in Higher Education in Developing Countries" (Kevin M. Lillis); (4) Improving Effectiveness of Higher Education Institutions: Studies of the Management of Change" (International Institute for Educational Planning); (5) "Higher Education: What Procedures for Evaluation?" (William B. Dockrell); (6) "Planning and Management of Higher Education in Latin America and the Caribbean: An Introductory Study" (Jose F. Silvio); (7) "Management and Administration of Higher Education in a Market Economy" (8) "Some Issues and Trends Relevant for Planning and Management of Higher Education in Arab Countries" (Al Awd Galeleldin); (9) "University Governance, Autonomy and Accountability in Brazil: A Couple of Challenges for the Decade" (Jacques Velloso); (10) "Management of Innovation and Change in Higher Education in Developing Countries; Experiences from Tanzania" (I. M. Omari); (11) "Planning and Management of Education in a Period of Crisis: The Example of Higher Education in Rwanda" (Joseph Kalinganire); (12) "Planning and Management for Excellence and Efficiency in Higher Education in India" (T. V. Rao); (13) "Higher Education in Czechoslovakia: Problems and Prospects of Management" (Jana Hendrichova and Ian Kouckij); and (14) "Planning and Managing for Excellence and Efficiency in Higher Education in Britain" (John Eggleston). (Some individual papers contain references.) (DB)

This reader on literacy provides a clear account of the major perspectives on literacy and adult education through 20 papers divided into three categories. An introduction provides an overview of the content of the papers. Part 1, "Issues," contains seven papers: "Literacy: Access to Power" (Dijkstra); "Development and the Possibilities for Literacy" (Ooijens); "Can We Work Literacy into Every Context of Development in Developing Countries?" (Shrivastava); "Can Literacy Work Lead to a Critical Consciousness?" (Hammink); "Beyond Literacy" (Barik); "Do We Need Separate Literacy Courses for Women?" (van Dijk); and "Teach Literacy in the First or Second Language?" (Tholen). Part 2, "Applications," consists of nine papers: "Literacy Crash Course: An Experiment with Tribal Women" (Shrivastava); "Amidst the Jungle of the Simipal Hills" (Barik); "The Income Project on Education" (Kumar); "Literacy in Rural Areas: TRICON Associates" (Banerjee); "Literacy in Zimbabwe: Problems and Limitations" (Chombo); "English Literacy: A Unions' Project in South Africa" (Mavuso); "The Literacy Work of CEPROD (Development Studies and Promotion Center)" (Galindo, Barahona); "Technical Training for Women: The Work of INCATEM (Institute of Technical Training for Women)" (Escobar); and "Literacy of Women in Peru" (Dasso). Part 3, "Requirements," contains four papers: "Supporting Literacy for Development" (Dubbeldam); "Limitations and Problems of Literacy Work from a Donor's Point of View" (Monteiro); "Limitations and Problems for Literacy Campaigns with Respect to Support and Prerequisites for Support" (de Vries); and "Education for All" (Storm et al.). Appendixes include an 83-item bibliography, an index, and brief biographies of authors. (YLB)

This publication presents an overview of the Asia-Pacific Regional Planning Meeting on the Literacy Initiative for Empowerment (LIFE). Countries in Asia and the Pacific that participate in the LIFE initiative are Afghanistan, Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Iran, Nepal, Pakistan and Papua New Guinea. The purpose of the meeting was to assist the participating countries with the organization of preparatory activities for implementing the LIFE initiative following creation of Country Profiles in 2005. This publication includes comments presented during question and answer sessions, plenary discussions and group discussions. The agenda items of the meeting are (1) Global Background and Development of LIFE; (2) Literacy Challenges in the Asia-Pacific Region; (3) Presentations and Discussion in Plenary of Bangladesh and Pakistan Country Papers; (4) Proposed Framework of Support Mechanism for LIFE Implementation; (5) Proposed Guidelines of LIFE Needs Assessment; (6) Country Group Work on Preparation of Draft Country Outlines/Frameworks for Needs Assessment; (7) Panel Presentations and Discussion on Addressing Literacy Needs of Excluded Groups; and (8) Presentation of Draft Country Outlines/Frameworks for Needs Assessments, LIFE Country Plans and Discussion on Follow-up. [Published by United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education.]

This volume collects several case studies on the relationship between government and higher education in developing nations in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. In particular these studies ask whether specific forms of government regulation help to solve the crisis of higher education in the developing world better than other forms of regulation. The papers are: "Government and Higher Education in Developing Nations: A Conceptual Framework" (G. Neave and F. van Vught); "Ghana: Relations between Government and Universities" (A. Sawyerr); "Kenya: Management of Higher Education in Developing Countries: The Relationship between the Government and Higher Education" (I. M. Omari); "Tanzania: The State and Higher Education" (J. C. Sivalon and B. Cooksey); "Uganda: Higher Education and the State" (T. O. Eisemon); "People's Republic of China: Autonomy and Accountability: An Analysis of the Changing Relationships between the Government and Universities" (W. Min); "India: Government and Higher Education" (T. Majumdar); "Philippines: The Anatomy of the Government-Higher Education Relationship" (A. Gonzalez); "Singapore: University Autonomy versus State Control: The Singapore Experience" (V. Selvaratnam); "Argentina: The Federal Government and the Universities": (C. Marquis); "Brazil: Higher Education and Government" (S. Schwartzman and L. Klein); "Chile: Government and Higher Education" (J. J. Brunner); "Mexico: Towards State Supervision? Changing Patterns of Governance in Mexican Higher Education" (D. C. Levy); "Conclusion" (G. Neave and F. van Vught). Contains a subject index. Most papers contain references. (JB)

This volume contains papers on strategies and mechanisms for developing, maintaining, and expanding the flow of students into the universities and polytechnics of the British Commonwealth's developing nations and for the extension of exchange between all Commonwealth developing nations. Part 1 contains introductory papers. Part 2 contains papers on academic interchange and institution building. Part 3 presents viewpoints from the Commonwealth nations; Part 4 contains papers on student flows from the post-industrial nations; and Part 5 contains research papers on mobility. The individual papers are: "Active, not Passive: A Commonwealth Agenda for Redirecting Student Flows" (Lalage Bown); "Towards a Commonwealth of Scholars: Developing Foreign Student Flows into Universities of the South" (Lalage Bown); "Trends, Problems and a Commonwealth Project" (Jasbir Singh); "Student Mobility Networks: The Case for a Commonwealth Scheme" (Elizabeth Dines); "Student Mobility and Internationalisation: A Perspective from the English-speaking Caribbean" (Ancilla Armstrong and J. E. Greene); "Academic Exchange: Student Flows, Exchange Schemes and Capacity Building in India" (Karuna Chanana Ahmad and Aparna Basu); "Policy, Expectations and Shortfalls: Nigerian Views and Experiences" (A. Jones Akinpelu); "Against the Grain? Student Mobility from Britain to Commonwealth Developing Countries" (Hilary Callan and Kate Steele); "Internationalising Canadian Universities: Student Mobility to Developing Countries" (Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada); "Academic Exchange Schemes in Malaysia" (Leong Yin Ching); "Two Contrasting African Cases: Kenya and Zimbabwe" (Parvin Walji and Peter Dzvimbo); "World Class Institutions and Student Mobility: The Indian Institutes of Technology" (Jayalakshmi Indiresan); and "Open to Talent: Higher Education in Singapore" (G. Gopinathan). Appendixes contain summary statistical tables on student mobility and a description of the Commonwealth Universities Study Abroad Consortium program. Contains 41 references. (JB)

Eight papers, each presented at one of three conferences sponsored by the International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP), are published together in this collection. It provides an overview of the current interest in developing nations in the role of administration in educational development, particularly as that role involves the coordination of administrative efforts at different levels (national, regional, local, and institutional) in the furtherance of national educational policy objectives. The papers are: "Decentralisation in Educational Administration: The Third World Perspective" (Anil Bordia); "Regionalisation of Education: Lessons from Some Experiences of Latin America" (J. B. Bernal); "Education and Sectoral Development at Local Level--An Integrated Approach" (S. N. Saraf); "Experience of Educational Microplanning in Peru through Nuclearisation" (G. Ruiz-Duran); "The 'Nuclearization' Programme in Costa Rica" (Carlos E. Olivera); "Multi-level Educational Planning and Administration in India" (M. V. Mathur); "Integrated Planning in Tanzania--The 1972 Decentralization and the 1975 Village Acts" (Omar R. Mapuri); "A Crash Programme in Mass Education: The Experience of Bangladesh" (M. Selim). An extensive introduction places the papers and their subjects in the broader context of IIEP's ongoing research efforts concerning the place of educational administration in the educational planning process. A substantial bibliography of relevant materials is appended. (PGD)

The Draper Fund was established within the Population Crisis Committee (PCC) in 1975. Contributions to the fund are used by the PCC to encourage and expand those activities which promise the greatest impact in slowing world population growth. Seven papers written around that theme are included in this report: "The Crucial Role of the Private Sector" (Mary Barberis and John M. Paxman); "Promoting Family Planning through Women's Development" (Kaval Gulhati); "Tapping Private Industry" (Bradman Weerakoon); "Enlisting Private Practitioners" (I-cheng Chi and May Huang); "Motivating Communities through Economic Incentives" (Mechai Viravaidya and Donald Weeden); "Social Marketing of Contraceptives" (William P. Schellstede and Bonnie B. Derr) and "Introducing New Contraceptives" (Sheldon J. Segal and Elsimar Coutinho). (BZ)

Harmonized with UNICEF's efforts to reduce hazardous and exploitative forms of child labor, this compilation of key texts examines the area of child labor and basic education. The articles are organized into four main areas covering ideas, debates, evidence, and case studies. The first part provides some definitions of childhood, work, exploitation and education. The second part provides a review of changes in policy attitudes at an international level and presents some of the classical views in both the compulsory education and fertility debates. The cases of India, China, Java and Nepal are considered. The third part examines cases of children working in rural and urban settings, evidence of the importance of primary education for economic development, the relationship between school and work during childhood, and the different reasons why children may be unable to attend school. The final part of the book presents examples of how basic education for working children has been approached in several parts of the world. Suggestions for further reading and a resource section of relevant books, articles, and other materials that can be obtained from academic sources and international agencies is included. (AA)

This book contains a comparative survey of efforts to organize female workers in trade unions in both developing and industrialized nations and 19 case studies of efforts to organize female workers in selected occupations. The following papers are included: "A Comparative Survey" (Swasti Mitter); "The Union of Women Domestic Employees, Recife, Brazil" (Marie Anderfuhren); "Unions and Domestic Workers in Mexico City" (Ruth Joffre Lazarini, Olivia Martinez); "The Namibia Domestic and Allied Workers' Union" (Magano Nangombe); "Migrant Women as Domestic Workers" (Margaret Hosmer Martens); "Conclusions to Part II" (Margaret Hosmer Martens); "Organizing Homeworkers in the Informal Sector" (Jane Tate); "Introduction to Part IV" (Margaret Hosmer Martens); "Workers' Education for Women Members of Rural Workers' Organizations in Africa" (Kathini Maloba-Caines); "Workers' Education for Women Members of Rural Workers' Organizations in Asia" (Neena Hari-Correa); "Workers' Education for Women Members of Rural Workers' Organizations in Central America and the Dominican Republic" (Maritza Delgado Gonzalez); "Experience in Organizing Women in the Informal Sector in India" (Margaret Hosmer Martens); "The Working Women's Forum: A Case Study of Leadership Development in India" (Claire L. Bangasser); "Trade Unions and Workers in the Informal Sector in Burkina Faso" (Mamounata Cisse); "Trade Unions and Women Workers in the Rural and Informal Sectors in Cote d'Ivoire: The Case of SYNAFSI [National Union of Informal Sector Women]" (Mahan Gahe Basile); "The Informal Sector in an Industrialized Country: Textile and Garment Workers in Northern Italy" (Vicky Franzinetti); "Introduction to Part VI" (Margaret Hosmer Martens); "Women in Trade Unions in the Mauritius Export Processing Zones" (Dev Luchmun); "Organizing Experiences in Export Processing Zones in Other Countries" (Margaret Hosmer Martens); "Conclusion to Part VI" (Margaret Hosmer Martens); "Lessons for Organizing the Unorganized" (Margaret Hosmer Martens); and "Final Remarks" (Swasti Mitter). (MN)

This book examines literacy for sustainable development in the age of information. It begins by discussing the relationship between literacy and hegemony, social policy, national language policy, colonial relations, and postcolonial realities. Also discussed in the introduction are views and definitions of literacy and considerations in mapping a typology of literacy. Part 1 explores the theoretical frameworks of literacy and the disparate ways literacy has featured in academic discourse. Part 2, which focuses on older literacy discourses and practices within the framework of the nation-state, contains chapters devoted to the following issues: (1) literacy as a social practice in terms of its relationship with institutions, political systems, structures, and processes within the nation-state; (2) historical links between literacy and social development; and (3) lessons from the mass literacy campaigns that featured in the drive for modernization in the 1970s. Part 3, which considers the impact of globalization on literacy concepts and definitions, addresses the following topics: (1) technological and cultural transformations; (2) changing definitions of "text" within the information society; (3) conceptualizing literacy, knowledge, and power in the information society; and (4) moving toward "communicative competence" for democratic participation in the information society. (Ten tables/figures are included. The bibliography lists 317 references.) (MN)