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Issue 51 of the Bank Street Occasional Papers Series "Reconceptualizing Quality Early Care and Education with Equity at the Center" is a response to Gunilla Dahlberg, Peter Moss, and Alan Pence's 25-year interrogation of the concept of quality in early childhood education (ECE) (Dahlberg et al., 1999, 2013, 2023). Their groundbreaking work has called early childhood educators to question deeply held assumptions about the universality of childhood and how these shape the standardization of practices in early childhood settings around the world. While quality is typically conceived of as existing primarily in classrooms, the authors in Issue 51 remind readers that the small world of ECE exists within oppressive systems imbued with intersecting racism, classism, sexism, and ableism, and that, therefore, a beyond quality praxis requires nurturing and supporting educators through partnerships (recognizing that resilience is social), developing political commitments and orientations through relationships, and mobilizing these relationships for collective action towards liberatory alternatives. The idea for this issue, which is a part of a broader project to identify and analyze promising, equity-committed early childhood policies and practices, emerged over the past few years.

The 2021 EUROCALL conference engaged just under 250 speakers from 40 different countries. Cnam Paris and Sorbonne Université joined forces to host and organise the event despite the challenging context due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Originally programmed to be held on site in the heart of Paris, France, the EUROCALL organising team and executive committee agreed to opt for a blended and then for a fully online conference. The theme of the 2021 EUROCALL conference was "CALL & Professionalisation". This volume, a selection of 54 short papers by some of the EUROCALL 2021 presenters, offers a combination of research studies as well as practical examples fairly representative of the theme of the conference. [This content is provided in the format of an e-book. Individual papers are indexed in ERIC.]

Issue #49 of the Bank Street Occasional Paper Series, "Indigenous Pedagogies: Land, Water and Kinship," brings together Indigenous educators and researchers to demonstrate how Indigenous teaching and learning takes form across contexts. Indigenous knowledge systems, values, and ways of being are understood and enacted within socio-ecological systems grounded in reciprocal kin relations. This means that for Indigenous peoples, teaching, learning, living, and being in relation with human and more-than-human beings is central to their knowledge systems. The authors worry that forwarding Indigenous pedagogies for educators broadly could result in a romanticization or appropriation of indigeneity, but hope that it will contribute broadly to sustainable and just futures.

Issue #50 of the Bank Street Occasional Paper Series, "Learning With Treescapes in Environmentally Endangered Times Learning with Treescapes in Environmentally Endangered Times," is intended to be hopeful. Articles in this issue contribute to the envisioning of new practices and to an architecture of knowledge to waymark a more sustainable route into the future. Trees are vital for the present and future health of the planet, its inhabitants, and ecosystems. They store carbon and breathe out oxygen. Their leaves filter dangerous pollutants. Their branches provide shade and a shelter for a myriad of other beings, allowing diverse species to thrive. They provide cooling, control erosion, and filter water. Articles in this issue include stories from teachers and their students about learning with trees, and descriptions of how engagements with trees can transform research and ways of thinking, feeling, and being. Across multiple pieces, authors reflect on how connecting with trees facilitates greater connection among humans and between humans and the more-than-human occupants of our planet.

The 2022 EUROCALL conference was held in Reykjavik on 17-19 August 2022 as a fully online event hosted by the Vigdís Finnbogadóttir Institute for Foreign Languages, the University of Iceland, and the Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies. The conference theme was "Intelligent CALL, granular systems and learner data." This theme reflects the newest developments in the field of technology for language learning. Subfields such as natural language processing and machine learning not only enable smoother spoken and written communication between human learners and computers, but also offer ways in which language learning can be tailored to the needs of individual learners. By adding components of automatic speech recognition, text-to-speech systems, automatic feedback mechanisms, and tracking systems monitoring learners' progress and their use of tools, applications are becoming better targeted. All of this is used to optimise the learning experience of individual learners. This volume includes 66 short papers by some of the EUROCALL 2022 presenters and it offers a combination of research studies and theoretical papers reflecting the subthemes of the conference. The articles are ordered alphabetically. [This content is provided in the format of an e-book. Individual papers are indexed in ERIC.]

This issue of the Bank Street "Occasional Paper Series" brings together educators and researchers to (re)imagine what it means to teach and learn within the immediacy of the here and now, an orientation crucial to confronting contemporary threats to children's lives, democracy, and the planet. The papers seek to extend and broaden Bank Street College founder Lucy Sprague Mitchell's original conceptualizations by centering the past and future alongside the immediacies of the now, elevating Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) perspectives in children's geographies and exploring potentialities of mapping in analog as well as emerging digital forms. The authors also aim to carry forward her commitments to listening to children with curiosity and care, rooted in a belief that young people know a lot about the world already and that they are fully capable of delving deep into complex processes and problems. As such, this collection situates young peoples' here and now within sociopolitical landscapes, the wider nested systems and structures that constitute and reconstitute land, place, and children's geographies. The authors in this special issue extend, critique, and reimagine what it means to center young people's worlds and ways of knowing to make sense of the here and now.

This anniversary volume of the Association for the Teaching of Spanish in Higher Education in the United Kingdom is a compilation of contributions made by members and delegates at the 2019 ELEUK annual conference held at the University of Edinburgh. Throughout the book, authors share their teaching, assessment, and research practice in the area of Spanish Language Teaching (SLT). From strategies to enhance student engagement and foster student agency to reflections on language teaching practice from diverse angles, these nine short papers contribute to current debates around foreign language pedagogy, with a focus on teaching Spanish in the higher education context. [For the two out of nine papers in this volume written in English, see ED606533 and ED606534.]

Summary: "The publication of this book has been made possible by generous support received from BNP Paribas."

This issue of the Bank Street "Occasional Paper Series" is authored by an allgirl/womxn cast who brilliantly offers insights into possible futures, considering opportunities to rethink education and abolish the patterns of harm too-often enacted in and by schooling as it currently exists. This special issue begins with four articles authored by Black and South East Asian women who describe researchers' reimaginations of education that center the humanity and ingenuity of Black, Indigenous, and other communities of Color. Next, the issue turns to 10 teachers who identify as Black, Indigenous, and of Color (Latinx and Asian American), as well as a White co-conspirator. They reflect on their practices, identities, and priorities through a North Star logic. In the final section of this issue, five children--Amelia, Fiona, Jojo (Johana), Lela Joy, and Sara--offer their thoughts on what it was like to be schooled during the pandemic. Their work demonstrates that authoring extends to numerous dimensions and modalities beyond letters, words, and other symbols typically associated with literacy in schools and schooling.

This issue of the Bank Street "Occasional Paper Series" is a labor of love. It testifies love for Jonathan Silin, who for 17 years served as Editor-in-Chief. This issue has been designed to exemplify two commitments that have shaped the decades of Jonathan's career and that will resonate with readers of the "Occasional Paper Series": (1) Jonathan's passionate belief in the power of narrative; and (2) Jonathan's devotion to nurturing intergenerational relationships for creating conditions that can welcome newcomers into the extant world. To celebrate the spirit of Jonathan's lifetime of work, this issue has invited scholars to tell stories of education as hospitality, as welcoming the newcomer and the stranger, with all the complexities this involves. To create the issue itself as an act of welcoming, a group of curriculum theorists who are newer to the field --scholars whose voices are emerging as powerful representatives of a new generation of scholars-- were invited to write essays. Each of these theorists were paired with a more senior scholar, who wrote a response to their paired partner. In inviting the senior scholars to respond, they were asked to put narrative to use in welcoming the work of their partner, again exemplifying hospitality, creativity, and care. Invited authors were told that their pieces did not have to directly reference Jonathan's work; some did and some did not. Regardless, what followed from the invitation to contribute was nothing less than a profound testament to the spirit of Jonathan's work, leading to inspired acts of support and generosity shown by our contributors to one another, all occurring during the extreme stresses of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Despite the COVID-19 pandemic, the EUROCALL society succeeded in holding the 28th EUROCALL conference, EUROCALL2020, on 20-21 August as an online, two-day gathering. The transition process required to make this happen was demanding and insightful for everyone involved, and, in many ways, a logical consequence of the core content and purpose of EUROCALL. Who would be better suited to transform an onsite conference into an online event than EUROCALL? CALL for widening participation was this year's theme. We welcomed contributions from both theoretical and practical perspectives in relation to the many forms and contexts of CALL. We particularly welcomed longitudinal studies or studies that revisited earlier studies. The academic committee accepted 300 abstracts for paper presentations, symposia, workshops, and posters under this theme; 57 short papers are published in this volume. We hope you will enjoy reading this volume, the first one to reflect a one hundred percent online EUROCALL conference/Online Gathering. [This content is provided in the format of an e-book. Individual papers are indexed in ERIC.]

This volume contains a selection of papers that were presented at the 53rd Annual Conference on African Linguistics, which was held virtually at the University of California San Diego. There are 21 papers covering phonology, morphology, syntax, lexical semantics, sociolinguistics, typology and historical linguistics. The volume features a keynote paper that proposes a novel community-based approach to language documentation. African languages investigated in detail include Wolof, Mende, Dangme, Kusaal, Nzema, Anii, Nigerian Pidgin, Tunen, Nyokon, Vale, Lokoya, Lopit, Otuho, Kalenjin, Tiriki, Oromo, Tigrinya, Asá, Qwadza, and Ikalanga.

The Evaluating and Upscaling Telecollaborative Teacher Education (EVALUATE) project was a European policy experiment funded by Erasmus+ between 2017 and 2019. The EVALUATE consortium trained teacher trainers and organised virtual exchanges which involved over 1,000 student teachers at over 34 initial teacher education institutions in Europe and beyond. Following the successful capstone conference of the EVALUATE project in September 2019, a number of colleagues answered our call for submissions to the proceedings. The articles you find here provide a window into the multifaceted contributions not only to the conference, but to the field of telecollaboration and virtual exchange at large. We hope you enjoy finding out about the many different ways in which our colleagues engage with this innovative pedagogical approach that combines the deep impact of intercultural dialogue and exchange with the broad reach of digital technology. [This content is provided in the format of an e-book. Individual papers are indexed in ERIC.]

For this edition of the "Bank Street Occasional Paper Series," educators were invited to share stories from their practice: times when they utilized children's literature and conversations to address real life; the difficult topics that children experience through the mirror of their own experiences or the windows of their peers, communities, or world. These stories are the stories of educators who have tried, and sometimes stumbled, and are showing their vulnerabilities. In each story, there is profound learning from the conversations that emerge from books. In the range of stories offered in this issue, there is one commonality: teachers are responding to the challenges that students of all ages face in their lives. These include concerns about gender and sexuality, racism, death and grief, climate change, police brutality, class issues, trauma, family insecurity, and mental health challenges. The essays are arranged in pairs by age/grade levels from preschool, to early elementary, middle elementary, late elementary, middle school, high school, and college, however, every one of these authors offers thoughtful guidance to educators (and non-educators), no matter the level with which they most identify.

Much of the policy-and practice-focused research on infant-toddler care and education has been concerned with the issue of program quality. That is, what elements constitute a quality program for infants and toddlers that ensures their ongoing developmental success? Researchers have sought to identify the structural and process indicators necessary for young children to receive the kinds of responsive interactions that contribute to positive developmental outcomes. Paradoxically, while a lot is known about what constitutes high-quality care and education for infants and toddlers, most policies ignore the research by regulating a bare minimum of requirements for programs. This situation has resulted in significant variation in what infant-toddler programming looks like, where it is located, and who gets access to high-quality programs. This special themed issue of the "Occasional Paper Series" seeks to highlight and challenge assumptions about infant-toddler care and education. All the pieces in the issue can be grouped around two main themes: (1) the centrality of relationship-based care; and (2) the tensions between local/contextual and larger-scale systems-level approaches. The papers call to everyone in the early education field to advocate forcefully for infant-toddler education, for the communities in which it takes place, and for the workforce that facilitates children's development and family members' ability to work outside the home. This collection offers a vision of new pathways and resources that the field might utilize to address the under-resourcing and inadequate attention given to policy and practice addressing the zero to three space.

This volume draws together a selection of papers from YAC2018, the first meeting in the annual Year Abroad Conference series, which took place at Newcastle University in September 2018. The contributions collected here examine some of the opportunities, gains, and challenges the Year Abroad brings for both students and staff. They are presented around the five broad themes around which YAC2018 was organised: mental health, year abroad preparation, student perception of the year abroad, year abroad assessment, and employability. This volume will be of interest to academics and professional services staff involved in the preparation, administration, and management of the year abroad. [Newcastle University and the School of Modern Languages in particular provided organisational and financial support in the preparation of the event.]

The 27th European Association of Computer-Assisted Language Learning (EUROCALL) conference was hosted by UCLouvain in Louvain-la-Neuve (Belgium), in collaboration with KU Leuven, from the 28th to the 31st of August 2019. The theme selected for the 2019 EuroCALL conference held in Louvain-la-Neuve was "CALL and complexity." As languages are known to be intrinsically and linguistically complex, as are the many determinants of learning (additional) languages, conference organizers wanted to view complexity as a challenge to be embraced collectively. The 2019 conference paid tribute to providers of Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) solutions and recognized the complexity of their task, acknowledged the notion of complexity to ensure the provision of ad hoc CALL solutions, and drew both learners' and teachers' attention to complexity issues so that they can make the most of their learning/teaching experience. The conference program included 189 paper presentations, 4 symposia, 10 workshops, and 46 posters. All of these activities were divided into the following sub-themes in CALL: social inclusion, computer mediated communication and telecollaboration, corpora and language learning, digital bi- and multi-literacies, digital game-based language learning, intelligent CALL, mobile assisted language learning, natural language processing applications, open educational resources and practices, research trends, second language acquisition principles, task complexity, teacher education and professional development, the complexity, accuracy, and fluency framework, and virtual reality and gamification.

This book constitutes the proceedings of the Third International Conference on Smart Multimedia, ICSM 2022, which was held in Marseille, France, during August 25–27, 2022.

After the global financial crisis, investment fell more substantially than it had in the wake of previous recessions. With investment seemingly recovering faster in the United States than in Europe, the fear of a lasting gap emerged in Europe. This detailed analysis compares the investment dynamics and capital accumulation in the United States and the European Union, focusing on 2013-2019. It uses data from Eurostat and EU KLEMS releases to highlight the gaps and variations in investment strategies across different countries and asset types. The working paper provides key insights into the investment rates, growth of real gross fixed capital formation, and accumulation of stocks. It reveals an investment gap primarily due to lower rates in tangible information and communication technology and intangible assets after the global financial crisis, particularly in larger EU Member States. In addition, the report provides an in-depth analysis of diverse asset types and their role in the investment dynamics. It uncovers the European Union’s strength in construction assets and its persistent gaps in information and communications technology and intangible assets, indicating a need to increase investments in these areas. Furthermore, the analysis discloses the heterogeneity within the European Union, with countries like Ireland, Czech Republic, and Sweden leading in investment rates, while others, including the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, and Spain, falling behind. This working paper is a tool for understanding the nuances of global investment trends and for formulating effective strategies to address identified gaps. It offers guidance and insights for policymakers, investors, and businesses operating in the global economic environment.

Social, emotional, and affective experiences are impossible to separate from thinking, doing, and being in the world. Increasingly, schools and community-based organizations are recognizing this truth through the adoption of programs that focus on the emotional lives of children and youth, especially when emotions are fraught, and lives have been difficult. Programs such as social emotional learning (SEL) frameworks and trauma-informed practices (TIP) are not only popular, they are deemed "essential" in almost every corner of the social services sector. The authors in this issue suggest that these programs often focus on those who are marginalized through race, class, and/or experiences of violence, including family violence, while ignoring the social conditions that create marginalization and its effects, and neglecting the many strengths and strategies deployed by these children and youth. This focus can lead to labeling and/or silencing legitimate expressions of resistance and difference in a quest to elicit specific types of behavioral and cultural conformity for students to be deemed "learning ready." This issue explores the sometimes troubling beliefs and assumptions at work in popular social and emotional learning and trauma-informed pedagogies as well as some of the impacts of this new attention. This special issue begins with five articles that describe how implementations of SEL and TIP shape not only the systems they are set in, but the lives of children and youth who are served within them. The subsequent six articles move toward envisioning how educators and practitioners can rethink this work with and for the children and youth who are most profoundly impacted by SEL and TIP frameworks.

Issue 41 of Bank Street's Occasional Paper Series features a collection of papers by authors with a shared affinity for the work of critical mathematical inquiry (CMI). Essays in this issue include: (1) Teaching for Social Justice through Critical Mathematical Inquiry (Steven Greenstein and Mark Russo); (2) Re-designing Mathematics Education for Social Justice: A Vision (Fahmil Shah); (3) Quantitative Civic Literacy (Mary Raygoza); (4) Cultivating a Space for Critical Mathematical Inquiry through Knowledge-Eliciting Mathematical Activity (Debasmita Basu & Steven Greenstein); (5) Collaboration and Critical Mathematical Inquiry: Negotiating Mathematics Engagement, Identity, and Agency (Frances K. Harper); (6) The World in Your Pocket: Digital Media as Invitations for Transdisciplinary Inquiry in Mathematics Classrooms (Lynette DeAun Guzmán and Jeffrey Craig); (7) Power to Change: Math as a Social-Emotional Language in a Classroom of Four- and Five-Year-Olds (Elinor J. Albin and Gretchen Vice); (8) Mathematics for Whom: Reframing and Humanizing Mathematics (Cathery Yeh and Brande M. Otis); (9) Elementary Mathematics and #BlackLivesMatter (Theodore Chao and Maya Marlowe); and (10) The "Soft Bigotry of Low Expectations" and Its Role in Maintaining White Supremacy through Mathematics Education (Laurie Rubel and Andrea McCloskey).

The 26th European Association of Computer-Assisted Language Learning (EUROCALL) conference was organised by the University of Jyväskylä (JYU) Language Campus and specifically the Language Centre, in Jyväskylä, Finland. The theme of this year's conference was "Future-proof CALL: language learning as exploration and encounters," which reflects an attempt to envision language teaching and learning futures in a changing world. What brought researchers together this year are shared concerns in relation to the sustainability of language learning and teaching in technology-rich contexts that are marked by ever-increasing complexity. 184 submissions were accepted to be presented as workshops, symposia, individual oral presentations, or posters. The oral presentations were categorised as research, research and development, reflective practice papers, along with presentations on European projects. The collection of short papers in this volume is a very thorough view into the conference proper exhibiting the complexity and novelty of the field of CALL. There are exciting new openings and a more profound exploration of theoretical underpinnings of the contemporary issues in teaching and learning, cross-cultural communication, mobile learning and the like. (Individual papers contain references.)

This volume gives readers insights on the use of technology in professional development programmes and content knowledge that can enrich teacher education. Every chapter of the book builds, through research, an analysis and discussion of CALL [Computer Assisted Language Learning] matters and professional development. The purpose of the EuroCALL Teacher Education Special Interest Group's (SIG) edited volume, supported by the Language Centre of the Cyprus University of Technology, is to respond to the needs of language educators, teacher trainers and training course designers through relevant research studies that provide technological, pedagogical, and content knowledge. The book concentrates on professional development in CALL, the use of technology in primary, secondary, and tertiary education, e-learning facilitators, the integration of personal learning environments, the use of MALL [Mobile Assisted Language Learning], the applications of virtual reality, materials design, the use of ICT [Information and Communications Technologies] in task-based language teaching, and the integration of social media networks in language education. "Professional Development in CALL: A Selection of Papers" is a collection of newly-commissioned chapters which unifies theoretical understanding and practical experience. The EuroCALL Teacher Education SIG hopes that the present contribution will be viewed as a valuable addition to the literature and a worthy scholarly achievement. [Support for this publication was provided by the EuroCALL Association and the Language Centre of the Cyprus University of Technology.]

Summary: This book constitutes the revised selected papers of the Second International Workshop on Understanding Human Activities through 3D Sensors, UHA3DS 2016, that was held in conjunction with the 23rd International Conference on Pattern Recognition, ICPR 2016, held in Cancun, Mexico, in December 2016. The 9 revised full papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 12 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on Behavior Analysis, Human Motion Recognition, and Application Datasets.

Summary: This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Artificial Life and Intelligent Agents, ALIA 2016, held in Birmingham, UK, in June 2016. The 8 revised full papers and three revised short papers presented together with two demo papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 25 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on modelling; robotics; bio-inspired problem solving; human-like systems; applications and games.

Summary: This book features a selection of papers presented at the Second IFIP WG 12.6 International Workshop on Artificial Intelligence for Knowledge Management, AI4KM 2014, held in Wroclaw, Poland, in September 2014, in the framework of the Federated Conferences on Computer Science and Information Systems, FedCSIS 2014. The 9 revised and extended papers and one invited paper were carefully reviewed and selected for inclusion in this volume. They present new research and innovative aspects in the field of knowledge management and are organized in the following topical sections: tools and methods for knowledge acquisition; models and functioning of knowledge management; techniques of artificial intelligence supporting knowlege management; and components of knowledge flow.

Many creditworthy non-financial firms are discouraged from applying for loans, resulting in a significant gap between their potential to receive credit and the reality. To quantify the credit gap, this study combines a credit allocation rule with a scoring model that assesses the creditworthiness of discouraged firms. It covers 35 emerging markets and developing economies and uses data from the 2018-2020 EBRD-EIB-World Bank Enterprise Survey. The results show that discouraged firms are less creditworthy than successful applicants, on average. However, the share of discouraged firms that are creditworthy is large, suggesting that credit to firms is being rationed by the financial sector. The results point to an average credit gap of 8.4% of GDP, with significant variation across countries. Small and medium-sized firms account for more than two-thirds of the total gap, reflecting both their large contribution to economic activity and the fact that they are more likely to be credit-constrained than larger firms.

This issue of the "Bank Street Occasional Paper Series" seeks to grapple with the complexity of patriotism, particularly in relation to its workings in the lives of teachers and students in schools. Like it or not, schools teach (about) patriotism implicitly if not explicitly. Therefore, much consideration needs to go into what schools should teach about and how they should enact patriotism. Patriotism is neither simplistic nor arcane, two common tropes. Rather, it is dynamically messy and as relevant as ever, in the present moment of rising populist and nationalist sentiments in the United States and across the world. As the pieces in this issue show, patriotism--and the learning and teaching of it--is complicated and contested, loved and hated, seemingly straightforward but entirely complex. Contents included: (1) Learning and Teaching the Complexities of Patriotism Here and Now (Mark T. Kissling); (2) "That's Quite a Tune": An Interview with Bruce Springsteen (Mark T. Kissling); (3) Loving America with Open Eyes: A Student-Driven Study of U.S. Rights in the Age of Trump (Margaret Nell Becker); (4) Patriotism and Dual Citizenship (Patricia Gándara); (5) Fostering Democratic Patriotism through Critical Pedagogy (Hillary Parkhouse); (6) On Patriotism (William Ayers); (7) This Is about Us: Toward Democratic, Patriotic Pedagogy (Samuel J. Tanner); (8) Military Patriotism and the JROTC (Jenna Christian); (9) Constructed Patriotism: Shifting (Re)Presentations and Performances of Patriotism through Curriculum Materials (Nina Hood and Marek Tesar); (10) Patriotism for People in Diaspora Is Love of Humanity (Ming Fang He); (11) A Love-Hate Relationship: Personal Narratives of Pride and Shame as Patriotic Affects (Mark Helmsing); and (12) Patriotism? No Thanks! (Madhu Suri Prakash). [Individual articles contain references.]

In this issue of the Occasional Paper Series describes practices and policies that impact the early schooling of children of immigrants in the United States. The authors consider the intersectionality of young children's lives and what needs to change in order to ensure that race, class, immigration status, gender, and dis/ability can effectively contribute to children's experiences at school and in other instructional contexts, rather than prevent them from getting the learning experiences they need and deserve. The essays all grapple with the need to approach programs, research, and school practices with respectful, strength-based views of communities. They frame inequities, disparities, and "gaps" as institutional challenges rather than child, family or community deficits. Together the authors articulate an agenda of advocacy for young children of immigrants. Work that engages children and families in strength-based, asset-oriented ways should: (1) Recognize strengths and capabilities of children, families, and communities; (2) Avoid programs, policies, discourses and practices that begin with deficit views of immigrant families and communities; (3) See the children of immigrants as intersectional and complex; and (4) Create programs that begin from the expertise and experience of immigrant families. Contents include: (1) A Vision for Transforming Early Childhood Research and Practice for Young Children of Immigrants and Their Families (Fabienne Doucet and Jennifer Keys Adair); (2) Intersectionality and Possibility in the Lives of Latina/o/x Children of Immigrants: Imagining Pedagogies Beyond the Politics of Hate (Ramón Antonio Martínez); (3) No Room for Silence: The Impact of the 2016 Presidential Election on a Second-Grade Dual-Language (Spanish-English) Classroom (Sandra L. Osorio); (4) Building Safe Community Spaces for Immigrant Families, One Library at a Time (Max Vázquez Domínguez, Denise Dávila, and Silvia Noguerón-Liu); (5) Administrators' Roles in Offering Dynamic Early Learning Experiences to Children of Latinx Immigrants (Alejandra Barraza and Pedro Martinez); (6) Rethinking "Parent Involvement": Perspectives of Immigrant and Refugee Parents (Zeynep Isik-Ercan); (7) Experiential Knowledge and Project-Based Learning in Bilingual Classrooms (Adriana Alvarez); (8) Over the Hills and Far Away: Inviting and Holding Traumatic Stories in School (Lesley Koplow, Noelle Dean, and Margaret Blachly); (9) Building Bridges Between Home and School for Latinx Families of Preschool Children (Gigliana Melzi, Adina R. Schick, and Lauren Scarola); and (10) Building Bridges, Not Walls, Between Latinx Immigrant Parents and Schools (Kiyomi Sánchez-Suzuki Colegrove). [Individual articles contain references.]

The COVID-19 shock had a strong negative effect on aggregate economic performance, with the average firm taking a hit on sales revenues and financial performance. However, the effects varied from firm to firm. Were already-struggling firms hit hardest, threatening their very survival? Or did the COVID-19 shock disproportionately deter tomorrow’s superstars at the upper end of the distribution, thus sacrificing future growth potential? This paper investigates where the COVID-19 shock hit the firm growth distribution, using graphical techniques and quantile regressions to analyse the full distribution of firm growth rates. We investigate how the COVID-19 shock relates to growth outcomes for four dependent variables: growth of sales, value added, employment, and labour productivity. Our results confirm that COVID-19 policy support reached its intended recipients.

These papers are partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science Degree in Education at Winona State University in Winona, Minnesota. The cohort included a variety of licensure areas that represent most levels and content areas of K-12 education. The students were encouraged to keep their questions and hypothesis directed at specific issues in their teaching environment. The papers follow American Psychological Association (APA) format. Papers in this volume include: (1) Will the Use of Grade Trackers in the Orchestra Classroom Improve Sectional Attendance and Overall Grades? (Julianne Dahlin); (2) Will Listening to Classical Music Before and During Tests Help Students Improve Their Test Scores? (Craig Erickson); (3) Will Studying for Spelling Tests Increase Scores if Time is Spent in Class Studying in Entertaining Ways? (Jane Erickson); (4) Do Speedskins[TM] Increase Student Typing Speed and Accuracy? (Chris Fernholz); and (5) Repeated Oral Reading and the Effects on Reading Fluency of First Grade Students (Molly Fernholz). (Individual papers contain references.) [Abstract modified to meet ERIC guidelines.]

These papers are partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science Degree in Education at Winona State University in Winona, Minnesota. The cohort included a variety of licensure areas that represent most levels and content areas of K-12 education. The students were encouraged to keep their questions and hypothesis directed at specific issues in their teaching environment. The papers follow American Psychological Association (APA) format. Papers in this volume include: (1) Will the Implementation of Individualized Self-Paced Instruction via the Accelerated Math Software Program Improve Math Competency for Target math Students? (William Theisen); (2) Will the Ongoing Practice of Presidential Physical Fitness Skills Help Students to Improve Their Fitness Testing Scores throughout Eight Weeks? (Jacob Tietje); (3) Will Teaching Eighth Grade Reading through Fiction or Nonfiction Produce Greater Achievement on Diagnostic Testing? (Benjamin Volker); (4) Does Student Academic Achievement Increase when Parents Have Online Access to Grades? (Andrew Wieme); (5) Will Earlier Exposure to High-Frequency Words, Compared to Gradual Exposure, Increase Students' Mastery of These Words? (Kelly Yolch); and (6) Does Timed Practice versus Not Timed Practice Affect the Mastery of Multiplication Facts (Erika Youlden). (Individual papers contain references.) [Abstract modified to meet ERIC guidelines.]