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Introduction: As soon as the association of lupus anticoagulant (LAC) and anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL) with thrombosis and miscarriages was described in the 1980s, the definition of the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) became a need. Early descriptions of the disease by members of the Graham Hughes team included broad categories and unexplained laboratory inclusions. Over time, new clinical and experimental data refined the criteria, especially the obstetric manifestations, as well as the laboratory criteria. Areas covered: The authors performed a review of the literature using the PubMed database, and the following keywords were used: 'antiphospholipid antibody', 'antiphospholipid syndrome', and 'criteria of antiphospholipid'. The history of antiphospholipid criteria, clinical and experimental advancements, and other expert opinions were included in this paper. Expert opinion: It has been 14 years since an international congress on antiphospholipid antibodies has generated new classification based on the recent extensive research performed in the field. Currently, there is a need to update the international APS classification taking into consideration the inclusion of new clinical criteria such as aPL-related nephropathy as well as new standardized antibody specificities (e.g., anti-phosphatidylserine/prothrombin antibodies) with the adoption of a standardized scoring system that can stratify APS patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores Virdee’s account of how racialized minorities in socialist movements ‘played an instrumental role in trying to align struggles against racism with those against class exploitation’ (p. 164). In so doing, Virdee makes an important intervention at a time when popular historians and other ideologues are colluding in the elevation of myths and – no doubt in their view – noble lies that preclude these stories. Moving through theoretical debates concerning the relationships between race and class, the nature and form of sociologies of ‘outsiders’, to political issues of mobilization, Virdee’s book successfully brings in from the margins an account the multi-ethnic character of the working class in England from the very moment of its inception. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

India-Bangladesh border disputes: history and post-LBA dynamics, by Ranjan A Singapore, Springer, 2018, 159 pp., €77.99 (hardback), ISBN 978-981-10-8383-9 In 2011, Bangladesh and India reached an agreement to implement the 1974 Land Boundary Agreement (LBA) to end their 'decades-old territorial demarcation dispute over on their borders' (p. 5). Amit Ranjan's book, entitled, I India-Bangladesh border disputes: History and post-LBA dynamics i , is intended to 'explore why and how the border disputes between India and Bangladesh began' (p. 11). I Third i , the author not only uses the historical research and original documents of 2015 India-Bangladesh LBA but also supplements these with interviews of the border residents in India. He also wrote, One of the most violent borders in the world in terms of direct violence by border guards is the India-Bangladesh border. [Extracted from the article]