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Chapter 4 of the book "War Since 1945," by Jeremy Black, part of the Contemporary Worlds book series, is presented. It explores the classification issues in Vietnam War and its relevance in the U.S. intervention to support a national crusade against Western imperialism. It highlights the warfare and the importance of the interests, traditions, and issues in events related to the Cold War that must be considered by armed forces and global military developments.

Chapter 4 of the book "Mary McCarthy: Gender, Politics & the Postwar Intellectual" is presented. It discusses the role of McCarthy as a public intellectual in her political writings of the 1960s and the 1970s. According to the chapter, McCarthy expresses an emotional longing for a pre-industrial, pastoral past as may be perceived in the rural folk culture of North Vietnam. Also, she sees the Cold War as a struggle for survival against nuclear destruction and capitalist expansion.

A chapter of the book "American Labor and the Cold War: Grassroots Politics and Postwar Political Culture," edited by Robert W. Cherny, William Issel, and Kieran Walsh Taylor is presented. It highlights the investigation of historians on some aspects of Cold War America, particularly on controversies. It highlights two perspectives, seeking to evaluate the consequences of anticommunism and the mix of responsible and extremist elements within the movement of Communist Party of Maryland.

A chapter of the book "American Labor and the Cold War: Grassroots Politics and Postwar Political Culture," edited by Robert W. Cherny, William Issel, and Kieran Walsh Taylor is presented. It explores how sincere anticommunists could be guided to excess during the cold war. Moreover, varieties of labor anticommunists that emerged to oppose over political and religious ideology and union turf is also presented.

A chapter of the book "American Labor and the Cold War: Grassroots Politics and Postwar Political Culture," edited by Robert W. Cherny, William Issel, and Kieran Walsh Taylor is presented. It explores the deleterious impact of the political repression of the Joseph McCarthy period on American labor during the cold war. It considers how McCarthyism divide the labor movement from labor's leaders to its rank-and-file members.

Chapter 12 of the book "Social Education in the Twentieth Century: Curriculum and Context for Citizenship" is presented. It offers a look into the different historians and scholars that helped change the curricula of social education. Four periods in history are analyzed including 1890 to 1918, the Great Depression, the cold War, and the civil rights movement. Efforts done by historians and social studies educators to reform their work during the 20th century are discussed.

Chapter nine of the book "Navies in Modern World History," by Lawrence Sondhaus is presented. It explores the history of the U.S. Navy in 1991. It is mentioned that at the end of the Cold War, the country had been steadily reducing the size of its fleet. Additionally, similarities between the U.S. navy and the British navy is highlighted.

Chapter eight of the book "Navies in Modern World History," by Lawrence Sondhaus is presented. It explores the history of the Soviet Navy during 1956-1991. It mentioned that the Cold War provided the condition for the revival of Russian naval power, under the direction of Admiral Sergei G. Gorshkov making the country as the world's second sea power, challenging the dominance of the U.S. It also says that the communist country had to spend more to remain competitive with the U.S.

Relates how Berlin, Germany became an espionage capital during the Cold War. Strategy employed by Danish intelligence agent Kai Petersen to obtain information from the North Atlantic Treaty Organization; Factors that contributed to the success of the espionage mission of Markus Wolf; Reason behind the construction of a tunnel in Berlin by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency; Motive of the Soviet Union for staging an accidental discovery of the tunnel.

Focuses on the role of the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) in the country's military intelligence. Background on NSA; Challenges faced by the agency at the end of the Vietnam war; Impact of the end of the Cold War on the funding of the agency; Efforts of the agency to intercept information on terrorism.

Discusses the damage caused by the betrayal of spychaser James Jesus Angleton in the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) during the Cold War. Impact of his spy hunt on the careers of CIA agents; Personal background Angleton; Factors that led to his recruitment in the CIA; Incident that led to the discovery of his betrayal.

Focuses on the role of Swedish agent Raoul Wallenberg in the U.S. military intelligence during the Cold War. Reason of U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt for rendering the service of Wallenberg; Incident that led to the appointment of Wallenberg as second secretary at the Swedish legation in Budapest, Hungary; Role of Wallenberg in saving the lives of Jews from the Holocaust.

Discusses the influence of agent Dimitri Yakushkin on the espionage operations of Soviet Union during the Cold War. Role of Yakushkin in the Group North, a KGB military intelligence network; Impact of the arrest of the members of the Group North in Washington on the KGB operation; Main feature of an agent according to Yakushkin.

Recalls the efforts of U.S. airmen to spy on the Soviet Union during the Cold War. Casualties of the space encounter between the U.S. and Soviet Union; Factor that led to the Cold War truce between Washington and Moscow; Total number of spy missions against air-defense installations in Soviet Union and China launched by the U.S. INSETS: 'THE LESS SAID, THE BETTER';NO ORDINARY CARGO PLANE.

Relates the experiences of several U.S. veteran intelligence officers during the Cold War. Efforts of F. Mark Wyatt in helping to establish Stay-Behind, a secret plan to fight a Red Army invasion of Western Europe; Difficulties faced by Hugh Montgomery in attempting to recover a package of documents in the bathroom of a U.S. ambassador; Information on the dangerous work performed by Stanislav Lunev while he was a student at the Military Political Academy in Moscow, Russia.

The article evaluates Mills' analysis of and orientations to some of the politically relevant aspects of contemporary American society. One of Mills' major contributions was his dramatization of the bureaucratization of American life with the growth of large organization. To Mills, power in America was relatively monolithic and omnipotent; the power elite was in command of instruments of rule quite unsurpassed in the history of mankind. His accounts of the political effects of bureaucratization, class position, occupational role, national power structure, memberships in specific political publics remain invaluable. But his focus, often so penetrating, was generally narrow, and this became more evident in his later works. His socio-political model of the United States and presumably other developed countries ended up as a science-fiction caricature, with little opening for any political life. An administratively oriented power elite dominated a dispersed, homogeneous mass. Actually, his sole political objective in the U.S. became one of halting owing to which the cold war drift to a hot war.

Chapter 7 of the book "The Supreme Court: A Concise History" is presented. It focuses on the activities of the U.S. Supreme Court for the period from World War II to the Warren Court. The cases faced by the Court including the ones involving Japanese Americans, communism and the Cold War, and presidential powers were important, according to the chapter. Cases involving government regulation were not given much importance, and instead, the Court started to render decisions in civil rights and civil liberties cases.

An essay is presented regarding transition's ethos in eastern Europe. It explores the cultural and social problems, particularly with mentality changes on the post-communist field. It discusses the effects of socio-political change on two dimensions, referring to communism's trial as an interpretive process mandating axiological and epistemic revisions and the opening to the West which set the closing of the Cold War.

This article discusses the resource-reuse perspective of the military after the end of the Cold War. The sociology of the military is interested in defense conversion as a process and is closely connected with the concepts of disarmament, demilitarization, and demobilization. Within a decade of waiting on the dividends of post-Cold War reconstruction, the concept of conversion was broadened in meaning to include the phenomena of military post conflict and peace demobilization, along with the reuse of military infrastructure. Nevertheless, the criticism that conversion and the peace dividend in general have failed has gained some public and expert support.

America's role in the world is the subject of considerable debate in this country more than a decade after the end of the Cold War, which had defined the framework of U.S. foreign policy from about 1945-1991. Since then, U.S. presidents have had to determine whether the country should act unilaterally in world affairs as a military superpower, work in partnership with other powerful countries, or refer more international decision making and problem-solving to the United Nations and other multinational bodies.

Chapter III of the book "Cosmos Latinos: An Anthology of Science Fiction From Latin America & Spain," translated and edited by Andrea L. Bell and Yolanda Molina-Gavilán is presented. It highlights the science fiction book "When Pilate Said No," by Hugo Correa. The "When Pilate Said No," is written in the midst of the cold war, and it can be read as an indictment of the space race and hubris and bigorty that lead to genocide.

The article examines the effect that the Cold War and the associated human rights violations in Soviet Ukraine had on the Ukrainian diaspora in North America. During the postwar years, a dislike and suspicion of the Soviet Union was common in much of the non-socialist Ukrainian diaspora in the west. Some organizations in the diaspora maintained group boundaries and helped their members sustain and express their ethnic identity by blending North American occupational or professional interests with Ukrainian interests. Soviet efforts at Russification and the associated denial of human rights did not go unchallenged in Soviet Ukraine. During the Second World War, the main forms of organized Ukrainian resistance to Soviet Russian rule came from the two branches of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and from the Ukrainian Insurgent Army. In the early 1960s, resistance to Russification and the denial of human rights began to take on a more public face in Soviet Ukraine. Various Soviet policies and practices began to be challenged publicly.

This chapter focuses on structural explanations for the war in former Yugoslavia. It was not the only central or east European state to be affected by the combination of a systemic power shift and an internal political and economic crisis at the end of the Cold War. So while a systemic power transition does help explain uncoordinated policy responses by the Western allies (Germany in the EU), and may even make alliance defections on the question of new state recognition during the early stage of the crisis in 1990 and 1991 more comprehensible, a failure of international leadership coupled with an international power transition is not a sufficient explanation if our question is not simply why war but why here and why now. From a constructivist perspective, the end of the Cold War signaled not only a restructuring of power, but the collapse of a socially constructed social arrangement. In the case of civil war and in the particular case of ex-Yugoslavia, the question of authorization is especially revealing, because we are forced to ask how authority is constructed. Who authorized the Yugoslav war? The state of Yugoslavia? The state of Croatia? Bosnia? Slovenia? The states recognizing the states? The normative order underlying the state system? None of these answers will quite do because what we are looking for is how authority was constructed in the minds of the perpetrators. How does an individual know whether he is a soldier or a perpetrator? A killer, or a murderer? Perhaps one way of understanding the genesis of social conflict is that when social acts that contest commitment rules reach a critical mass sufficient to undermine their legitimacy, or when other events create a condition of social stress or even a crisis in relation to commitment rules, the potential for other kinds of rules to increase in influence arises, at least among some proportion of the society's members.

Presents a narrative of the author's observations regarding the state of gay liberation or homosexuality in the U.S. in the 1960s and 1970s. Absence of gay liberation from historical accounts of the 1960s; Interpretation of homosexuality and its place in the citizens' life; Most invidious forms that homosexual oppression took in Cold War America.

The chapter examines geopolitical changes which have affected the growth and development of tourism and altered significantly the traditional roles of political boundaries. The end of the cold war brought about a series of political events unrivaled by any in recent history. Communist rule in Eastern Europe and in countries of Africa and Latin America has fallen, giving away to the growth of democratic systems, creating in most instances conditions of friendlier relations and cooperation. Reunification of divided countries has also been notable during the past ten years. Britain's lease on Hong Kong expired, resulting in the reversion of the colony to Chinese administration in 1997. Likewise, Portuguese Macau was returned to China in December 1999. Peace and understanding have taken over many situations where turmoil has been the norm for so long. These changes, coupled with people's improved standard of living and rapid advances in technology and transportation, have created a smaller world where few places remain unaffected by global changes in politics, economics and tourism. Several factors can be identified as being responsible for these changes. First, fiscal forces and economic rationale have driven the improvement of international relations and the breakdown of traditional travel restrictions between some countries. Second, some nations are motivated by pressure from international organizations and advocacy groups. The third factor in this pattern of global change is the fall of communism in Europe. Fourth is a decrease in the barrier effects of borders. Finally, some changes happen simply because cross-border relations have emended.

This article provides an overview of the essays about the contributions of historian Gerald Stourzh to the history of Austrian Treaty. Stourzh has been one of leading historians for more than a generation. The particular foci of the essays are Stourzh's placement of events in the larger trajectory of cold war history and historiography, the state's significance in the cold war, the utilization of the full range of archival materials and the vast archival resources of the four occupation powers.

This article comments on the book "Um Einheit und Freiheit: Staatsvertrag, Neutralität und das Ende der Ost-West-Besetzung Österreichs 1945-1955," by Gerald Stourzh. The book reflects the best of international history. Stourzh understands that the Austrian story can not be grasped without an extraordinary multiarchival research effort. The book is the type which diplomatic historians need to convince skeptical government agencies that such work is truly necessary. The author has also documented a true Cold War success story.

Chapter 17 of the book "Civism," by Thomas L. Dynneson is presented. It explores the relationship between civism and realignment in postmodern Europe characterized by a period of social, political and economic drift during the 1990s. It also presents an overview of a general realignment in domestic and international affairs throughout Europe be the end of the Cold War. The search for political direction in Europe as manifested in the rise of transnational regions is examined.

Chapter 15 of the book "Civism," by Thomas L. Dynneson is presented. It explores civism during the Cold War initiated by the U.S. and Russia, which gave rise to a hostile competition between East and West over the direction of the political rehabilitation of Europe. It also discusses the origins of a common community of states as well as the emergence of welfarism, the New Nihilism and Soviet Realism.

Chapter 5 of the book "United States-African Relations: The Reagan-Bush Era" is presented. It examines how war and pursuit for democracy in the last days of the Cold War affected Africa. The changes in nuclear capabilities by the U.S. and the former Soviet Union's led to the African-Asian bloc of nations. Moreover, the chapter suggests an alternative interpretation that focuses on issues of de-colonization and development.

The article focuses on the post-war scenario in France. In the immediate post-war years, discussion of the catastrophe that had just taken place rarely mentioned the plight of the Jews or the genocide which became known as the Holocaust. In fact, the talk in the immediate post-war years was predominantly of the victims of and resistance to fascism, not anti-Semitism. The rediscovery of the Holocaust is symptomatic of the crisis of modern France and Western modernity as a whole. In the aftermath of the war, the attention of the newly created Fourth Republic was focused elsewhere, especially on the Cold War, the struggle against communism and colonial wars in the Far East and North Africa. This relative silence about the Holocaust in the immediate post-war period seems astonishing today in the light of the sea-change that has occurred in perceptions of that event. This obsession with the Holocaust in recent years is as linked to the contemporary conjuncture as much as the former silence around it was a product of the post-war period.

The article discusses the proclamation of U.S. philosopher Francis Fukuyama that the progression of ideological history of man has come to an end after the Cold War. According to the article, liberal democracy is the global system of government that would conquer other ideologies such as monarchy, fascism and communism. His argument is compared to the ideas of other philosophers such as Georg Hegel and Karl Marx.

This article presents a conclusion to the book In the Name of National Security, by Robert J. Corber. Alfred Hitchcock did not limit his comments about the deteriorating moral climate in the U.S. to the growing interest in films that had a social and/or political message. He also used the collapse of the Cold War consensus to explain the declining popularity of his own films. Hitchcock's willingness to acknowledge the historical forces that conditioned his practices as a director was unusual. He tried to promote his reputation as an auteur by encouraging a teleological understanding of his work that stressed its thematic unity and coherence and that installed him as the stable point of textual origin. For in attributing the declining popularity of his films to the collapse of the Cold War consensus, he continued to position himself as an auteur.

This article argues that Cold War liberals wanted to reclaim reality from Popular Front writers by trying to shift the attention from the material world to the individual's subjective experience of it. In The Vital Center, one of the most influential books of the postwar period, when Arthur Schlesinger Jr. wanted to emphasize the conspiratorial nature of the American Communist party, he compared it to gay male subculture. Engaging in the kind of political tactics, Schlesinger alleged that the American Communist party had an underground arm, operating apart from the formal organization of the party and working as the U.S. section of the Soviet secret intelligence corps.

Focuses on the invisibility of gay men in the Cold War era. Discussion of the film 'Laura'; Forms of alienation and exploitation; Discussion of the film 'Crossfire.'

The article presents information on 'civilization,' civility and the civilizing process. In the world of the 1990s--the world in which there emerges, not for the first time, the so!called problem of `the new world order'--the situation has changed drastically. Regardless of the possibility of what is left of the old USSR reasserting itself in a Cold War posture, there has arisen as an object of very direct concern the problem of `rights' to the manufacture of and threat to use nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction. Some aspects of the issue of globality can be expressed in terms of the relationship between the ideas of institutionalized individualism and institutionalized societalism. Parsons's interrelated concepts of differentiation, normative upgrading, inclusion and value-generalization are both enriched and consolidated by such considerations. Gong's work tells a lot about inclusion, normative upgrading, and value-generalization at the global level.

The political legacy of the New Deal and the impact of the Cold War kept alive a rationale for a powerful central state. From the late 1930s until the mid-1960s, the American public had a confidence in the federal government and to the dominant institutions in the U.S. During the presidency of Dwight Eisenhower, the Cold War served as the central rationale for the expansion of the state in new areas of domestic life. Disillusioned by the Vietnam War and uninspired by the Great Society program of former U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson, the public's faith in government began to falter.