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This article reports on results of a comparative analysis of the beliefs of European and the U.S. managers concerning the perceived importance of barriers to export. Barriers to export is a research issue with meaningful implications to export theory. The data used in this study was collected during two research projects. The first was a study completed by the Center for Industry Policy and Strategy of the University of South Carolina (USC). The second was an extension of the original research accomplished by the authors through the support of USC and Pulp and Paper International, a Belgium-based trade magazine with a worldwide readership. Like their U.S. counterparts, the European respondents marked few barriers as influential inhibitors to export. The most notable difference was the lower regard held by European managers for the obstacle enacted by managerial disinterest in export. This barrier had a mean response of approximately 2.0 versus the 3.0 marked by U.S. respondents. More tellingly, some 46.1% of the U.S. respondents indicated that management emphasis on developing the domestic market was more than somewhat important as a barrier to export, whereas only 11.3% of the European respondents held the same view.

The article assess the validity of some of the possible determinants of capital structure. The main purpose of this paper is to assess the validity of some of the possible determinants of capital structure among large European industrials. A secondary purpose is to test the hypothesis that there exist international differences in capital structure norms among the large companies in various European countries. International differences in capital structure norms can be of great importance as determinants of the capital structure of the foreign affiliates of multinational companies. In addition, results of such research would also be useful in comparative analyses of financial markets and systems in different countries. The first part of this paper is a brief survey of the literature regarding published studies of international differences in capital structure and of the determinants of capital structure. In the second part, new data and findings are presented. The paper concludes with a summary of the findings and suggestions for further research.

This paper focuses on the application of a new theory of the multinational enterprise (MNE) to examine the performance of European and U.S. based multinationals. The new theory of the MNE is called the theory of internalization. The first premise of this study is that a theory of the multinational enterprise should be as applicable to European MNEs as to the MNEs based in other home nations such as the United States or Japan. The second premise is that the empirical propositions of a modern theory of the MNE should also apply equally well across the MNEs of all nations. The theory integrates elements from industrial organization and international economics. It is more efficient for a firm to create and use an internal market, rather than incur the prohibitive transactions costs of an outside market. Indeed, in some cases of market failure such a regular market may not exist, for example, in the pricing of proprietary information generated within a firm but taking on the attributes of a public good market. When either natural or unnatural market imperfections exist across nations, then there is an incentive for the MNE to create an internal market, in the same manner as a domestic firm responds to market failure and regulation. imperfections are exogenous. The potential differences in the theories arise only if the MNE is assumed to have the power to generate its own firm specific advantages over time, that is to endogenize them. In essence, this is not a substantive difference, merely a choice of the suitable assumption in modelling the MNE.

There is a growing literature relevant to economic development and growth in Africa as a whole as well as with reference to individual countries. In these one can discern several approaches followed for purposes of analyses and recommendations. One such approach which prominently comes up in discussions relevant to the economic growth in Africa is "foreign trade" approach. A recent observer of the African scene expressed, "there is a greater awareness of the importance of taking the export sector explicitly into account in the development programs in Africa." The approach in this paper is that of managerialism as it relates to economic growth. The term managerialism denotes a set of management capacities imperative to run business enterprise effectively. Such denotation would vary according to the size and complexity of the business operation but nevertheless is more desirable than the term management which denotes corporate management as observed and described in the North American continent and Western Europe mostly.

Presents information on the report "White Paper on Opioids and Pain: A Pan-European Challenge" produced by the Opioids and Pain European Network of Minds group. Factors that contribute to the inadequate treatment of pain across Europe, according to the report; Effect of existing regulations governing the use of opioid analgesics.

The periodical "Management International Review" celebrates the 25th anniversary of its appearance. On this occasion the editor likes to thank all readers, authors and subscribers in the audience located in about 40 countries for their continuing interest in co-operation with and loyalty to the journal. The focus of the jubilee edition of the periodical is on topical European matters relating to the international sphere. This article introduces topics discussed in the Vol. 25 of the periodical. The topics are European protectionism, European and American stock markets, European and international accounting standards, and the issue of corporate governance which has gained recent interest following the proposal of a Fifth directive in Europe's company law harmonization program. This issue presents three empirical studies and one conceptual paper which deal with these problems. From its 25th volume onwards the periodical changes its form of appearance; but editorial policy as to contents remain as in the past.

Reports on the importance of peer review process prior to journal publication, based on the issues panel held at the European Congress of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research. Key points associated with the peer-review process; Benefit of the review process to editors; Preference of editors for single-blind process.

The new Standard Industrial Classification (SIC 2007) which is currently being implemented in the UK, and across Europe as NACE Rev2 , has resulted in some major classification changes. Some key business surveys are now being collected and reported on the basis of the new SIC 2007 classification, including Workforce Jobs (WFJ) and the Annual Business Inquiry (ABI). This article uses these outputs to give a first quantitative picture for key economic measures to examine the impact of the classification changes across the UK economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the results of a study which revealed that the B cell lymphoma vaccine of Biovest International improves disease-free survival (DFS) in patients with indolent follicular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Based on the findings, the personalised anti-idiotype vaccine improves median DFS by over one year in vaccinated patients. According to the firm, based on the data, it will seek accelerated and/or conditional approvals in the U.S. and Europe.