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Wood and bamboo are the greenest renewable materials used for construction, furniture, and decor from the ancient ages. However, wood and bamboo have intrinsic faults like durability, ductility, physical and mechanical strength, and stability, limiting their applications in the industry. On the other hand, nanotechnology is a popular technology having numerous applications in different fields, resulting in a significant increase in expectations among academics, investors, the government, and industries. In contrast, nanotechnology can protect wood and bamboo from extreme conditions (bacteria, climate, etc.) by improving physicochemical characteristics because of its unique features. Nowadays, the trend of merging nanotechnology and forest industries to overcome the limitations mentioned above and get economically sustainable materials for construction, furniture manufacturing, flexible sensors developments, energy storage, battery manufacturing, and many more is increasing. Presently, several reviews on wood and bamboo modification by nanoparticles and nanomaterials have already been published. But, at this time, this study is essential because it aims to provide a brief guide about the recently developed eco-friendly sustainable materials from wood and bamboo, their uses, and how they can affect people's daily life and helps to point out the gap of the current knowledge. In addition, we briefly describe the conventional and modern modification methods, including the influence of nanomaterials on wood and bamboo structures. This article is outlined as follows: The first phase of the review deals with wood and bamboo modification methods. The second phase explains how the modification method improves the properties of wood and bamboo materials, and the last step will describe the recent innovation of wood and bamboo materials.

En Colombia, el sector de la construcción se destaca como uno de los más rentables y seguros para la inversión dentro del país. Además, es uno de los que más empleo genera, impulsa a otros sectores y presenta menor riesgo. La expansión de la industria ha aumentado la demanda de infraestructura, especialmente debido al crecimiento en las principales ciudades. Esto ha convertido a las áreas rurales en lugares propicios para establecer parcelaciones o conjuntos campestres, lo que ha llevado a la población de Medellín y su área metropolitana a mudarse, y ha hecho que la inversión en infraestructura tipo vivienda campestre sea cada vez más atractiva. El estudio que se llevó a cabo buscó determinar la viabilidad de un proyecto centrado en el diseño y construcción de casas campestres de madera en la región oriental de Antioquia y el área metropolitana de Medellín. Dentro del presente estudio se evaluó la viabilidad de la empresa mencionada, utilizando la metodología de la ONUDI. A través de los estudios propuestos (análisis sectorial, de mercado, técnico, legal, administrativo, financiero y de riesgos), se recopilaron datos con el objetivo de determinar si es apropiado invertir en este proyecto y llevarlo a cabo., In Colombia, the construction sector stands out as one of the most profitable and secure for investment within the country. Additionally, it is one of the sectors that generates the most employment, drives other sectors, and presents lower risk. The industry's expansion has increased the demand for infrastructure, especially due to the growth in major cities. This has turned rural areas into suitable places for establishing country estates or rural communities, leading the population of Medellin and its metropolitan area to move, and making investment in countryside housing infrastructure increasingly attractive. The study conducted aimed to determine the feasibility of a project focused on the design and construction of wooden country houses in the eastern region of Antioquia and the metropolitan area of Medellin. Within this study, the viability of the mentioned company was assessed using the UNIDO methodology. Through the proposed studies (sectoral, market, technical, legal, administrative, financial, and risk analyses), data was collected with the objective of determining whether it is appropriate to invest in this project and carry it out.

One of the aspects that stand out in the profesional practice of an architect is that there are multiple paths for career development. Among the, architectural competition are parto f the discipline’s history, dating back at least 2.000 years, and they are a field of action that promotes creativity and innovation. Some of them are focused on young talent, aiming top ave the way for new professionals. When receiving an invitation to engage with academia, it is valid to question what can be contributed and in which áreas the profesional experience can be thransmitted with grater expertise. In this contex, architectural competitions provide an opportunity to develop a line of work in architectural design studios., Uno de los aspectos que destacan en el ejercicio profesional del arquitecto es que existen múlltiples vías para el desarrollo de la carrera profesional. Entre ellos, los concursos de arquitectura que son parte de la historia misma de la disciplina, datan al menos de 2.000 años atrás y son un ámbito de acción que promueve la creatividad y la innovación. Algunos de ellos son focalizados en el talento joven, pensando en pavimentar el camino de los nuevos profesionales. Al recibir la invitación para acercarse a la academia, es válido cuestionarse en qué se puede aportar o en qué áreas se puede transmitir con mayor propiedad la experiencia profesional. En ese contexto, los concursos de arquitectura son una oportunidad para desarrollar una línea de trabajo en el taller de diseño arquitectónico., Peer Reviewed

Durant la pandèmia, el confinament va posar en evidència la importància dels espais exteriors. Per abordar els desafiaments socials i ambientals es va proposar un taller intensiu per desenvolupar un prototip de balcó de fusta que pogués instal·lar-se en edificis existents. L'aprenentatge a través de l'experimentació genera coneixement profund i motiva els estudiants, per la qual cosa el taller es va basar en learning by building. Per apropar la realitat de la professió a les aules, el taller es va desenvolupar des de la fase de disseny fins a l'execució i en col·laboració amb empreses estratègiques del sector, tot aportant una visió completa dels processos implicats. L'èxit mediàtic del taller i els resultats van facilitar la transferència de coneixement a través de modificacions de la normativa existent., During the pandemic, confinement highlighted the importance of outdoor living spaces. To address social and environmental challenges, an intensive Service-Learning workshop was proposed to develop a prototype of a wooden balcony that could be installed on existing buildings. Learning through experimentation generates deep knowledge and motivates students, so the workshop was based on learning by building. To bring the reality of the profession closer to the classroom, the workshop was developed from the design phase to the execution phase and in collaboration with strategic companies in the sector, providing a complete vision of the processes involved. The media success of the workshop and its results generated knowledge transfer through the modification of existing local regulations related to construction and urban planning, and the workshop will be continued in future editions., Durante la pandemia, el confinamiento puso en evidencia la importancia de los espacios al aire libre. Para abordar los desafíos sociales y ambientales se propuso un taller intensivo para desarrollar un prototipo de balcón de madera que pudiera instalarse en edificios existentes. El aprendizaje a través de la experimentación genera conocimiento profundo y motiva a los estudiantes, por lo que el taller se basó en “learning by building”. Para acercar la realidad de la profesión a las aulas, el taller se desarrolló desde la fase de diseño hasta la ejecución y en colaboración con empresas estratégicas del sector, aportando una visión completa de los procesos implicados. El éxito mediático del taller y sus resultados facilitaron la transferencia de conocimiento a través de modificaciones de la normativa existente., Peer Reviewed

Background: Air pollution, a global issue affecting millions of individuals, is linked to adverse health effects on the respiratory system, but also to e.g., cancer and cardiovascular ailments. In low-income countries, cooking is often conducted by biomass-combustion, causing women and children to be exposed to high levels of indoor air pollution. Method: A mathematical model has been developed in MATLAB to estimate the mass of particulate matter deposited in the respiratory tract, to study correlations between lung deposition of indoor air pollution and respiratory symptoms of children aged less than 5 years old in a cohort of Ethiopian individuals (using STATA), with the input variables time spent cooking and fuel type usage (in this case, wood, charcoal, and animal dung). Result: The model was able to portray a higher estimated deposition for individuals using more polluting biomass practices, where cow dung had the highest estimated deposited particulate matter mass and deposited particle number, while charcoal had the lowest, showing statistical significance. A statistically significant decrease in risk for respiratory symptoms were noticed for the children for higher mass deposition values, with an Odds ratio (OR) of < 1 for both the entire and alveolar respiratory tract. The result remained valid in multivariate analysis with similar OR and p-value, where a statistically significant confounder being smokers in the household as well as usage of animal dung as fuel compared to wood, both with an OR > 1, p-value < 0.05. Conclusion: The model presented in this report can produce mass and number estimates for particulate matter deposition, enabling estimates using few input variables, allowing for new analysis methods in low-income settings, showing differences in estimates depending on fuel type usage. However, it needs further development, likely focused on identifying more confounders, but also more in-data in the form of size distributions from more combustion, Luftföroreningar dödar 7 miljoner människor varje år och är därmed enligt WHO ett av de största hälsohoten i vår tid. Hälsoeffekterna av luftföroreningar kan vara akuta eller kroniska och de kan drabba flera olika organsystem, bland annat lungor och hjärta. En grundpelare i att åtgärda dessa problem är att kunna mäta och uppskatta hur utsatta vissa individer är för luftföroreningar. Gällande just luftföroreningar inomhus kan tolkningar och bedömningar bli komplexa eftersom flertalet faktorer påverkar hur utsatt man är. Utomhus kan luftföroreningar förekomma från trafik, eld, industri, avfallshantering med mera. Luftföroreningar inomhus kan både de föroreningar som skapas av våra aktiviteter inomhus men även av föroreningar utomhus som ventileras in. Hur höga halterna är i inomhusmiljön beror på faktorer såsom storlek på bostad, ventilationsmöjligheter, samt hur många som bor i huset. Cirka 50 % av världens befolkning är beroende av förbränning av biomassa, till exempel kol, trä, samt kodynga, för att tillgodose sina behov av värme, matlagning med mera. I rurala områden i låginkomstländer är andvändandet av biomassa speciellt uttalat, där lagas ofta mat över öppen eld eller i enkla spisar av lera, något som utsätter både den som lagar och andra i hushållet för luftföroreningar. Luftföroreningar från olika typer av biomassa kan innehålla sot, polyaromatiska kolväten och andra hälsofarliga metaller och gaser, komponenter som har kopplats till negativa hälsoeffekter för individer i flertalet åldrar, inklusive foster hos gravida. I socioekonomiskt utsatta situationer kan sociala strukturer och normer förekomma som gör att kvinnor, oavsett sin hälsosituation, fortfarande är de som utför hushållsarbete såsom matlagning, vilket gör denna grupp speciellt utsatt för hälsoeffekter. Genom att förbättra modeller för att uppskatta graden av exponering för luftföroreningar inomhus, hoppas projektet kunna undersöka eventuella samband mellan luftföroreningar inomhus och hälsoeffekte

This paper presents an experimental procedure for obtaining the fracture resistance (R curve) of solid wood specimens made of spruce. Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) tests were performed in order to determine energy release rate vs crack length in Mode I wood fracture (crack opening). Ten wood specimens were loaded using the Universal Testing Machine and force-displacement curves were recorded. The most important parameter - crack length was monitored as the crack propagates using Digital Image Correlation (DIC) method. In order to obtain accurate R curve results, procedure which includes calculating cumulative released energy was employed. The cohesive energy Gf was determined based on the R curves. These results can further be analysed in order to obtain cohesive law for Mode I fracture of wood., Steel & Composite Structures

Access to housing in low-income sectors brings up the need for a relevant reflection on Latin America. In this context, a wood-based Modular Housing Solution (MHS) has been developed in a neighborhood on the outskirts of CABA called La Plata, oriented to a housing improvement for working-class sectors, and managed by a labor cooperative, the university, and the scientific-technical sector. The objective is to evaluate the thermal and light behavior and the airtightness conditions of the building envelope of a wooden MHS in the La Plata district in a warm-temperate climate. For this purpose, first, indoor and outdoor monitoring (temperature, relative humidity, and natural lighting) was carried out, then the solar air heaters were evaluated, and finally, digital thermography was performed at night. The results show favorable daytime lighting performance and good daytime thermal response in cold weather. However, there was also room for improvement, such as the need for thermal conditioning at night, improvement of the airtightness of the envelope, night ventilation in warm seasons, reinforcement of shading, and thermal insulation., O acesso à moradia nas camadas sociais de baixa renda levanta a necessidade de uma reflexão relevante para a América Latina. Nesse contexto, foi desenvolvida uma Solução Habitacional Modular (SHM) de madeira em um bairro da periferia da CABA (Cidade Autônoma de Buenos Aires) chamado Partido de La Plata, com foco na melhoria habitacional das camadas populares e gerenciada por uma cooperativa de trabalho, a universidade e o setor científico-tecnológico. O objetivo é avaliar o desempenho térmico, lumínico e as condições de estanqueidade do envelope construtivo de uma SHM de madeira na região do Partido de La Plata em um clima temperado-quente. Para isso, em primeiro lugar, foi realizado um monitoramento interno e externo (temperatura, umidade relativa e iluminação natural), em seguida, foram avaliados os aquecedores solares de ar e, por fim, foi realizada termografia digital noturna. Os resultados mostram desempenhos favoráveis na iluminação diurna e uma boa resposta térmica diurna durante períodos frios. No entanto, também foram encontrados aspectos a serem melhorados, como a necessidade de condicionamento térmico noturno, melhoria na estanqueidade do envelope, ventilação noturna em períodos quentes, reforço do sombreamento e isolamento térmico., El acceso a la vivienda en los sectores sociales de bajos ingresos plantea la necesidad de una reflexión relevante para América Latina. En este contexto, se ha desarrollado una Solución Habitacional Modular (SHM) de madera en un barrio de la periferia de CABA llamado el Partido de La Plata, orientada a la mejora habitacional de sectores populares y gestionada por una cooperativa de trabajo, la universidad y el sector científico-técnico. Se tiene por objetivo evaluar el comportamiento térmico, lumínico y las condiciones de estanqueidad en la envolvente edilicia de una SHM de madera del sector Partido de la Plata en un clima templado-cálido. Para ello, en primer lugar, se realizó un monitoreo interior y exterior (temperatura, humedad relativa e iluminación natural), luego se evaluaron los calefactores solares de aire y finalmente se realizó termografía digital nocturna. Los resultados muestran desempeños favorables en el aspecto lumínico diurno y una buena respuesta térmica diurna en épocas frías. No obstante, también se encontraron fenómenos por mejorar, como la necesidad de acondicionamiento térmico nocturno, de mejora de la estanqueidad de la envolvente, de ventilación nocturna en épocas cálidas de refuerzo del sombreo y del aislamiento térmico.

In today’s digital era, electronics are integral to most activities in our daily lives, offering swift and global communication, powerful data processing tools, and advanced sensor devices. However, there are drawbacks to the exponentially growing demand for electronics, such as the depletion of fossil resources, and the complexities surrounding recycling electronic waste (E-waste). As we gradually step into the era of sustainability, it is necessary to explore alternative resources and develop greener electronic technologies. For this purpose, organic electronics (OE) has emerged as an interesting alternative, owning to its potential for low-energy fabrication and use of organic materials composed of Earth-abundant elements. The term "organic electronics" has been used widely to refer to electrical devices crafted from organic materials, typically semiconducting polymers (sCPs). This arises from the fact that most developed OE devices such as solar cells, transistors, supercapacitors, and batteries are centered around such materials. Along with the development of different semiconducting polymer varieties, materials from various natural resources have also been explored for devices’ electrodes, binders, and electrolytes. Among them, materials from the forest have emerged as abundant, renewable, and valuable options. For many years, wood has been tailored and utilized as a device template, while its components including cellulose fibrils and lignin have been widely used as structural or active components in OE. Lignin has now become an important electrode and electrolyte active material in energy storage devices. This thesis presents new approaches and findings in the utilization of wood and lignin as active components in different OE applications. The thesis centers around two primary themes, in which the first involves the development and utilization of conductive wood (CW), containing lignin, and lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) for supercapacitors and battery applica

This essay is a description of my artistic work process. The essay gives examples of how the work occurs in the boundary between places such as the studio and the wood workshop. In the essay you can follow four different passages that are followed by strophes that have arisen during the work. With the help of Hannah Arendt's 'The human condition: vita activa', I describe the conditions and prerequisites of creation in my work. Through the artists Daniel Buren, Constantin Brâncuși, Gordon Matta-Clark, I discuss how the separation and transformation of materials creates form with a loss. The essay describes a working process that consists of finding form for the absent in the present.

In today’s digital era, electronics are integral to most activities in our daily lives, offering swift and global communication, powerful data processing tools, and advanced sensor devices. However, there are drawbacks to the exponentially growing demand for electronics, such as the depletion of fossil resources, and the complexities surrounding recycling electronic waste (E-waste). As we gradually step into the era of sustainability, it is necessary to explore alternative resources and develop greener electronic technologies. For this purpose, organic electronics (OE) has emerged as an interesting alternative, owning to its potential for low-energy fabrication and use of organic materials composed of Earth-abundant elements. The term "organic electronics" has been used widely to refer to electrical devices crafted from organic materials, typically semiconducting polymers (sCPs). This arises from the fact that most developed OE devices such as solar cells, transistors, supercapacitors, and batteries are centered around such materials. Along with the development of different semiconducting polymer varieties, materials from various natural resources have also been explored for devices’ electrodes, binders, and electrolytes. Among them, materials from the forest have emerged as abundant, renewable, and valuable options. For many years, wood has been tailored and utilized as a device template, while its components including cellulose fibrils and lignin have been widely used as structural or active components in OE. Lignin has now become an important electrode and electrolyte active material in energy storage devices. This thesis presents new approaches and findings in the utilization of wood and lignin as active components in different OE applications. The thesis centers around two primary themes, in which the first involves the development and utilization of conductive wood (CW), containing lignin, and lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) for supercapacitors and battery applica

This essay will address if and how it is possible to reuse and recycle wood waste and CDWW (construction and demolition wood waste). The background will have a short introduction and then be divided into 3 sections. The first section addresses similarities and differences between linear vs. circular economy. The second section will take up bioeconomy and how it is managed in the different countries in the world, and the last part takes up wood waste management. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate from literature if it is possible to reuse and recycle wood waste and CDWW. By reviewing case studies, see if it is possible to implement a practical sustainable recycling worldwide. There are four questions that will be answered to see if it is possible. Those are: 1, Are there enough volumes of wood waste for it to be worth to reusing/recycling it? 2, What opportunities does it provide and how can it affect society, economy, and the environment? 3, Is it worth investing in facilities that only accept wood waste and reuse/recycle the material? 4, How have the trends with wood waste been according to the data collected? The methods that have been used are literature study, qualitative and quantitative methods. Qualitative as an interview has been conducted, and quantitative as data for wood waste in Borås has been compiled. The result showed that there exist enough volumes for it to be worth reusing and recycling, however, the volumes has gone down significantly and are not stable, though this could be argued due to the COVID-19 pandemic and will most likely change and go up in volume within the next few years. There have not been any studies on how the society could be affected by reusing and recycle wood waste, although from an economic and environmental perspective it shows a positive outcome, such as new jobs get created and less deforestation and less reduction of biological diversity. Depending on the type of wood waste the facility receives, it can affect wh

The nature of mass transport in plants has recently inspired the development of low-cost and sustainable wood-based electronics. Herein, we report a wood electrochemical transistor (WECT) where all three electrodes are fully made of conductive wood (CW). The CW is prepared using a two-step strategy of wood delignification followed by wood amalgamation with a mixed electron-ion conducting polymer, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)–polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS). The modified wood has an electrical conductivity of up to 69 Sm−1 induced by the formation of PEDOT:PSS microstructures inside the wood 3D scaffold. CW is then used to fabricate the WECT, which is capable of modulating an electrical current in a porous and thick transistor channel (1 mm) with an on/off ratio of 50. The device shows a good response to gate voltage modulation and exhibits dynamic switching properties similar to those of an organic electrochemical transistor. This wood-based device and the proposed working principle demonstrate the possibility to incorporate active electronic functionality into the wood, suggesting different types of bio-based electronic devices., QC 20230713

In today’s digital era, electronics are integral to most activities in our daily lives, offering swift and global communication, powerful data processing tools, and advanced sensor devices. However, there are drawbacks to the exponentially growing demand for electronics, such as the depletion of fossil resources, and the complexities surrounding recycling electronic waste (E-waste). As we gradually step into the era of sustainability, it is necessary to explore alternative resources and develop greener electronic technologies. For this purpose, organic electronics (OE) has emerged as an interesting alternative, owning to its potential for low-energy fabrication and use of organic materials composed of Earth-abundant elements. The term "organic electronics" has been used widely to refer to electrical devices crafted from organic materials, typically semiconducting polymers (sCPs). This arises from the fact that most developed OE devices such as solar cells, transistors, supercapacitors, and batteries are centered around such materials. Along with the development of different semiconducting polymer varieties, materials from various natural resources have also been explored for devices’ electrodes, binders, and electrolytes. Among them, materials from the forest have emerged as abundant, renewable, and valuable options. For many years, wood has been tailored and utilized as a device template, while its components including cellulose fibrils and lignin have been widely used as structural or active components in OE. Lignin has now become an important electrode and electrolyte active material in energy storage devices. This thesis presents new approaches and findings in the utilization of wood and lignin as active components in different OE applications. The thesis centers around two primary themes, in which the first involves the development and utilization of conductive wood (CW), containing lignin, and lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) for supercapacitors and battery applica

Durch die technische Weiterentwicklung der letzten Jahrzehnte haben sich viele neue Anwendungsmöglichkeiten für Holz und dessen Bestandteile ergeben: Von Hochhäusern aus Holz und biologisch abbaubaren Holzkompositmaterialien bis hin zum Einsatz im 3D/4D-Druck und in Batterien. Ein zentrales Thema bei der Verwendung von Holz ist die durch die Feuchtigkeit ausgelöste Änderung relevanter physikalischer Eigenschaften. Abhängig von der Anwendung geht es jedoch nicht um eine generelle Vermeidung von Feuchte im Holz, sondern dass die Feuchteaufnahme/-abgabe und die dadurch ausgelösten Änderungen gezielt eingesetzt werden können. Um dieses Feuchteverhalten kontrolliert beeinflussen zu können, ist ein grundlegendes Verständnis der bei der Feuchteaufnahme/-abgabe beteiligten Prozesse erforderlich. Da einige dieser Prozesse gekoppelt ablaufen, ist sowohl eine experimentelle als auch theoretische Charakterisierung dieser Prozesse schwierig. Das Ziel dieser Dissertation ist zu untersuchen, welche Prozesse die Feuchteaufnahme/-abgabe von Holz im Bereich zwischen 0% und 95% relativer Luftfeuchte kontrollieren. Der Fokus liegt dabei auf der Untersuchung, ob und wie stark der Wasserdampftransport die Feuchteaufnahme/-abgabe bei kleinen Holzproben beeinflusst. Dies betrifft sowohl den Transport zur Probenoberfläche als auch im Inneren der Probe. Dazu wurde mittels Wasserdampf-Sorptionsexperimenten der Einfluss der Probengeometrie auf die Feuchteaufnahme/-abgabe von gemahlenem und geschnittenem Fichtenholz (Picea abies) analysiert. Zusätzlich wurden theoretische Untersuchungen zum Diffusionsverhalten von Wasserdampf zum und im Holz durchgeführt und mit den experimentellen Ergebnissen verglichen. Um den Einfluss des Wasserdampftransports durch die Zellhohlräume gering zu halten, wurden die ersten Untersuchungen mit gemahlenem Holz durchgeführt. Durch die Verwendung von Probenschalen konnten sowohl verschiedene Korngrößen als auch verschiedene Füllmengen (Füllhöhen) mittels Wasserdampf, Technological advancements in recent decades have led to many new applications for wood and its components: From wooden skyscrapers and biodegradable wood composites to the use in 3D/4D printing and batteries. A key issue in the use of wood is the change of its physical properties caused by moisture. Depending on the application, however, it is not a matter of avoiding moisture in wood in general, but rather that the moisture uptake and release and the resulting changes of its properties can be used in a controlled manner. To be able to influence this behaviour, a fundamental understanding of the processes involved during the uptake and release of moisture is required. Since some of these processes are coupled, both an experimental and theoretical characterisation of these processes is difficult. The aim of this thesis is to investigate which processes control the moisture uptake and release of wood in the range of 0% and 95% relative humidity. The focus is on investigating whether and to what extent water vapour transport influences the moisture uptake and release, particularly in small wood samples. This concerns both the transport to the sample surface and within the sample. For this purpose, the impact of sample geometry on the moisture uptake and release of ground and cut Norway spruce (Picea abies) wood was analysed by means of water vapour sorption experiments. In addition, theoretical investigations on the diffusion behaviour of water vapour to and within wood were carried out and compared with the experimental results. To reduce the influence of water vapour transport through the cell cavities, the first investigations were carried out with ground wood. By using sample bowls, different grain sizes as well as different filling amounts (filling heights or grain layer thickness) were investigated by means of water vapour sorption experiments in the low humidity range. It was shown that both the grain size and the grain layer thickness have a considerable impac, Mag.rer.nat. Alexander Albert Murr, Kumulative Dissertation aus drei Artikeln, Kurzfassung in deutscher Sprache, Dissertation University of Innsbruck 2023

In today’s digital era, electronics are integral to most activities in our daily lives, offering swift and global communication, powerful data processing tools, and advanced sensor devices. However, there are drawbacks to the exponentially growing demand for electronics, such as the depletion of fossil resources, and the complexities surrounding recycling electronic waste (E-waste). As we gradually step into the era of sustainability, it is necessary to explore alternative resources and develop greener electronic technologies. For this purpose, organic electronics (OE) has emerged as an interesting alternative, owning to its potential for low-energy fabrication and use of organic materials composed of Earth-abundant elements. The term "organic electronics" has been used widely to refer to electrical devices crafted from organic materials, typically semiconducting polymers (sCPs). This arises from the fact that most developed OE devices such as solar cells, transistors, supercapacitors, and batteries are centered around such materials. Along with the development of different semiconducting polymer varieties, materials from various natural resources have also been explored for devices’ electrodes, binders, and electrolytes. Among them, materials from the forest have emerged as abundant, renewable, and valuable options. For many years, wood has been tailored and utilized as a device template, while its components including cellulose fibrils and lignin have been widely used as structural or active components in OE. Lignin has now become an important electrode and electrolyte active material in energy storage devices. This thesis presents new approaches and findings in the utilization of wood and lignin as active components in different OE applications. The thesis centers around two primary themes, in which the first involves the development and utilization of conductive wood (CW), containing lignin, and lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) for supercapacitors and battery applica

Wood and bamboo are the greenest renewable materials used for construction, furniture, and decor from the ancient ages. However, wood and bamboo have intrinsic faults like durability, ductility, physical and mechanical strength, and stability, limiting their applications in the industry. On the other hand, nanotechnology is a popular technology having numerous applications in different fields, resulting in a significant increase in expectations among academics, investors, the government, and industries. In contrast, nanotechnology can protect wood and bamboo from extreme conditions (bacteria, climate, etc.) by improving physicochemical characteristics because of its unique features. Nowadays, the trend of merging nanotechnology and forest industries to overcome the limitations mentioned above and get economically sustainable materials for construction, furniture manufacturing, flexible sensors developments, energy storage, battery manufacturing, and many more is increasing. Presently, several reviews on wood and bamboo modification by nanoparticles and nanomaterials have already been published. But, at this time, this study is essential because it aims to provide a brief guide about the recently developed eco-friendly sustainable materials from wood and bamboo, their uses, and how they can affect people's daily life and helps to point out the gap of the current knowledge. In addition, we briefly describe the conventional and modern modification methods, including the influence of nanomaterials on wood and bamboo structures. This article is outlined as follows: The first phase of the review deals with wood and bamboo modification methods. The second phase explains how the modification method improves the properties of wood and bamboo materials, and the last step will describe the recent innovation of wood and bamboo materials., info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

Wood and bamboo are the greenest renewable materials used for construction, furniture, and decor from the ancient ages. However, wood and bamboo have intrinsic faults like durability, ductility, physical and mechanical strength, and stability, limiting their applications in the industry. On the other hand, nanotechnology is a popular technology having numerous applications in different fields, resulting in a significant increase in expectations among academics, investors, the government, and industries. In contrast, nanotechnology can protect wood and bamboo from extreme conditions (bacteria, climate, etc.) by improving physicochemical characteristics because of its unique features. Nowadays, the trend of merging nanotechnology and forest industries to overcome the limitations mentioned above and get economically sustainable materials for construction, furniture manufacturing, flexible sensors developments, energy storage, battery manufacturing, and many more is increasing. Presently, several reviews on wood and bamboo modification by nanoparticles and nanomaterials have already been published. But, at this time, this study is essential because it aims to provide a brief guide about the recently developed eco-friendly sustainable materials from wood and bamboo, their uses, and how they can affect people's daily life and helps to point out the gap of the current knowledge. In addition, we briefly describe the conventional and modern modification methods, including the influence of nanomaterials on wood and bamboo structures. This article is outlined as follows: The first phase of the review deals with wood and bamboo modification methods. The second phase explains how the modification method improves the properties of wood and bamboo materials, and the last step will describe the recent innovation of wood and bamboo materials., info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

The wood has unique structure and excellent mechanical properties. Wood is important natural source for human civilization. Wood is anisotropy structure. Wood was the important material and natural resource in human civilization. Wood is widely used in many sectors such as building, fuel, tools and other. In the ancient, wood played an important role in human cultural, economic, act and building. As a natural and sustainable material, wood has excellent mechanical properties cause by unique structures relative to its cost. Wood due to its natural growth can define as renewable and sustainable material. Due to the hierarchical and anisotropy structure, wood have properties of high strength, good durability, high moisture content and high strength. Wood is porous and fibrous structural tissue of wood. Roots and stems of wood made by natural cellulose fibres growing upward all the way to the top of canopy. This paper will present a preliminary review about the future of transparent wood.

Wood and bamboo are the greenest renewable materials used for construction, furniture, and decor from the ancient ages. However, wood and bamboo have intrinsic faults like durability, ductility, physical and mechanical strength, and stability, limiting their applications in the industry. On the other hand, nanotechnology is a popular technology having numerous applications in different fields, resulting in a significant increase in expectations among academics, investors, the government, and industries. In contrast, nanotechnology can protect wood and bamboo from extreme conditions (bacteria, climate, etc.) by improving physicochemical characteristics because of its unique features. Nowadays, the trend of merging nanotechnology and forest industries to overcome the limitations mentioned above and get economically sustainable materials for construction, furniture manufacturing, flexible sensors developments, energy storage, battery manufacturing, and many more is increasing. Presently, several reviews on wood and bamboo modification by nanoparticles and nanomaterials have already been published. But, at this time, this study is essential because it aims to provide a brief guide about the recently developed eco-friendly sustainable materials from wood and bamboo, their uses, and how they can affect people's daily life and helps to point out the gap of the current knowledge. In addition, we briefly describe the conventional and modern modification methods, including the influence of nanomaterials on wood and bamboo structures. This article is outlined as follows: The first phase of the review deals with wood and bamboo modification methods. The second phase explains how the modification method improves the properties of wood and bamboo materials, and the last step will describe the recent innovation of wood and bamboo materials., info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

Negatieve emissies of koolstofverwijdering — processen waarbij broeikasgassen uit de atmosfeer permanent of langdurig worden verwijderd — worden steeds vaker gezien als een onderdeel in de gereedschapskist voor klimaatbeleid. Zo zijn in alle scenario’s van het IPCC negatieve emissies nodig om klimaatneutraliteit in 2050 te bereiken. Dit onderzoek, in opdracht van het ministerie van Economische Zaken en Klimaat, brengt de technische en beleidsmatige aspecten van dit onderwerp in kaart. Het geeft een actueel beeld van de toekomstige behoefte, aanbod en mogelijke tijdpaden voor negatieve emissies, gaat in op de rol van CCS, en geeft inzicht in de behoefte aan en de opties voor beleid.

Hout is bij uitstek een circulair materiaal, niet alleen omdat het als hergroeibaar materiaal onderdeel is van de biologische kringloop, maar door haar bewerkbaarheid en lage gewicht ook zeer geschikt voor hergebruik en cascadering. Toenemend hergebruik en cascadering van hout is een waardevolle aanvulling op het houtaanbod en levert tevens CO2 winst op. In deze paper: - Gevolgen van bouwen met hout - De houtfabriek: het Europese bos - Hoeveel hout oogsten we? - Potentie - Voorwaarden houtvoorziening op langere termijn - Conclusie.

This research focuses on the effects of using biobased construction materials on the life cycle costs of newly constructed apartments. A case study is performed to assess the level of circularity and life cycle costs of different design alternatives. A BCI calculation is used to assess the level of circularity, whilst a life cycle analysis focusing on the construction, operational and end of life costs is used to assess the life cycle costs. The design alternatives are created using the Shearing Layers of Brand, focusing on the Structure, Skin and Space Plan. Ultimately, it is concluded that the use of biobased materials entails an increase in life cycle costs and level of circularity. Furthermore, the application of biobased materials in the Structure of the apartment proves to be the most cost-efficient measure to increase the level of circularity. Further research into the measurement of circularity and the underlying database(s) of these methods could results in more realistic results.

This report covers part two of the Eurostat grant deliverables, focusing on (wood) biomass for energy purposes as an ecosystem service. The provision of wood biomass for energy purposes is an important ecosystem service. It is widely acknowledged that society source and utilize biomass from ecosystems in diverse ways and for various reasons, such as food, fibre, and energy. In line with the System of National Accounts (SNA) approach, all biomass provisioning that contributes to subsistence production in agriculture, forestry, and fisheries should be encompassed in ecosystem accounts. However, in the Ecosystem Accounts for the Netherlands, biomass used for energy purposes has been excluded thus far. Currently, only the wood provision of round wood for timber as a provisioning service has been included.

In 1988 Massimo Scolari began his collaboration with the company Giorgetti S.p.A. in Meda, in the province of Brianza, Lombardy, transforming his furniture catalogue with pieces that dialogued with tradition, combining modernity and classicism in their forms and craftsmanship and technology in their production. His furniture refers to past manners and spaces, establishing a displacement of his paintings and installations in which antiquity and its archetypal signs interpret the present. This study articulates the motivations of his furniture, the materials, the citation to sources and systems of art history and concludes that his designs responded to the establishment of models that represent the idiosyncrasies of the firm through a postmodern re-reading that he implemented through his work and that of other designers in codes of representation that define Giorgetti today., En 1988 Massimo Scolari inició su colaboración con la empresa Giorgetti S.p.A. de Meda, en la provincia de Brianza, Lombardía, transformando su catálogo de mobiliario con piezas que dialogaban con la tradición en las que combinaba modernidad y clasicismo en sus formas y artesanado y tecnología en su producción. Sus muebles remiten a maneras y espacios pretéritos, estableciendo un desplazamiento de sus pinturas e instalaciones en las que la antigüedad y sus signos arquetípicos interpretan el presente. El estudio articula las motivaciones de su mobiliario, los materiales, la citación a las fuentes y sistemas de la historia del arte y concluye que sus diseños respondieron al establecimiento de modelos que representan la idiosincrasia de la firma mediante una relectura postmoderna que implementó con su trabajo y el de otros diseñadores en códigos de representación que definen a la Giorgetti en la actualidad.

Access to housing in low-income sectors brings up the need for a relevant reflection on Latin America. In this context, a wood-based Modular Housing Solution (MHS) has been developed in a neighborhood on the outskirts of CABA called La Plata, oriented to a housing improvement for working-class sectors, and managed by a labor cooperative, the university, and the scientific-technical sector. The objective is to evaluate the thermal and light behavior and the airtightness conditions of the building envelope of a wooden MHS in the La Plata district in a warm-temperate climate. For this purpose, first, indoor and outdoor monitoring (temperature, relative humidity, and natural lighting) was carried out, then the solar air heaters were evaluated, and finally, digital thermography was performed at night. The results show favorable daytime lighting performance and good daytime thermal response in cold weather. However, there was also room for improvement, such as the need for thermal conditioning at night, improvement of the airtightness of the envelope, night ventilation in warm seasons, reinforcement of shading, and thermal insulation., O acesso à moradia nas camadas sociais de baixa renda levanta a necessidade de uma reflexão relevante para a América Latina. Nesse contexto, foi desenvolvida uma Solução Habitacional Modular (SHM) de madeira em um bairro da periferia da CABA (Cidade Autônoma de Buenos Aires) chamado Partido de La Plata, com foco na melhoria habitacional das camadas populares e gerenciada por uma cooperativa de trabalho, a universidade e o setor científico-tecnológico. O objetivo é avaliar o desempenho térmico, lumínico e as condições de estanqueidade do envelope construtivo de uma SHM de madeira na região do Partido de La Plata em um clima temperado-quente. Para isso, em primeiro lugar, foi realizado um monitoramento interno e externo (temperatura, umidade relativa e iluminação natural), em seguida, foram avaliados os aquecedores solares de ar e, por fim, foi realizada termografia digital noturna. Os resultados mostram desempenhos favoráveis na iluminação diurna e uma boa resposta térmica diurna durante períodos frios. No entanto, também foram encontrados aspectos a serem melhorados, como a necessidade de condicionamento térmico noturno, melhoria na estanqueidade do envelope, ventilação noturna em períodos quentes, reforço do sombreamento e isolamento térmico., El acceso a la vivienda en los sectores sociales de bajos ingresos plantea la necesidad de una reflexión relevante para América Latina. En este contexto, se ha desarrollado una Solución Habitacional Modular (SHM) de madera en un barrio de la periferia de CABA llamado el Partido de La Plata, orientada a la mejora habitacional de sectores populares y gestionada por una cooperativa de trabajo, la universidad y el sector científico-técnico. Se tiene por objetivo evaluar el comportamiento térmico, lumínico y las condiciones de estanqueidad en la envolvente edilicia de una SHM de madera del sector Partido de la Plata en un clima templado-cálido. Para ello, en primer lugar, se realizó un monitoreo interior y exterior (temperatura, humedad relativa e iluminación natural), luego se evaluaron los calefactores solares de aire y finalmente se realizó termografía digital nocturna. Los resultados muestran desempeños favorables en el aspecto lumínico diurno y una buena respuesta térmica diurna en épocas frías. No obstante, también se encontraron fenómenos por mejorar, como la necesidad de acondicionamiento térmico nocturno, de mejora de la estanqueidad de la envolvente, de ventilación nocturna en épocas cálidas de refuerzo del sombreo y del aislamiento térmico.

In her fiction, And the Birds Rained Down (Il pleuvait des oiseaux, XYZ, 2011), Jocelyne Saucier, French-Canadian writer, narrates history of the huge forest fires that took place in the beginning of the 20th Century in the province of Ontario. Coming from the center to the periphery of this woods and seemingly forgotten history, two women, a photographer and an old lady, arrive to retrace the story of the events meeting two outcast senior men and getting familiarized with them. In our contribution, we analyze how do these two universes of a periphery and a center confront one another, what spatio-social dichotomies we may observe within the novel and what is their outcome for the narration as well as for the protagonists of the story., Dans son roman Il pleuvait des oiseaux (XYZ, 2011), Jocelyne Saucier, écrivaine québécoise, raconte l'histoire des grands feux qui ont eu lieu au début du XXe siècle dans la province d'Ontario. Arrivant du centre à la périphérie de ces bois en quête d'une histoire presque oubliée, deux femmes, une photographe et une vieille dame, retracent l'histoire de ces événements en rencontrant deux hommes âgés exclus et en se familiarisant avec eux. Dans notre contribution, nous analysons comment ces deux univers d'une périphérie et d'un centre s'affrontent, quelles dichotomies spatio-sociales nous pouvons observer au sein du roman et quelle en est l'issue tant pour la narration que pour les protagonistes de l'histoire.

Introduction: Wood packaging consumes over twenty percent of industrial timber harvests in the United States. Organised reuse of wood packaging can reduce timber consumption but is not widely practised. Existing research on circular wood packaging systems is limited in scope, focusing on individual design and process interventions at the firm level. This thesis constitutes a novel investigation of the circular transformation of the American wood packaging industry at a strategic level. Research Objectives: 1. Examine the case for circular transformation under an ecological modernisation framework. 2. Assess the degree of circularity of the industry as it operates today through the lens of the seven operational principles of a circular economy. 3. Generate practical recommendations and strategies to increase the circularity of the American wood packaging industry. Methods: The effects of circular practices on the economic and environmental performance of the industry were examined at firm and national scales using quantitative modelling and analysis techniques supported by secondary data. Information about the practices of American wood pallet businesses was obtained using a questionnaire. Case studies and a barriers and drivers analysis concerning circular transformation were constructed from interviews and document analysis. Results: The model demonstrates that a universal circular wood pallet scheme can reduce national timber consumption by up to 10% (25 million tonnes/year) while reducing annual costs by up to $20 billion. The economic competitiveness of circular pallet systems is sensitive to new manufacturing costs, loss and damage rates, and freight costs, suggesting a need for supporting economic policy incentives. Disparities in capacities for circular practices between small and large wood pallet producers are seen across all phases of the wood packaging life cycle. Conclusions: A producer responsibility model for the wood packaging industry supported by pr

This article explores an intellectual disconnection in architectural education about the conception of wood as a building material. It explores initiatives to develop in future architects a deeper consciousness of the complex ecology of timber, promoting its sustainable use in the building industry. It explores six case studies drawn from architectural education to explore the ways in which the properties that make timber sustainable are explored through research and design, and how this deep understanding is transferred to students through hands-on applications.

This article reports the results of a study carried out to evaluate the influence of wood-cement-steatite partitions on the thermal performance of a small building. The interior walls of two identical 2.0 × 2.5 × 3.0 m experimental wooden frame huts (tiny houses, with one door and one window), designed and built following the National Building Code of Canada, were covered with standard gypsum boards in one case (GB hut) and a combination of gypsum boards and wood-cement-steatite panels in the other case (WCSP hut). The thermal behavior of both huts, located on the campus of Laval University, in Québec (QC), Canada was monitored over a testing period extending from mid-march to the first week of July 2019. Depending on the moment during that period (cold weather, mild weather) and the characteristics being evaluated, the temperature inside the huts was conditioned or not with an electric heater. The following parameters were recorded: outdoor temperature, the temperature inside the two huts, and, when applicable, their electricity consumption. In cold weather, the wood-cement-steatite panels contributed to reducing the electricity consumption by 5.2% over that of the reference GB hut. In mild weather, wood-cement-steatite panels were found to improve the comfort inside the test hut by leveling off the temperature variations, with reductions ranging from 0.3 °C to 3.8 °C. Both the differences in electricity consumption and indoor temperature variations were determined to be statistically significant, with p - values inferior to 0.005. The results generated in this part of the study further strengthen the potential of WCSP as a real alternative to gypsum boards for drywall partitioning in residential and commercial buildings. In addition to their many advantageous constructive properties, such as water resistance, flexural strength, screw withdrawal resistance, and fire resistance, the improvements they could yield in energy efficiency and thermal comfort make it a qui

The ability to measure the stiffness of wood is important as it can be used to determine the optimal usage of the timber sample to maximise profitability and increase sustainability. The stiffness of trees and logs is measured in order to segregate them into different grades. Stiffness measurements are also made on juvenile trees and seedlings for breeding trials to improve the stiffness quality of future plantations. The traditional static bending test is considered the gold standard for measuring the stiffness of wood. However, this method is destructive, costly and difficult to use. Non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques have therefore been developed to mitigate these issues. Acoustics is the most common NDT technique used to measure wood stiffness. The time-of-flight method is the only acoustic method which can be used on standing trees. However, literature has shown that stiffness measurements obtained using the time-of-flight method can have a significant overestimation. Studies have reported the potential causes of this overestimation but the exact cause is still not known. In recent years, NDT techniques such as guided wave techniques have been developed for other industries. Guided wave testing is extensively used on metallic structures such as pipes and bars. However, there have been very few studies that utilize guided waves for wood. This thesis investigates the use of guided wave knowledge to identify the cause of the overestimation and to obtain improved NDT measurements. This thesis contains some of the first reported works to perform guided wave measurements on cylindrical wood samples. The results from guided wave experiments show that enhancement and suppression of desired wave modes can be achieved using a ring array of shear transducers. The effects of dispersion on ToF measurements are investigated and it was found that dispersion can be a potential cause of overestimation. Guided wave techniques were developed to obtain acoustic velocity and

Opschaling van houtbouw vormt een belangrijk middel bij het behalen van klimaatdoelen en biedt tegelijkertijd kansen voor de ambitie van de realisering van nieuwe woningen. Maar wat is eigenlijk de oorsprong van ons bouwhout en welke mogelijkheden zijn er voor opschaling? Stichting Probos zocht het samen met Centrum Hout uit in opdracht van RvO. Naar schatting is slechts 5% van het houtverbruik voor materiaaltoepassing afkomstig uit Nederland (8% voor bouwhout), waarmee we verreweg het grootste deel importeren uit overige landen. Van ons geïmporteerde bouwhout komt ongeveer 80% uit Europa, overwegend uit landen met een hoog aandeel gecertificeerd bos. Tot slot is de jaarlijkse bijgroei in het Europese bos aanzienlijk hoger dan de jaarlijkse oogst (circa 65% van bijgroei), wat mogelijkheden biedt om onder bepaalde voorwaarden de houtoogst op te schalen.

Het is geen goed idee om hout dat afkomstig is van boomkap in bosrijke gebieden een op een in biomassacentrales te verbranden. Ook onbruikbaar snoeihout dat als reststroom van ver wordt aangevoerd, soms zelfs van overzee, staat haaks op de drie P's van people, planet en profit. Maar hoe gaan we om met de reststroom die Nederlandse hoveniers en aannemers zelf produceren?

This paper presents an experimental procedure for obtaining the fracture resistance (R curve) of solid wood specimens made of spruce. Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) tests were performed in order to determine energy release rate vs crack length in Mode I wood fracture (crack opening). Ten wood specimens were loaded using the Universal Testing Machine and force-displacement curves were recorded. The most important parameter - crack length was monitored as the crack propagates using Digital Image Correlation (DIC) method. In order to obtain accurate R curve results, procedure which includes calculating cumulative released energy was employed. The cohesive energy Gf was determined based on the R curves. These results can further be analysed in order to obtain cohesive law for Mode I fracture of wood.

Consumption and mass production constitute the central themes in Damián SinchiQ’s production, whose work on wood transforms the nature of everyday objects to question their usefulness in a hyper-industrialized panorama. Located on the borders of popular and contemporary art, he exercises an endemic trade, using practical languages to reveal the nature of artistic creation without excessive conceptual baggage. Through this brief review, we seek to make some notes on his work developed over fifteen years, from a factual and conceptual point of view, as well as from the practice of an ancient trade bequeathed by his family for more than three generations., O consumo e a produção em massa constituem os temas centrais da produção do artista Damián SinchiQ, cujo trabalho em madeira transfigura a natureza dos objetos do cotidiano para questionar sua utilidade em um panorama hiperindustrializado. Localizado nas fronteiras da arte popular e da arte contemporânea, exerce um ofício endêmico, utilizando linguagens práticas para revelar a natureza da criação artística sem excesso de bagagem conceitual., El consumo y la producción masiva constituyen los temas centrales en la producción del artista Damián SinchiQ, cuyo trabajo en la madera transfigura la naturaleza de objetos de uso cotidiano para interrogar su utilidad en un panorama hiperindustrializado. Situado en las fronteras del arte popular y el arte contemporáneo, ejerce un oficio endémico, utilizando lenguajes prácticos para revelar la naturaleza de la creación artística sin excesivos bagajes conceptuales. Mediante esta breve reseña, se busca realizar una serie de anotaciones sobre su obra gestada a lo largo de quince años de producción, desde un punto de vista fáctico y conceptual, así como desde la práctica de un oficio milenario legado por su familia por más de tres generaciones.

Aquest treball estudia els avantatges i inconvenients del mur cortina de fusta davant la resta de sistemes habituals de mur cortina del mercat europeu. Per això, es centra en l'estudi dels materials que el formen i les seves característiques i el consum de recursos que suposen al llarg de tota la vida útil., El presente trabajo estudia las ventajas e inconvenientes del muro cortina de madera frente al resto de sistemas habituales de muro cortina del mercado europeo. Para ello se centra en el estudio de los materiales que lo forman y sus características y el consumo de recursos que suponen a lo largo de toda su vida útil., This project studies the advantages and disadvantages of the wooden curtain wall compared to other common curtain wall systems on the European market. For this purpose, it focuses on the study of the materials used, their characteristics and the consumption of resources throughout their useful life.

La següent recerca es centra en un material i un nom propi, el cartró estructural o “fusta millorada” una alternativa a la fusta, com la defineix el mateix Shigeru Ban. Per tant, es tracta de contrastar les possibilitats d’aquests materials en les estructures permanents i no permanents a l’arquitectura. En un primer moment, s’ estudia la fusta i el cartró per separat, des de les seves propietats macroscòpiques fins les microscòpiques: com s’obtenen, quines propietats constructives tenen, quines propietats microestructurals, com es comporten davant els esforços... per posteriorment, comprendre i comparar de forma sistematitzada les estructures dels projectes representatius de l’arquitecte, estudiar i definir les necessitats i, en conseqüència, les solucions que ofereix dissenyar aquest tipus d'estructures. Així doncs, aquest estudi va des de dins cap enfora per tal d’arribar a concloure la viabilitat del cartró estructural com a material vegetal alternatiu a la fusta., La siguiente investigación se centra en un material y un nombre propio, el cartón estructural o "madera mejorada", una alternativa a la madera, como lo define el mismo Shigeru Ban. Por lo tanto, se trata de contrastar las posibilidades de estos materiales en las estructuras permanentes y no permanentes en la arquitectura. En un primer momento, se estudia la madera y el cartón por separado, desde sus propiedades macroscópicas hasta las microscópicas: cómo se obtienen, qué propiedades constructivas tienen, qué propiedades microestructurales, cómo se comportan ante los esfuerzos... para posteriormente, comprender y comparar de forma sistematizada las estructuras de los proyectos representativos del arquitecto, estudiar y definir las necesidades y, en consecuencia, las soluciones que ofrece diseñar este tipo de estructuras. Así pues, este estudio va desde dentro hacia afuera para concluir la viabilidad del cartón estructural como material vegetal alternativo a la madera., The following research focuses on a material and a proper noun, structural cardboard or "improved wood" as defined by Shigeru Ban himself, as an alternative to wood. Therefore, the aim is to contrast the possibilities of these materials in permanent and non-permanent structures in architecture. Initially, wood and cardboard are studied separately, from their macroscopic to microscopic properties: how they are obtained, what constructive properties they have, what microstructural properties they have, how they behave under stress... and subsequently, to systematically understand and compare the structures of representative projects by the architect, study and define the needs, and consequently, the solutions that designing such structures offers. Thus, this study goes from the inside out in order to conclude the viability of structural cardboard as an alternative plant-based material to wood.

La fusta laminada encolada (CLT) s’està convertint en el futur de la cons- trucció sostenible, no obstant, tot i la dimensió de possibilitats que ofe- reix, de moment no forma part de la quotidianitat al mon de l’arquitectura. Donat aquest desconeixement, es comença el treball amb una introduc- ció al material explicant-ne les avantatges, el procés de fabricació i el seu curt recorregut històric, aprofitant per justificar el seu ús tant per els beneficis que té a la construcció com per la millora de la sostenibilitat que comporta. La novetat que suposa aquest material en la construcció contemporània ha enganxat per sorpresa a varis organismes com el de la normativa. Es fa un repàs de la normativa local per veure quines possibilitats ofereix per a construir amb fusta i trobem que n’hi ha una que no en contempla cap: la normativa acústica. Per aquest motiu es fa un estudi per entendre perquè encara no ha incorporat la fusta a les seves solucions. L’objectiu del treball és justificar o facilitar la possibilitat de deixar fusta estructural vista a l’interior dels habitatges. Després d’estudiar el material i les dificultats que comporta utilitzar-lo, es busca justificar perquè aquest és un material col·lectivament valorat com atractiu. Tot i els pocs exemples, s’estudien uns casos d’estudi reals amb diferents sistemes d’habitatges on s’ha deixat la fusta estructural vista, veient qui- nes són les possibilitats que hi ha amb el producte actual. Per tancar la recerca es proposa un nou sistema en que el mateix produc- te de fusta laminada incorpora solucions acústiques i resol la problemà- tica estudiada al treball. Una de les moltes possibilitats d’evolució d’un material en desenvolupament amb molt potencial i recorregut., Cross laminated timber (CLT) is becoming the future of sustainable cons- truction, however, despite the range of possibilities that it offers, its cu- rrently not part of everydayness life in architecture’s world. Knowing this lack of knowledge, the work begins with an introduction to the material explaining its advantages, the manufacturing process, and its short histo- ric journey, justifying its use both for the benefits it has in construction and for the improvement of the sustainability it entails. The novelty that this material represents in contemporary construction has cached by surprise several organizations, such as the regulation. The Spanish local regulation is reviewed to see what possibilities it offers for building with wood, and we find that there is one that does not include any possibilities with wood: the acoustic regulations. For this reason, a study is carried out to understand why it has not yet incorporated wood into its solutions. The aim of the work is to justify or facilitate the possibility of leaving ex- posed structural wood inside homes. After studying the material and the difficulties involved in using it, it is sought to justify why this is a material collectively valued as attractive. Despite the few examples, some real cases are studied with different hou- sing systems where the structural wood has been left exposed, seeing what the possibilities are with the current CLT product. To close the research, a new system is proposed in which the same lami- nated wood product incorporates acoustic solutions and solves the pro- blem studied in the paper. One of the many possibilities of evolution of a material under development with great potential and history.

TW transparent wood/polymer biocomposite laminates are of interest as multifunctional materials with good longitudinal modulus, tensile strength and optical transmittance. The effect of filling the pore space in wood with a polymer matrix on fracture toughness and crack growth is not well understood. Here, we carried out in-situ fracture tests on neat birch wood and laminates made of four layers of delignified birch veneers impregnated with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and investigated crack growth in the tangential-radial (TR) fracture system. Fracture toughness KIc and JIc at crack initiation were estimated, including FEM analysis. SEM microscopy revealed that cracks primarily propagate along the ray cells, but cell wall peeling and separation between the PMMA and wood phases also take place. A combination of in-situ tests and strain field measured by digital image correlation (DIC) showed twice as long fracture process zone of TW laminates compared with neat birch.

Through 270 million years of evolution, the finely tuned hierarchical structure of wood has been optimized for efficient nutrient transport and exceptional mechanical stability. Its distinctive orthotropic constitution can provide inspiration and design opportunities for the development of novel functional materials. In recent years, top-down modification approaches have adapted the wood structure for innovative applications, utilizing the hierarchical arrangement at different length scales. In doing so, preserving the structural integrity is of the essence. This thesis explores new top-down modification techniques for the functionalization and structural control of wood-based materials. With the intent of better preserving and utilizing the natural wood organization and native components, two different modification routes were explored on softwood Scots pine: complete lignin removal and in-situ lignin modification. Complete delignification was achieved through preventive crosslinking of the polysaccharide matrix, enhancing intercellular adhesion between tracheids and preventing the disintegration of the cellular arrangement after lignin removal. The second approach focused on chemical modification of lignin by sulfonation as an alternative to complete lignin removal, resulting in wood templates of high negative charge up to 375 µmol g-1 and with well-preserved residual lignin. Hot compression of the delignified wood veneers produced thin wood films with high optical transmittance of 71 % alongside exceptional tensile strength of 449 MPa and Young’s modulus of 50 GPa. Densification of lignin-retaining wood veneers yielded strong and transparent thin films with UV blocking ability. Additionally, these densified films could be easily recycled into discrete wood fibers. The integration of conductive polymers including poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) and polypyrrole in in-situ sulfonated wood resulted in bio-composites with high cond, Träets noggranna hierarkiska struktur har genom 270 miljoner års evolution optimerats för effektiv transport av näringsämnen och enastående mekanisk stabilitet. Dess distinkta ortotropa struktur kan inspirera samt ge utvecklingsmöjligheter för nya funktionella material. Via top-down metoder har man under de senaste åren lyckats nyttja träets hierarkiska struktur i olika storleksordningar för innovativa applikationer. I detta sammanhang är bevarandet av den strukturella integriteten av största vikt. Denna avhandling undersöker nya top-down metoder för att funktionalisera och kontrollera trämaterialens struktur. Med avsikt att bättre bevara och nyttja träets naturliga struktur och komponenter har två olika modifieringsmetoder undersökts för tall (pinus sylverstris): fullständig avlägsning av lignin samt in-situ modifiering av lignin. För att motverka cellstrukturens sönderfall efter fullständig delignifiering krävs det att polysackarider tvärbinds för att stärka vidhäftningen mellan trakeiderna. Modifiering av lignin (sulfonering) undersöktes som ett alternativ till fullständig delignifiering och resulterade i trämaterial med hög negativ laddning, upp till 375 µmol g-1, och med välbevarat lignin. Varmpressning av delignifierade träfanér resulterade i tunna träfilmer med hög optisk transmittans på 71 %, enastående draghållfasthet på 449 MPa och Youngs modul på 50 GPa. Förtätning av fanér med bevarat lignin gav starka och transparenta filmer med UV-blockerande förmåga vars massafibrer även kunde återvinnas. Integrering med elektriskt ledande polymerer, som poly(3,4-etylendioxytiopen) polystyrensulfonat (PEDOT:PSS) och polypyrrol, i in-situ-sulfonerat trä resulterade i biokompositer med hög konduktivitet, upp till 203 S m-1, och hög pseudo-kapacitans upp till 38 mF cm-2. Detta visar att kontroll av träkemin och redox-aktivitet hos lignin genom sulfonering är viktiga strategier för att tillverka kompositer med potential för hållbara energitillämpningar. Ett poröst trämat, QC 2023-08-21Embargo godkänt av skolchef Amelie Eriksson Karlström i e-post 2023-08-22.