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Trichinella spiralis is a parasitic helminth that can infect almost all mammals, including humans. Trichinella spiralis infection elicits a typical type 2 immune responses, while suppresses type 1 immune responses, which is in favour of their parasitism. DNA vaccines have been shown to be capable of eliciting balanced CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses as well as humoral immune responses in small-animal models, which will be advantage to induce protective immune response against helminth infection. In this study, serine protease (Ts-NBLsp) was encoded by a cDNA fragment of new-born T. spiralis larvae, and was inserted after CMV promoter to construct a DNA vaccine [pcDNA3·1(+)-Ts-NBLsp]. Ts-NBLsp expression was demonstrated by immunofluorescence. Sera samples were obtained from vaccinated mice, and they showed strong anti-Ts-NBLsp-specific IgG response. Mice immunized with the pcDNA3·1(+)-Ts-NBLsp DNA vaccine showed a 77·93% reduction in muscle larvae (ML) following challenge with T. spiralis ML. Our results demonstrate that the vaccination with pcDNA3·1(+)-Ts-NBLsp plasmid promoted the balance of type 1 and 2 immune responses and produced a significant protection against T. spiralis infection in mice. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Although a large number of studies have verified and explained the controllability of complex networks in real life and nature, there is a deficiency of accurate control strategies based on the proposed theory of network controllability. Here, we propose a new dimension reduction method, which firstly decouples the N -dimensional interdependent system into N independent systems, then re-couples them into one state space. The tool can help predict the state of individual nodes, explore the behavior pattern of different dynamic models in the network, and quantify the responses of the network states in terms of its own structure and external disturbances. The results show that for nonlinear dynamical models with biochemical dynamics, birth–death processes, regulatory dynamics and epidemic processes on Scale-Free and Erd o ̈ s–R e ́ nyi networks, the activity of the target node or target node set can be accurately reached by controlling the behavior of some nodes with our framework. • Propose a dimension reduction method of decoupling and re-coupling. • Establish a network control framework for high-dimension system. • Explore the control mechanism of four dynamics on networks. • Quantify the behavior of the control nodes and target nodes theoretically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immunomodulation by molecules from Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) has been widely reported. Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) is a major immune-modulator of the family of detoxification enzymes. Dendritic cells (DCs) are an important target for the regulation of the immune response by T. spiralis. In this study, the recombinant GST of T. spiralis (r Ts -GST) was expressed and purified. r Ts -GST induced low CD40 expression and moderate CD80, CD86 and MHC-II expressions and inhibited the increase of CD40, CD80 and CD86 on DCs induced by LPS. We showed that r Ts -GST decreased the LPS-induced elevated level of pro-inflammatory cytokines of DCs and enhanced the level of regulatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF- β. Furthermore, co-culture of DCs and CD4+ T cells demonstrated that r Ts -GST-treated DCs suppressed the proliferation of OVA-specific CD4+ T cells and increased the population of regulatory T cells (Tregs). r Ts -GST-treated DCs induced a higher level of IL-4, IL-10 and TGF- β , but inhibited the level of IFN- γ. This indicates that r Ts -GST-pulsed DCs induce both Th2-type responses and Tregs. These findings contribute to the current understanding of the immunomodulation of Ts -GST on cellular response and immunomodulation of T. spiralis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]