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The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of temperature on the changes in color and weight of jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba) wood heat-treated in oil and air. Each heat treatment was performed using temperatures of 170, 190, and 210°C for 4 h. The CIE-Lab color system was used to determine the color change of heat-treated woods. The change in weight before and after heat treatment was also investigated. The weight of the wood after oil heat treatment increased yet decreased in the wood treated with air heat treatment. Samples treated with oil heat showed a greater decrease in brightness (L*) than samples treated with air heat treatment. The red/green chromaticity (a*) of the both heat-treated samples increased at 170 and 200°C and decreased at 210°C. The yellow/blue chromaticity (b*) in wood heat-treated in oil and air increased at 170°C and 190°C and decreased at 210°C. The overall color change (ΔE*) of both heat-treated samples increased as the temperature increased. As a result, it becomes clear that oil heat treatment outperformed air heat treatment in terms of enhancing the color of wood [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines the effect of Polypropylene (P.P.) and Leucaenna Leucocephala (L. Leucocephala) filler compositions on the mechanical properties of biocomposite substrates, targeting microwave antenna applications. The study assessed substrate integrity from different filler concentrations at the Fibre and Biocomposite Centre (FIDEC), Banting, Selangor, Malaysia. By using a compressed blend of polypropylene and wood filler, the substrates were subjected to three-point flexural bending and tensile tests as a scope for mechanical testing in compliance with ASTM D638 and D790 standards. The findings underscored a direct correlation between wood filler quantity and tensile strength; substrates with reduced wood filler exhibited superior elongation and strain metrics. A comparison between PP100 and PB6040 substrates revealed a 21 percent difference in maximum load. Despite the variation in the wood filler, all substrates remained within the antenna's mechanical threshold. Flexural data reinforced these outcomes, with the PP100 substrate outperforming load capacity and the Modulus of Rupture (MOR). Conversely, the Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) data presented an inverse pattern, indicating substrates like PB6040 exhibited higher deformation resistance. The study concludes that environmentally sustainable substrate alternatives can uphold robust mechanical properties, positioning them as viable options for future telecommunications endeavours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supply chains in today's global era generally have complex entities consisting of multi-echelon, dynamic, long chains, and geographically separated entities. Globalization in SC become increasingly complex when dealing with diverse regulatory policies because SC entities are located in different countries, accompanied by varying cultural behavior and human consumption. Complexity in SC networks often results in inefficient transactions leading to increased risk and distrust. These conditions lead to a need to share information that is more transparent, traceable, and verified. The use of blockchain technology as a tangible form of digital technology advancement can be utilized to effectively store traces of information and simplify the entire process of business transactions. This technology appropriate for processing wood distributor companies that have many suppliers and customers, both retailers and individuals who often demand clarity on the origin of woods being sold. Blockchain technology has public access system, can be applied to transparently track the information of wood in realtime between the parties concerned. With blockchain technology, companies can carry out transactions with shorter processing times and access information in a faster time because they're integrated with each other. This paper aims to propose a conceptual framework that defines the capabilities of blockchain technology that allows collaboration between various parties concerned such as aligning all consumer demand with supply of goods from suppliers in real-time in order to improve supply chain management performance of companies engaged in the commercial wood raw material industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the need for environmentally friendly composites continues to rise, scientists are investigating the possibility of using jute fibres as a reinforcing component in composite production. Climate change, increasing fuel prices, and the depletion of fossil resources are some of the environmental issues that have sparked this interest. Jute fibre reinforced composites are another option for replacing wood and steel, two materials that have seen better days. The impetus for this study comes from the realisation that these issues have surfaced throughout the process of developing composites using jute fibre reinforcement. It is known what the mechanical properties of jute fibre are. We used scanning electron microscopy to look at how the jute fibre matrix broke down. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to assess the shear strength of the lap joints of beech wood. To achieve this objective, a one-component polyurethane adhesive filled with basalt fibers was used to create waterproof joints. The shear strength of the bonded joint was carried out according to EN 302-1. The results showed that the lap joints bonded with a one-component polyurethane adhesive containing 3% basalt fibers had significantly higher shear strength. While the average value of the shear strength of lap joints glued with one-component polyurethane without the filler in the hydrothermal stress was 8.8 N/mm2, the lap joints with basalt fibers achieved more than a 14% higher average shear strength of 10.1 N/mm2. In addition, the experimental data showed a higher occurrence of joint failure in the wood substrate when the modified adhesive was used, which contrasts with the behavior observed for reference joints bonded with an unmodified one-component polyurethane adhesive without basalt fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC) is one of the materials that can be synthesized by utilizing the abundance of lignocellulosic biomass in nature. MCC can be obtained from wood and non-wood biomass. This study aims to produce MCC from wood (sengon wood) and non-wood (water hyacinth) biomass sources and study their characteristics. MCC is obtained through dewaxing, alkalization, bleaching, and hydrolysis processes. The dewaxing step was carried out using toluene:ethanol (2:1), then WH and SW were alkalized using 5% NaOH, bleached using 5% NaOH and 3% H2O2, and then hydrolyzed using 5% HCl. FTIR spectra of both biomass MCCs confirm the presence of cellulose with specific absorption at 3400-3504, 2902-2922, 1627-1639, and 1055-1060 cm−1. X-ray diffractogram of both MCCs show typical peaks of MCC at 2θ = 5-16, 22.5, and 34°. The results of the XRD analysis showed that the crystallinity index (CrI) of MCC isolated from water hyacinth was higher than sengon wood with CrI values of 80.49 and 79.67% respectively. The high crystallinity of MCC from water hyacinth makes its thermal stability better than sengon wood. The results of the SEM analysis showed that the MCC from water hyacinth had an irregular shape, while the MCC from sengon wood had cylindrical and rod shapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents test methods for cellulose textile and wood materials impregnated with fire retardants of grades which include element-containing compounds based on vermiculite, orthophosphoric acid, as well as polyols for textile materials. In addition, test data on physical and mechanical parameters, flame propagation speed and sample burning time, as well as on the smoke generation of these materials are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Predictive assessment of the biomass of various tree fractions will allow economically reasonable and rational use of tree greens, bark and wood itself. In this regard, the identification of allometric ratios of the biomass of aboveground fractions of pine with the diameter of tree trunks at a height of 1.3 m is very relevant. The studies were carried out in young lichen, cranberry and blueberry pine forests of the age period from 10 to 40 years. A high significant correlation was revealed between the biomass of tree fractions (weight of branches and needles, trunk wood, bark) and trunk diameter at a height of 1.3 m. Using regression analysis, equations describing the dependence are obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia has the second-largest oil palm plantation in the world after Malaysia. Palm kernel shells are a byproduct of palm oil production that is often thrown away. Due to oil palm shells' hardness, difficulty, and long lifespan, this biomass waste can be utilized as a replacement for coarse aggregate. The purpose of this research was to establish a procedure for optimizing the physical and thermal qualities of hybrid briquettes made from palm kernel shells, wood sawdust, and coffee grounds blends. A briquette experiment was conducted with different palm kernel shell/wood sawdust/coffee grounds blends ratios of 75/10/5; 60/20/20; 70/10/10; and 65/10/10. A manually-operated hydraulic piston press was employed to make briquettes. The briquettes were put through studies to find out their density, compressive strength, calorific value, burning rate, and water vaporizing capacity. The mixing ratio greatly affected the physical and thermal attributes of palm kernel shell/wood sawdust/coffee grounds blend briquettes. The mixing ratio improved density, calorific value, and vaporizing water capacity while decreasing the burning rate. The 65/10/10 palm kernel shell/wood sawdust/coffee grounds blend B4 briquettes showed increased density (1.119 g.cm−3), calorific value (3719 kcal kg−1), water vaporizing capacity (0.851 L.kg−1), and low burning rate (0.846 kg.h−1). Palm kernel shell/wood sawdust/coffee grounds blend briquettes had better handling properties and are predicted to be an effective biofuel with good physical, fuel, and efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-density wood is often produced from fast-growing tree species and has lower quality in terms of physical, mechanical, and durability properties. Hence, wood modification techniques were introduced in the 1900s to improve these inherent properties. In this study, heat treatment and densification were applied to the laminas of Paraserianthes falcataria. The objective of this study was to obtain the result of colour changes after heat treatment and densification. Laminas were heat treated inside the laboratory oven at three different temperatures (100℃, 120℃, and 140℃) for 60 minutes before being densified at three stages. The result indicated that the colour of heat-treated laminas becomes darker as the temperatures increased to 140℃, as well as the densification process. Overall, these treatments (heat and densification) altered the physical properties of laminas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross-laminated timber (CLT), which is strong and durable, could be a good alternative to traditional building materials. But this product is often treated with fire-retardant materials to improve its flammability properties. Therefore, densification technology, which is a proven method capable of enhancing the mechanical performance of timber, was applied. Densification of low-density timber species has been proposed to enhance the mechanical properties, but its effect on the flammability properties remains uncertain. In this study, the flammability properties of CLT manufactured from densified laminas of Paraserianthes falcataria, a low-density timber species, were examined. The mass loss rate and charring rate of CLT with varying thicknesses (60, 36, 30, and 24 mm) manufactured from laminas densified with different compression ratios (40– 60%), were determined using open burning test. The findings of this study contribute to the understanding of the flammability properties of CLT and aid in the development of safer and more fire-resistant timber-based building materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melaleuca Cajaputi (Kayu Galam) is a type of tree that grows very fertile in swampy areas. This wood is commonly used in natural conditions (barked) in construction work. Meanwhile, other woods are generally used in a processed condition (without bark). For this reason, this paper compared galam wood with bark and without bark. This research was conducted by testing the physical characteristics and compressive strength in the laboratory. The compressive strength samples consisted of natural conditions (irregular round shape) with variations in length of 10 cm, 15 cm and 30 cm. Furthermore, each variation is made into a barked and peeled bark. All samples amounted to 126 units. The results of specific gravity and water content were not significantly different between barked and without bark. The water absorption in the shelled galam was 49.25% greater than that without the bark. Furthermore, the effect of the galam bark layer reduces the average strength by 24.92% and undergoes compression and shear failure. The failure of the test object with a ratio of length to diameter greater than 5 is indicated to have a buckling effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To format your abstract, use the Microsoft Word template style: Abstract or Use Times New Roman Font: 9 pt, Abstract. In the planet earth around 3,52,000 flowering plants are available, this makes sense to researchers to investigate more on natural fiber composites in a challenging way. In other hand NFCs are growing demanding flight by its applications, ecofriendly and satisfying properties like mechanical, physical, chemical and so on. On this scope this paper provides key guidelines about different ways of specimen preparations using natural fibers and encourages new researchers. The different categories of natural fibers, specimen preparation methodology of natural fiber composites, forms, orientation, combination, strength and different chemical treatment required after extracting the fiber were discussed. Found less work carried out on categories namely wood, Fruits/seeds and root fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of the basic properties of less-known wood is critical for understanding the proper and optimal utilization of wood materials. Platinum teak is a type of fast-growing teak that has been developed by the National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) of the Republic of Indonesia, but the information of its basic properties is still limited. This study is a series to evaluate the basic properties of 9-year-old Platinum Teak wood, especially its physical and anatomical properties. Measurement of physical properties includes density distribution, sapwood-heartwood proportion, dimensional stability, and observation of wood color. Observation of the anatomical characteristics of the heartwood, this observation refers to the International Association of Wood Anatomists (IAWA) lists for hardwood species. The results revealed that this wood is promising because the proportion of heartwood is more dominant than sapwood. The percentage of heartwood was 55%, while the sapwood was 45%. The distribution of wood density in radial position was increased since increasing on every growth increment, which was in the range 0.5 to 0.56 g/cm3. The TR ratio was greater than 2.4, indicating that this wood was not stable when exposed to air humidity. The color of platinum teak is similar to that of fast-growing teak, especially its brightness. The heartwood has a color and brightness that are not uniform; the inner heartwood tends to be lighter than the outer heartwood. Anatomically, the microscopic observation showed that this wood was similar to the conventional ones. It has ring porous, sometimes tends to diffuse porous with clear boundaries between heartwood and sapwood. Tylosis also appeared on the vessel cell. It has more vessels per square milimeter than conventional teak. The fiber length was 942.78 µm, and the quality of the fiber derived value was classified as class II. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shorea, well known as Meranti, is one of the most important woods in Indonesia. However, identifying the species is still challenging, especially in the timber trade, to prevent misclassification and document falsification. Thus, a non-destructive method is required as a rapid and handy tool in the field. This study aimed to determine three species of Shorea, namely Shorea parvifolia, S. leprosula and S. bracteolata, originating from Indonesia (Sumatra and Kalimantan). The determination of the woods species was used Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS), and then validated by their anatomical characteristics. For NIRS, the multivariate analysis, namely Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and a pre-treatment Savitzky-Golay (SG) filter were used To collect the NIR spectral signal at wavenumbers of 8000-4000 cm−1. Further, the data was classified using the k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifiers. The results showed that the accuracy of both algorithms was approximately 67%, which is relatively low. k-NN was able to differentiate S. parvifolia with high accuracy but cannot separate S. leprosula and S. bracteolata. While SVM approaches better separation for S. leprosula and S. bracteolata, even though the matrix score was 50:50. The SVM is probably better at classifying because it does not require complicated data processing like k-NN. The observation of anatomical structures revealed differences between Shorea species. Crystals presented in S. parvifolia and S. leprosula; however, radial canals were observed only in S. leprosula. Crystals were absent in S. bracteolata, but silica bodies were found in rays parenchyma. The observation of microscopic structures can differentiate three species of Meranti wood up to the species level, but this method takes time and requires specific knowledge. Thus, NIRS is feasible as an alternative for rapid wood identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesian fast-growing teak wood, popularly known as Jati Utama Nusantara (JUN), is widely cultivated in Indonesia for a furniture material and a replacement for long rotation teak. One of the wood properties considered for furniture material is the color and the natural decorative pattern. This study observed discoloration of untreated 5-year-old fast grown teak wood after displayed indoor for eight years. The observation was carried out on wooden boards made from 5-year-old fast-grown teak wood which is harvested from dry area (East Java) and wet area (West Java) with three diameter classes, namely large, medium, and small. The color was observed using color reader and characterized by CIELAB color systems. The data were then compared to the data from previous measurements that have been carried out in 2014. The Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Test method was applied to test the color changes during the display duration. The results showed that the parameters L* (brightness) was decreased, while a* (redness) and b* (yellowness) were increased. The value of ΔE showed that the wood color difference between 2014 and 2022 was 22.9. Statistically, the results showed that wood board samples were significantly different from 2022 compared to 2014. The conclusion of this study was fast-grown teak wood boards change color to darker, redder, and yellower after being displayed for eight years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discrepancies between conventional and fast-growing teak woods are challenging due to the similarity of their characteristics, especially in their appearance and anatomical properties. In general, the wood quality of those teak species is different, so identifying of those wood is urgently required. Because the conventional method of wood identification is labor intensive and long process, this study was conducted to classify those woods using Fourier Transform Near Infrared (FTNIR) in combination with the Random Forest Classifiers (RF). The conventional teak wood from Perhutani (a state forest enterprise) and several fast-growing teak wood varieties (Platinum, JUN, and community) were scanned at the Near Infrared (NIR) spectra of 10,000-4,000 cm−1 and then analyzed by RF. In addition, the feature importance was investigated in order to determine the importance bands for discrimination. The results showed that the best accuracy for distinguishing slow-and fast-grown teak reached 98.2% at the optimal estimator parameters of 11. The RF feature importance correlation showed that the band 6,000 cm−1 assigned as lignin was the main factor affecting the classification. Moreover, the RF analysis revealed that this method could also separate the conventional, Platinum, JUN, and community teak woods with a high accuracy of 98% at n-estimators 31. The third range was the main factor affecting the model, which contains CH vibrations from the aromatic framework. However, some parts of the fourth range, for instance, bands at 4,890-4,620 cm−1, which correspond to the cellulose regions of the NIR wavenumber, have also affected the determination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expired glue is one of the wastes generated from the adhesive and wood processing industries. Non-optimal management of expired glue can cause financial loss and environmental danger. This research tries to utilize the expired urea-formaldehyde (UF) glue with the addition of wood vinegar for producing composite products, i.e., for plywood and recycled particleboard. The materials used in this research were urea-formaldehyde glue past ±6 months from its shelf life/expiration date, wood vinegar from mixed wood, mangium wood veneer, and rubberwood particleboard waste. The manufacture of plywood was done using a glue spread of 170 g/cm², a cold press for 10 min followed by a hot press for 3 min with specific pressure of 12 kg/cm². The particleboard was fabricated using the following conditions: 10 wt% adhesive content, press temperature of 120°C for 10 min, and specific pressure of 25 kg/cm². The addition of wood vinegar decreases solid content and adhesive acidity. Meanwhile, adding wood vinegar tends to increase both composite products' properties. The best properties of plywood and particleboard are obtained at 30% wood vinegar composition. Acacia plywood bonded with expired UF-30% wood vinegar has a dry shear strength of 16.48 kg/cm², wet shear strength of 14.89 kg/cm², and formaldehyde emission of 0.49 mg/L. Recycled rubberwood particleboard bonded with expired UF-30% wood vinegar has an internal bond strength of 3.65 kg/cm², modulus of rupture of 187.28 kg/cm², modulus of elasticity of 25149.2 kg/cm², screw-holding strength of 61.60 kg, and formaldehyde emission of 3.12 mg/L. The expired UF that has not fully hardened yet was still able to produce composite products with adequate quality, as shown by all properties of plywood and particleboard produced in this research can meet the SNI requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the deformation pattern of compressed wood cell walls and the effect of loading directions on modulus of rupture (MOR) values of radially compressed wood in drying set condition. Hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa End1.) wood with a specific gravity of0.44 was used to determine the deformation pattern because it has a clear boundary between early and latewood. The deformation levels were observed at strain levels of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3. Microscopic observations of wood cell walls were carried out using a Laser Scanning Microscope (LSM) at a scale of 200 µm. The wood samples used for bending tests were Agathis (Agathis sp.) and Rubber wood (Hevea brasiliensis) with specific gravity of 0.45 and 0.70, respectively. The wood samples were compressed in the radial direction at 0.35 strain level or 35%, after softening by using a hot press at 100°C for 4 hours until it reached drying set condition without being damaged. The results showed that the deformation of wood cell walls at a strain level of 0.1 started from the surface and the earlywood, which has thin cell walls. At strain levels of 0.2 and 0.3, the number of deformed cell walls at the surface and below the latewood increased, and only the latewood cell walls remained unchanged. MOR values of uncompressed wood in radial loading direction were almost the same as that in tangential loading direction. However, the MOR values of radially compressed wood in the tangential loading directions were higher than those in the radial loading directions. Compression in the radial direction collapsed the wood cell walls from their initial shapes to almost flats and arranged the structure tangentially. Therefore, the MOR values of radially compressed wood increased when it was loaded parallel to its tangential direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forensic investigations into wood products are frequently required to support law enforcement of the timber trade. In this paper, we elaborate on some cases of a forensic investigation into various forms of wood products, such as plywood and decayed wood products. Wood samples were collected from the damaged components of investigated buildings and exported plywood to identify the wood species. The unsatisfactory form of wood samples and heavily damaged wood have become a challenging effort to identify wood species. We used various sectioning techniques to reveal as many wood characteristics as possible to identify wood species. Wood identification was undertaken based on the standards listed by the International Association of Wood Anatomists (IAWA). For a precise identification, we compared the wood samples to the wood collection of Xylarium Bogoriense. This study investigated the wood decay organisms using the Bavendamm test and observing the footprint attacks for decayed wood samples. The result showed a variety of wood species such as Quercus sp. and Cassia sp. for decayed building components; Shorea spp., Anthocephalus sp., Maranthes sp., Durio sp., and Ficus rubinensis for plywood products. The identified wood decay organisms are subterranean termites (Coptotermes sp.), white-rot fungi (Trametes sp., Pycnoporus sp.), brown-rot fungi (Dacryopinax sp.) and soft-rot fungi. The investigation results have been used by related parties as scientific evidence for law enforcement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes research results about machining properties of nyerakat (Hopea cenua Teijsen & Binn.) and resak (Vatica spp.) woods, originated from West Kalimantan. This research aimed to look into the machining properties of those two wood species. Testing of wood-machining properties referred to the modified standard of ASTM D-1666-64. The examined machining properties (machinability) related to the planing, shaping, boring, turning, and sanding actions. Air-dry defect-free boards (of those two woods), which measured 120 cm by 12.5 cm by 2.5 cm, were used to prepare the test specimens. Number of main samples for each species was 20 defect-free boards. For any species, meanwhile, number of testing samples for each of the machining properties and each of their moisture contents were 20 wood specimens. Observations on machinability were performed visually using loupes, with 10-time magnification. Results disclosed that kinds as well as number of defects and defect-free values. Kinds of fuzzy grain defects were found on both species, which resulted from those five machining actions. Nyerakat woods exhibited defect-free values at 71.5%, 77.25%, 90.75%, 81.5%, and 90.75% (due to consecutively planing, shaping, boring, turning, and sanding). Meanwhile, the corresponding defect-free values for resak woods were 80% (due to planing), 86% (shaping), 88.25% (boring), 79.5%, (turning) and 88.25% (sanding). Accordingly, nyerakat woods afforded very good machining qualities associated with boring, turning, and sanding actions were very good, hence categorized as class I; meanwhile, concerning the planing and shaping, the machining qualities were good, regarded as class II. For resak woods, the machining qualities concerning the shaping, boring, and sanding were judged as very good (as class I); while the qualities concerning the planing and turning belonged to consecutively good and very-good-to-good category, as classes II and I-II, respectively. Those two wood species were recommendable for processing into varying wood-working products with machining qualities, e.g. indicatively good until very good. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moulding products are commonly made from wood and synthetic adhesives. Wood is becoming scarce and expensive especially from the natural forests, while synthetic adhesives used in the wood industry are mainly made from petroleum-based that are not renewable and toxic. Therefore, utilization of substitute raw materials and natural adhesives was essential. In this work, moulding properties made from sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) bagasse combined with alang- alang (Imperata cylindrica) leaves, sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria) wood or bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper) using a natural adhesive citric acid-sucrose were investigated. The objective of this work was to observe effect of different ratio of materials on the properties of moulding products. Ratios of sorghum bagasse to alang-alang leaves or sengon wood or bamboo were 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100. Citric acid-sucrose with ratio of 50:50 by weight as adhesive was used at 20 weight percent of the total moulding weight. Raw materials and adhesives in powder form were mixed manually. The dumbbell-shaped moulding was prepared using a hot press machine at temperatures of 180, 200°C, with a pressure of 4 MPa for 10 minutes. The target board density was set at 1 g/cm3. Bending strength and dimensional changes due to cyclic test were determined. Results showed that increasing ratio of alang-alang leaves or sengon wood or bamboo decreased the bending properties and increased the dimensional changes. A pressing temperature of 200°C produces better moulding properties compared to 180°C. Ester linkage indicates that adhesive reacted with raw materials, resulting in good bonding mechanism. Mouldings with 100% Keller variety sorghum had the best properties. At the ratio of sorghum bagasse and other raw materials of 75:25, the moulding properties closed to sorghum bagasse only. Therefore, it is suggested to use a maximum of 25% of other materials when combined with sorghum bagasse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood is the raw material that is most frequently utilized in pulp industry in Indonesia. Hardboard from the wood fiber is currently faced with limited raw materials and the issue of deforestation. The utilization of nonwood fiber materials can be used as an alternative. Several substitute nonwood fiber sources, for instance, sisal, gelagah grass, and empty palm oil fruit bunches (EPOFB), can be utilized as the primary component of hardboard. The pulping method was a semi-chemical open hot soda process using NaOH concentrations of 9.0% and 10.5%. Gelagah grass pulp, EPOFB and sisal were mixed with four composition variations and then formed into hardboard with a target density of 1.00 gram/cm3. In each formula (except for control), tannin-resorcinol-formaldehyde (TRF) was applied for adhesive (4%), wax emulsion (5%) and alum (3%) was added as an additive. The hardboard was then tested for physical and strength (mechanical) properties, including density, flexural strength (MOE), fracture modulus (MOR), moisture content, water absorption, thickness expansion, internal bond strength (IB), thermal conductivity, heat resistance as well as XRD analysis. Based on the results study, the best fiber for Hardboard was EPOFB, followed by gelagah grass and sisal. Meanwhile, in the form of mixed fiber for hardboard, the order of the most prospective proportions was EPOFB (50%) + sisal (50%), gelagah grass (50%) + sisal (50%); sisal (100%); and finally gelagah grass (33.33%) + EPOFB (33.33%) + sisal (33.33%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The solar drying process creates a mild drying condition which might be suitable for oil palm wood. The drying process of a particular wood is also affected by its intrinsic factors, such as age and sampling position within the trunk. A study on solar drying of oil palm wood from various ages and sampling positions in standing trees has not been carried out elsewhere This study was then carried out to investigate the solar drying performance and post-drying qualities of old oil palm wood from different sampling positions. The main materials used were 25-and 32-year-oil palm wood sampled from vertical (from the bottom to the top parts of the trunk) and horizontal positions (along the transversal surface of the trunk, i.e., the inner and outer zones) in the trunk. All samples were prepared as tangential sawn boards, sizing 25 mm (thickness) x 100 mm (width) x 1400 mm (length). The drying process was run in a solar dryer until each board reached a moisture content of 10-11%. Drying rate, time, shrinkage and several post-drying defects were then evaluated. The results show that the stand age and the vertical sampling position (along the trunk length) significantly affected the drying rate, the drying period, and the post-drying shrinkage. The horizontal sampling position (along the transversal surface of the trunk) also significantly affected the post- drying shrinkage. On average, the 25-year-old oil palm wood had the fastest drying rate (approximately-0.06%/hour) and the shortest drying period (approximately 232 hours). As the stand age increased, the tendency to develop external checks decreased, but the depth of all the distortion defects and the tendency to collapse increased. The inner-zone samples shrank more than the outer-zone samples and were more prone to develop an external check, bowing, cupping, and collapse than the outer-zone samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil-palm wood could potentially substitute conventional wood as wooden houses. However, the wood possessed inferior physical (low density, unstable dimension), and mechanical (low compression strength parallel to grains and perpendicular to grains) properties. The research aimed to investigate the properties of 25-and 32-year-old oil palm wood that have been impregnated with the oil-palm-bark-extract-based bio-impregnant. The bio-impregnant used was a mixture of liquid oil-palm bark extracts (obtained from the 32-year-old oil-palm trees), resin, and formaldehyde with a composition of 40:1:4. Approximately 5% tapioca's starch flour was further added as filler. Vacuum-pressure and hot immersion treatments were used to impregnate the impregnant solution into the wooden structure. Physical and mechanical properties of the wood were tested according to BS 373 and ASTM D143, while the drying properties test followed Terazawa Method. All samples for the analysis were taken from the outer part of the stem's base. Of all treatments performed and compared to the control, the 32-year-old wood that had been vacuum-pressured gave the best result. It had average density range of 0.45 g/cm3-0.65 g/cm3; average compression strength parallel to grain value range of 79 kg/cm2-231 kg/cm2; average compression strength perpendicular to grain value range of 75 kg/cm2-148 kg/cm2; and average post-12-month-storage moisture content value of 10.3%. The drying properties of control oil-palm wood (without impregnation) from both ages were very poor. Meanwhile, the properties of corresponding wood impregnated with the vacuum-pressure method were classified as low to rather low and fair to quite good quality for 25 and 32 years consecutively. Based on the wood drying properties test results, the 32 year old oil-palm wood being impregnated by using vacuum pressure also gave the mildest drying schedule with the drying temperature range of 50-75/80oC and humidity range of 83% to 12%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood is biomass made from lignocellulose, the main raw material for pulp production, both species of hardwood and softwood. Utilization of as much wood as possible, including less-known wood species, is widely open because the availability of good quality wood for industry raw materials is increasingly limited. In general, all wood species can be used for paper pulp. But the selection of types of lignocellulosic material with specific properties, such as physical, anatomical and chemical, play an important role in efficiently using wood as raw materials for pulp and paper. This research was carried out to examine wood properties (specific gravity, fiber quality and cellulose content) of four less-known hardwoods from natural tropical rainforest in South Sulawesi province of Indonesia and assessed their potential use for paper pulp. Those hardwood species comprised of cempedak (Artocarpus integer Merr.), jabon merah (Anthocephalus macrophyllus Hav.), saling-saling (Artocarpus teysmanii Miq.) and simpur (Dillenia serrata Thunb.). The specific gravity determined by the weight of oven dried wood and volume of air dried wood where the wood volume be measured by water immersion method, the fiber dimensions measured through maceration preparations which was made using the Franklin procedure, while TAPPI method used for chemical analysis. In condition to paper pulp raw material, the specific gravity (0.40 – 0.69) is categorized as moderate, the fiber quality is classified as good (class II), and cellulose content (40.12% - 52.47%) is categorized as moderate to high for all those less-known hardwoods. All four less-known hardwoods studied potentially use for paper pulp raw materials. But simpur has the most potential due to long fiber and higher specific gravity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni) wood is widely used as furniture material. Unfortunately, it has unstable dimensions. Natural coating (bio-coating) is one alternative to improve the dimension stability of wood surfaces, such as the oleoresin of Dipterocarpus sp. The surface coating can be caused discoloration of the wood. This study aimed to determine how to improve oleoresin mixture coating for S. mahagony wood, and its color change occurred. S. mahagony wood is obtained from local sawmills under air-dry conditions. The treatment consisted of control and a mixture of oleoresin dissolved in diesel fuel with concentrations of 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%. Dimensional stability tests can be classified according to the method used for the wood shrinkage test (ASTM D143-21), A recent study showed that a higher concentration of oleoresin mixture caused more concentration in viscosity (45.33 to 233.71 centistokes) with a decreased level of color clarity and tended to be white. Coating the oleoresin mixture on S. mahogany showed improvement in dimensional stabilization. The shrinkage from air dry to kiln dry in the longitudinal direction decreased from 3.2% to 1.73%, radial direction decreased from 8.6% to 5.12%, and tangential direction decreased from 13.05% to 11,12%. S. mahagony wood was coated with a mixture of oleoresin, which showed that the color had changed to a darker one. This present study concluded that the viscosity value increased along with the increase in wood weight and stability. Increased dimensional stabilization occurs in many directions of wood cutting. The degree of swelling and shrinkage of wood in the longitudinal direction was lower than in other logging directions, while the color had also changed to darker than others. As an alternative to bio-coating, oleoresins provided mahogany with valuable materials for better natural dimensional stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teak wood has always been in demand because it is famous as strong and durable timber. One of the efforts to increase the quality of the teak wood is girdling the trees before harvesting. The girdling is carried out in a circle up to the cambium part to stop the growth because new cells are not formed. This study aimed to examine the teak wood properties with different treatments before logging (ungirdled and girdled for one year). Three trees each were cut and collected at the breast-height for girdled and ungirdled treatment. The physical and mechanical properties of 80-year-old teak wood girdled for one year were identified to determine the wood characteristics using British Standards 373:1957. The results showed that the physical and mechanical properties between girdled and ungirdled treatments had no significant difference, except the green moisture content with p-values less than 0.05. In addition, the green moisture content of one-year-girdled teak wood decreased by 55% and had slightly higher physical properties (1.3%) in air-dry moisture content compared to ungirdled treatment. The mechanical properties were also slightly higher 0.2% and 2.0% at hardness and compressive strength, respectively, and modulus of rupture was higher by 5.0%. Both girdled and ungirdled teak wood are classified as strength class II. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, new composite materials based on natural wood-based materials have been increasingly used in modern construction of houses because of their good physical, mechanical and thermal insulation properties. This raises the need to characterize their Thermophysical properties. As part of our project 'Research of selected properties of sustainable insulating materials with the potential for use in wooden buildings', we measured samples of High and Middle density particleboards made from chips of Turkey oak wood (Turkish oak HDPB, Turkish oak MDPB) and samples made from mixture of Turkey Oak wood and Orange wood (OOPB). A cuboid model for the pulse transient method was used to estimate the parameters. The model takes into account the cuboid geometry of the sample with a square base, the heat losses from the free surface of the sample to the surroundings using the coefficient of heat transfer from the surface of the sample to the surroundings in the lateral direction, as well as the infinitely large heat capacity of the heat exchangers between which the sample is placed. The heat transfer coefficient between the heat source and the sample is infinitely large. The surface of the particleboard is usually rough and porous due to the size and nature of its particles. In addition, the interfaces of the three parts of the sample set are hand-polished, so that the edges and corners are not perfectly flush with the central area of the surface. As a result of manual polishing, the interfaces at the corners and edges of the sample parts usually have air-filled gaps. Free gaps cause additional thermal resistance to heat flow from the heat source to the body of the sample. Then, the coefficient of heat transfer from the heat source to the sample is not infinitely large and does not correspond to the conditions of the cuboid model. While the Turkey Oak HDPB had a perfectly flat surface, the Orange-Oak PB suffered from loose gaps at the interfaces. Therefore, we filled them with silicone glue as a thermal contact agent and measured them again. The consequence of flatness differences for all results was discussed within the theoretical analysis based on sensitivity coefficients, uncertainty calculations, as well as the assumption of a thermally dependent heat transfer coefficient between the heat source, air gap and the sample. The criterion for the quality of the fitting of the thermal responses by the cuboid model was the residual graph within the thermal noise of the thermocouple ± 0.005 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims were to investigate the Thermophysical properties of fir wood (Abies alba Mill.) using the Hot Disk transient method under standard room conditions. The experiment was conducted on fir wood samples from a tree dating back to 1555 years ago examining three distinctive sample orientations: radial, tangential, and longitudinal. The motivation for working with such an ancient wood sample in addition to using a popular transient measurement device was to study the heat transfer behavior with respect to different cut orientations and the relationship between heat penetration depth and thermal diffusivity (κ), thermal conductivity (λ) and volumetric heat capacity (cρ). The height of the thermal response curve in the tangential and radial direction showed significantly enhanced thermal response heights compared to the longitudinal direction of measurements. The Thermophysical properties were measured at room temperatures at relative air humidity of 65%. The samples volume density of 414.5 kg m−3 and 12% moisture content. The thermal conductivity values measured by the Hot Disk device were in range from 0.115 W (m K)−1 up to 0.175 W (m K)−1. The results obtained from the Hot Disk method were also compared to the previously published quasi-stationary method by R. Hrcka, et al., (2017). The validation of the thermal response curves was confirmed by comparing the shape of the thermal responses. The study significantly contributes to the knowledge of the thermal conductivity of fir wood when measured at different cut orientations, providing invaluable insights into the complex Thermophysical characteristics of such wood material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The carburizing process involves adding carbon components to the steel surface at an austenite temperature to harden it. The goal of this study was to see how the process of carburizing ST 60 steel at 825°C for 4 hours using wood charcoal that had been converted into carbon affected the microstructure and surface hardness. Microstructure testing is used to detect the steel's phase after it has been carburized. The goal of hardness testing is to assess the material's hardness following the carburizing process. The carbon sieving procedure produced a dry carbon size of 100 mesh with a particle size of 554.621m2 and a wet carbon size of 500 mesh with an average area of 113.542m2 of carbon particles. Based on the findings of the tests, it can be assumed that following the carburizing process, the number of carbon particles would decrease. Carbon was lost at a rate of 33.58 percent, with an average particle area of 554.621m2. Carbon with an average particle area of 113.542m2 was lost by 9.91 percent. According to the Vickers hardness test, the raw material's average hardness from points 1 to 5 is 280.42kg/mm2. Steel with a hardness of 1-5 points is carburized with an average area of 554.621m2 carbon particles with a density of 214.56kg/mm2. The area of carbon particles in carburizing steel is 113.542m2, and the average hardness value is 245kg/mm2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyathea contaminans (Hook.) Copel, which is also known as Sphaeropteris glauca (Blume) R.M.Tryon is an important commercial tree fern in Southeast Asia. This species is a target of intense exploitation. There are over 30 records of international trade for this species, with sawn wood, timber pieces, dried plants, and wood chips exported from wild sources for commercial use. Habitat degradation, deforestation, and land-use change will cause a bad impact on conserving the tree ferns. In vitro culture is a crucial method for plant multiplication that could help prevent overharvesting of native populations. This study evaluated the influence of different culture media on the spore germination and gametophyte development of C. contaminans. The sterilized spores were germinated in half and quarter Murashige & Skoog (1/2MS and 1/4MS) media with or without 20 g/l sugar. The 1/4MS with the addition of sugar is better for germinating spores and supporting gametophyte development. The spore germination corresponds to Cyathea type and the gametophyte development to the Adiantum-type. The present study contributes to new information for the cultivation, management, and conservation of the Cyathea species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last few years, the technological progress in the field of wood polymer nanocomposites have played a significant role. It has been successfully overcome many disadvantages of wood product such as poor dimensional stability, poor mechanical strength, susceptibility and poor thermal stability. Due to the modification of softwood, we are able to find the substitution of costliest hardwood. In the addition of vinyl monomer and thermosetting resin with different cross linking reagents, we can easily develop the properties of wood. Due to its low cost and multi functionality softwood have a broad application in different fields of wood polymer nanotechnologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manufacturing and Characterization of Neutron Radiation Shielding Materials Using Local Natural Resources Based on Wood Composite-H3BO3. Synthesis and characterization of neutron radiation shielding materials have been carried out using local natural resources based on wood composites with H3BO3. Several studies have been carried out to obtain radiation shielding materials that can absorb neutron radiation well. Boron is one of the materials that has the advantage of high neutron absorption. The choice of using sawdust as an alternative used as a composite material is due to its availability as a very abundant local natural resource. In this research, a neutron radiation shielding material based on wood-H3BO3 composite was made with variations of 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%. Mixing of wood and H3BO3 was carried out using HEM (High Energy Milling) for 2 hours, then pressed at a pressure of 2000 Psi using a manual press with a mass variation of 5 gr, 7.5 gr and 10 gr. The results of SEM-EDS characterization showed significant differences in the content of wood and wood-H3BO3 composites of 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%. The greater the composition of H3BO3, the more boron in it. The results of XRD characterization showed that no new phase was formed in the wood-H3BO3 composite. The results of the compressive test characterization showed an increase in the compressive ability of wood-H3BO3 composites by 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%, namely 46.6 N, 111.8 N, 100.8 N and 190.2 N. The results of the neutron absorption test using the Neutron Radiography technique with the film technique showed the addition of 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% H3BO3 to sawdust increased the average neutron absorption by 35,3% in wood to 68,7% in wood-H3BO3 composites and increased the attenuation coefficient from 0.22 cm−1 in pure wood to 0.56 cm−1 in wood-H3BO3 composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tree bark is an organic substance and a natural renewable resource. It is a more environmentally friendly material than glass, plastic and metals, which cause environmental problems such as pollution and health dangers. It is also a significant component of nature-based themes aimed at improving the psychological well-being of residents. Meanwhile, the safety of wood material in hygienically crucial areas is being questioned due to its porosity and hygroscopic nature. However, studies have shown that many regularly used wood species have antibacterial properties and may be considered a safe material for indoor use. The primary purpose of this article is to investigate the antibacterial potential of several barks from Indian states and union territories bordering the Himalayas, as well as how they may be used as eco-friendly thermal insulation panels in green buildings. The study also exposes information that may be used to assist future researchers and field professionals in selecting appropriate natural, low-cost, renewable materials for insulation and antibacterial treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper assesses wood as a valuable raw material for the production of building, finishing, insulating materials and fuel. An analysis was made of the production activities of one of the timber enterprises of the Angara-Yenisei region and the portfolio of marketable products produced by it for the period from 2017 to 2021. An assessment is made of the dynamics of changes in production volumes and the cost of fibreboard, lumber and pellets over 5 years. The influence of the average distance of cargo transportation, the pace of housing construction in Russia, the volume of production in the furniture industry, the growth of the global economy, restrictions on the export of products to the European market caused by both the spread of coronavirus infection and the foreign political situation in the world on the production volumes of wood processing enterprises, its cost is described. and demand. In order to improve the timber industry enterprise, the need to ensure an optimal balance of production and consumption of wood biomass by means of improving the portfolio of manufactured products is substantiated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the study of the efficiency of the timber industry in Russia. The results presented clearly demonstrate the differentiation between different regions of the country in terms of the most important indicator of efficiency - the profitability of products, works and services. The assessment was made for four groups of enterprises united by key types of economic activity in the forest industry. Descriptive statistics for the studied objects are presented, as well as the results of statistical data processing. As a result of the study, the dependence of the efficiency of the activities of Russian forest industry enterprises on the depth of wood biomass processing has been clearly demonstrated. At the same time, the diversification of production activities allows expanding production volumes and improving the economic performance of enterprises. It has been determined that it is the deep processing of wood that is the most important direction in the development of the industry. It is also substantiated that the efficiency of the industry is influenced not only by economic, but also by technological, social and environmental aspects. At the same time, the role and specificity of the influence of some of them require additional study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animal-origin glues are adhesives made by boiling animal tissues for a long time, and from the chemical point of view they are gelatinous and albuminoid protein substances bearing different names. The most frequently used are gelatins. They are extracted from raw animal hide residues, from cartilages, tendons, and from the gelatinous matter extracted from bones, on which the name and quality of gelatin depends. The gelatin extracted from unhaired hide waste/pelt waste resulting from unhairing bovine hide from tanneries was used in this article to study the behaviour to accelerated ageing of two types of gelatins used for gilding some wood samples with gold leaf. In this paper we aimed to find the damaging effects of heat and relative humidity on the gelatines (extracted from bovine hide and rabbit skin) based adhesives used for wood gilding. Therefore, a gold leaf was applied to a fir wood (pine tree) conditioned for ten years using commercial gelatin extracted from rabbit skin as well as gelatin extracted from bovine hide by-products. The gilding technique followed the traditional recipe in which adhesive, multiple layers of plaster, bolus were employed in order to fix the gold leaf. The gilded wood prepared as such was artificially aged in a special Binder-type aging chamber at 60 for 7 days, followed by conditioning in an incubator at 70% R.H., at 25 for 2 days, in nine cycles. The physical-chemical changes of gelatin-based adhesives resulting from these conditions, as well as stratigraphic and microstructural characteristics of gilding layers were analyzed by applying optical microscopy, colorimetric measurements and infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR). The obtained results showed that both gelatins have very good adhesive and structural properties and could be successfully used in the field of conservation and restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review is the result of a search and synthesis of previously published material on methods of production of microcrystalline cellulose and their applications in the pharmaceutical industry. Classical and new methods of preparation of wood microcrystalline cellulose are outlined, among them several variants of acid hydrolysis or enzymatic hydrolysis. This review gives examples of the use of microcrystalline cellulose in pharmaceutical industry as an independent medicine, as a sorbent, and as a raw material for the synthesis of materials for tissue engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood or wood is a natural product of tree processing. Nowadays, the use of wood is decreasing, but some industries still use wood to manufacture their products to maintain product features. In some small industries, there are still errors in the use of wood species in production due to the lack of knowledge of industry players in identifying wood species. This study aims to develop a classification system for identifying wood species by applying transfer learning using a pre-trained model with InceptionV3 and MobileNetV2 architecture as its feature extraction layer. This research's benefits are making it easier for woodworkers to identify wood types from wood images and speeding up the process of classifying wood types based on wood images. The dataset is 10624 wood images consisting of Agathis, Meranti, and Perupuk. The model used in this study was trained using 7659 images and validated using 1911 images. Performance testing of the classification model using the confusion matrix method was carried out on 1063 wood images. The results showed that the model with the best performance is mobileNetV2 with fine-tuning and 96% accuracy test results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine debris is one of the hot issues that are increasingly troubling. This marine debris comes from outside of the area itself. The coast of Padang city, West Sumatra, is one of the locations that have a lot of waste, especially in areas where there are tourist sites. This study aims to identify the spectral signature of each marine debris object found on the coast of Padang City. We collect marine debris by category and use handheld ASD to retrieve spectral data. There were nine categories of marine debris: wood, coconut, lamp, asbestos, glass bottle, rubber, plastic, Styrofoam, and can. As a result, each marine debris object has a different spectral signature. The material and color of the sample affect the resulting spectral signature. Many things need to be considered when taking spectral samples, including paying attention to the type and color of the background, the measurement position, and the condition of the samples. In conclusion, the spectral measurements of marine debris can be used to assist in the building of spectral libraries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of automotive technology led to the utilization and use of composite materials in Indonesia as a substitute for metal and wood. Composite materials are widely used in several industries such as the automotive, aerospace, marine and infrastructure industries. Composite materials have also been used widely for applications in the military field. A composite material is a material that is formed from a combination of two or more forming materials through an inhomogeneous mixture, where the mechanical properties of each of the forming materials are different. The purpose of implementing bamboo composites in the automotive industry is to provide an alternative material that is eco-friendly. Besides, bamboo composites also have high mechanical properties, low density, resistance to corrosion, and easy fabrication. This thesis research method is conducted by simulating the arm rest components in the Autodesk Fusion 360 application using composite based material with Balcooa bamboo as reinforcement and Polypropylene as the matrix. Arm rest component simulation is done with static stress analysis and thermal analysis and the results of the bamboo composite arm rest simulation will be compared with the ABS arm rest. Through the simulation results on the components and analysis of the results, it can be concluded that bamboo composites can replace the ABS material in the arm rest components, although there is no significant difference in the mechanical properties of bamboo composite and ABS materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neem wood used many structural applications due to its coarse grain with interlocking fibers leads to excellent mechanical properties with a very good life. However, wood structures are exposed to various environmental conditions, so it is necessary to investigate the effect of time and temperature for different stacking sequences. This paper aims to explore the importance of time and temperature of neem wood veneer epoxy composites at various stacking sequence and interfacial bonding. The Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer used to study short term creep at a nitrogen environment using a three-point bending condition. The result shows neat neem wood veneer exhibit a higher percentage of strain as compared to neem wood epoxy composites. On the other hand, the stacking sequence having significant changes in dynamic mechanical and creep studies, storage modulus (G') & loss modulus (G") increases along the wood fiber direction with minor load-bearing capacity in lateral direction. By varying the orientation of the wood veneer mechanical and thermo-mechanical properties improved in both longitudinal and lateral direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy conservation and energy-efficient systems are necessary to build an eco-friendly environment. Engineers are trying to reduce energy consumption by improving systems' efficiency in all possible ways. Aircraft propellers made of high stiffness wood have been less efficient in speeds other than constant working speed for a fixed-pitch propeller configuration and are less durable due to regular exposure to environmental variations such as temperature and humidity. In this work, we have tried to optimize the present design process of conventional wooden propellers by adopting the technique of improving the glide ratio, strength, high temperature, and humidity resistance by using carbon composite propellers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analysis of the bonding process of thermally modified wood and found that the manufacture of glued products causes some difficulties in ensuring adhesion. One of the promising areas of use of thermally modified wood is the manufacture of glued products. Therefore, knowledge of the physical and mechanical properties of thermally modified wood, indicators of its quality, adhesion to organic adhesives, allows you to make a choice based on economic indicators, duration and safety. In addition, during the modification of wood, the process of polymerization and redistribution through the volume of the cell and give the cell walls greater density, hardness, increase hydrophobicity (water repellency), thereby reducing their ability to absorb moisture and edema. As a result of experimental studies, it was found that the nature of the destruction for the whole group of samples, which were based on glue, is the same. The additional effect of temperature or humidity did not show a significant difference in comparison with the control samples. It was found that in samples of untreated ash wood and modified at a temperature of 160, 220 °C, the destruction occurs on the glued layer. The results of the research will allow to solve further problems on the creation of new composites from thermally modified wood and the conditions of their operation at various sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is proved that the color of wood tends to darken due to changes in the chemical components of wood, such as the degradation of amorphous carbohydrates during heat treatment at high temperatures. The application of heat treatment significantly changed the values of color parameters L*, a*, b* in samples of thermomodified wood. The parameter L* on the end and formation surfaces was significantly higher (72 for the end surface and 80 for the formation) in the control samples. As a result of heat treatment, the value of L* decreased significantly at a temperature of 160 °C, the duration of treatment was 10 hours to 44 and 47 respectively. The influence of different types of protective substances on the surface color of heat-treated wood is determined. The application of oil-wax and azure on the surface of the samples also affected the darkening of their color. We can say that heat-treated samples, the structure of which has changed compared to ordinary wood, show different interactions with the applied materials. The influence of the protective substance on the value of ΔL* depending on the treated surface is revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers are currently interested in cell immobilization technology and have explored and investigated a variety of materials as immobilization support because it offers to retain high catalytic activity for sustainable production of bio-based energy and fine chemicals in response to global warming and climate change issues. The goal is to increase the cell density for more efficient substrate consumption during fermentation. Hence, this study aims to optimize the operating parameters for the delignification of meranti wood sawdust and to determine the adsorption of yeast cells on delignified meranti wood sawdust in a batch culture operation. To this end, pretreatment was first required to separate lignin and hemicellulose from the biomass. Three factors were assessed using sodium hydroxide as pretreatment solvent: alkali concentrations (1M and 3M), reaction times (4 and 6 hours), and temperatures (50 °C and 70 °C). The resulting delignified wood sawdust was then used to immobilize cells over the course of 24 hours in a series of batch operations. The immobilized cell characteristics were observed using optical density, scanning electron microscopy, and cell dry weight analysis. Results indicated that after the alkaline pretreatment on meranti wood sawdust, the percentage of lignin was reduced up to 90% by using 3M alkali concentration at 5 hours and 75 °C. The yeast was also found to be adsorbed for a maximum of 6 hours under optimal conditions. Collectively, the results highlight the critical role of delignified meranti wood sawdust as a renewable source of an immobilization carrier for sustainable biocatalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of the scientific literature carried out by the authors showed a fairly frequent use of diffusion equations to solve practical problems in the chemical industry. Basically, the studies considered are related to the solution of differential equations. At the same time, there are practically no studies of the diffusion of flame retardants in wood. At the same time, the specified building material has the following qualities: relatively high strength, low density, sufficient elasticity, low thermal conductivity, ease of machining, durability. Structures made of wood in normal operation can be maintained for a long period of time. In construction, wood is used in the form of round timber or lumber. With this in mind, the authors proposed a mathematical model for analyzing the depth of fire-retardant treatment of building wooden structures and products in various drying conditions after the completion of the flame retardant application process on wood. The practical significance of the conducted research also lies in the description of the scheme of calculations according to the equation. At the same time, the following should be taken into account: the operating conditions of a wood product (structure) impregnated with flame retardants; establishment of the history of the earlier use of various flame retardants for fire-retardant treatment of wood in the relevant section of the building (object) in order to clarify the possibility of their combination; manufacturer's recommendations on the use of flame retardants in fire-retardant treatment of wood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Authors present the self-made test stand for determination of the moisture vapor permeability of loose fibrous, natural based materials. Loose materials, due to its specific feature, should be formed in circular shapes. In this work presented are the results of measurements of water vapor permeability of samples of loose wood wool formed in the rings of 100 mm and 150 mm thickness and 300 mm diameter. The samples were placed both over desiccants and demineralized water. The results, in the range from 0.70 to 2.19, vary depending on the material density, measurement procedure (wet cup, dry cup), thickness and moisture condition of the surrounding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the current global climate agenda, all countries should endeavor to reduce carbon emissions by participating in climate projects. Such carbon markets are a legal, economic and technological tool for the settlement of transactions for the sale of carbon units. For the Russian Federation, it is important to consider strategies for reducing emissions through the natural absorption of greenhouse gases by forest lands. The relevance of the work lies in the development of a methodology for calculating carbon units for the northern forest areas, taking into account the influence of climate change trends. For obtaining the overall carbon footprint of a forest product, it is proposed to enter into the distributed ledger of the developing system that supports the wood supply chain, also information about the carbon footprint of a part of the product at each site. Thus, by tracking the entire wood supply chain in a distributed ledger based on blockchain technology, a verified carbon footprint of the product will be obtained for the product produced. Due to the principles of blockchain organization, such an indicator is practically impossible to falsify, and therefore, it is possible to use it to confirm the compliance of the manufactured goods with the standards for environmental safe of production, which will increase the competitiveness of the goods both on the Russian market and abroad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]