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The article discusses the implementation of price regulation in the paper industry. The industry has several characteristics that tend to escalate the effects of price competition such as heavy investment in equipment and slow investment turnover, large actual or potential excess capacity, inelastic demand for the product and little differentiation of product in some branches. In addition, price competition is also intensified due to the inelasticity of demand for paper. Moreover, the economies of scale are very considerable in the industry, specifically in integrated mills producing the cheaper standard papers.

Focuses on the paper industry. Requirements for success; Tariff; Importance of freight charges on pulp wood; Ban of exports of wood from Canadian provinces; Relation to forest conservation efforts; Methods of cutting timber.

The article analyzes reasons for differences in wage-rate levels and in the timing of wage-rate changes in the paper industries of U.S. and Canada from 1929-1939. The nature of and reasons for the divergence of movement in wage rates among individual firms is clearly important for an understanding of economic processes and yet very few studies have been undertaken in this field. Paper is made today on a very large, specialized machine, designed for the purpose. Labor costs are low in proportion to the value of the product. Paper machines involve a substantial capital investment and are now quite standardized in character. They have undergone comparatively little technological change in the period covered by our survey. The machine crew is also standardized and performs similar, although not always identical, tasks in different mills. Conventionally, in the great majority of mills, the rates paid to the machine crew vary according to the size and speed of the machine. The nature of paper manufacturing processes thus creates considerably more occupational homogeneity than is found in many industries.

The article reviews the relations between the federal government of the U.S. and the newsprint paper manufacturers during the years 1918 and 1919. The U.S. Federal Commission started investigations for the causes of rising prices of newsprint paper in 1916 which brought seven of the known manufacturers under the criminal provisions of the Sherman Law. After the hearing, the commission announce the award by fixing the maximum base price of $3.10 per hundred pounds or $62.00 per ton for standard roll news. But manufacturers were not content and they petitioned the Circuit Judges to review the award and an application was also filed with the Commission for a readjustment.

Focuses on the prevalence of tax discrimination in pulp and paper industry in the U.S. as of August 1907. Tax methods employed by various states for paper and pulp industry; Difficulties inherent in tracing connection between the amount of tax exaction in each state and the prevalent method of taxation; Discrepancy observed in taxation policy in Pennsylvania.

This article talks about international trade in the period between 1862-1879, or the greenback period. F.W. Taussig, a professor, concluded in 1917 that with the U.S., which was using inconvertible paper money as monetary standard, borrowing heavily and continuously from Great Britain, which was using gold as basis, there will be increased sterling supply in New York and lowered cost, in U.S. paper, of imported commodities. The author noted that when both countries are on a gold basis, there will be an influx of gold from Great Britain in the U.S. and general prices will rise, while they fall in Great Britain. He concluded that the large borrowing operations of the U.S. in the 1860s was an important factor in the disturbance of the normal course of trade.

The author focuses on international trade for countries with paper money. He says that foreign exchanges and international trade has an assumption that gold is the basis of the exchange medium in trading countries. He points out that this would not be applicable to trading countries whose monetary systems do not use the same basis. He adds that these kind of transactions would be more affected by inflation and that gold shipments do not influence these exchanges. He argues that international values are not given adequate attention.

The article focuses on the legal tender notes of the United States. The legal tender notes of the United States present now, as they always have presented, an appearance of great simplicity. There are still but two such issues, the United States notes of the Civil War and the coin notes of 1890: their legal tender power has few exceptions, and the obligation for their redemption is to be read in a few lines. Take away the confusing element introduced by the silver agitation, which is quite extraneous to the original conception of the legal tender paper. But, simple as the notes themselves may appear, it is by no simple process that the conditions under which they are now issued have been arrived at. The legislation on this subject now covers a period of thirty-five years. During that time there has been a rapid succession of important legislative acts bearing upon the legal tender paper and some administrative acts of equally serious import. The system, that is present today is a product, not of any compact declaration by the law-making power, but of a singularly complex series of laws and executive orders.

HISTOCHEMICAL methods have been widely used in studies on the hair follicle but the possibilities of paper chromatography to detect extractable substances have been less fully exploited. Ellis, Gillespie and Lindley (1950) made use of the method in their work on wool follicles which were obtained in considerable quantity by Ellis' (1948) wax technique for removing hair roots from excised skin. In the present work, much smaller amounts of material obtained by plucking human scalp hair are shown to be accessible to analysis by paper chromatography. It was hoped that by this procedure chemical differences associated with pigmentary variations might be detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traces the evolution of paper money in England. Circulation of fiduciary orders; Carolean paper orders; Promissory notes; Bills of exchange; Emergence of assignability; Earliest checks; Printing of money by the Bank of England.

The article discusses the mechanisms and processes of international trade under inconvertible paper as the basis of the monetary system. The article examines the mechanisms of international trade as well as the nature of relationships prevailing between international trade and other domestic phenomena such as domestic prices and foreign exchange rate. The international trade between an inconvertible paper and gold standard country is also tackled. There is also a discussion that centers around the purchasing-power parity doctrine.

The article focuses on an investigation conducted by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission to know the reasons for the increase in the price of newsprint paper in the country during the year 1916. The results of the investigation were submitted to the U.S. Senate on March 3, 1917 and June 13, 1917. It was found that the domestic consumption of newsprint paper in the year 1915 was about 1,575,000 tons and it increased to 1,774,000 tons in the year 1916. An increase in the volume of advertising forced newspaper publishers to increase the number of printed pages of each issue. The circulation of newspapers also increased which resulted in a substantial increase in the consumption of newsprint.

SUMMARY A number of variations of evolutionary operation have been devised since the technique was originally described by G. E. P. Box. One of these variants-Simplex evolutionary operation--is described in this article. The method appears to be particularly suitable for application in the paper industry in which more traditional forms of experimentation are often unsuccessful. Some examples of the use of both the original and Simplex forms of EVOP are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the limitation in the development of research in social science, that is set by the quality of the paper that has been used for printing over the last quarter of the nineteenth century. Between the 60's and the 80's of the 19th century wood pulp paper replaced rag paper in the publishing trade. The use of wood pulp and of cheaper manufacturing processes effect a revolution in publishing comparable to the revolution brought about when paper replaced parchment in the 14th and 15th centuries. Wood pulp paper made possible an increased publishing of newspapers and magazines in the same decades in which the spread of popular education was creating new multitudes of readers for the increased mass of printed matter. The paper situation threatens to limit in an arbitrary way the development of research in the social sciences. Librarians already hesitate to permit teachers to set loose their research students to devour newspaper files. The purchase policies of the libraries are trimmed to avoid the acquisition of many types of documents which should be saved, but which the librarians will not gather because the paper is too poor.

Comments on an article about the effect of international trade between a borrowing country on an inconvertible paper basis and a lending country on a specie basis. Definition of borrowing and lending; Analysis of international trade; Discussion on the disproportion of borrowing transactions; Effect of loan transaction on prices.

This article focuses on how do people respond when they are cut off from one of their regular sources of news. In this article it reports reactions of New Yorkers to the newspaper strike of December 1958. The sample used by Bernard Berelson of Columbia's Bureau of Applied Social Research was broadened to include all five boroughs of New York City plus Long Island and Connecticut suburbs. Interviewing areas were selected to reflect the ethnic and economic characteristics of the metropolitan area. Detailed interviews were accomplished with a total of 164 persons who affirmed that they ordinarily read a New York City daily newspaper regularly. Large-circulation New York newspapers have less "community" flavor than the dailies in most American cities. Local news in New York encompasses a vast scene, remote from most newspaper readers' personal experience. Except for newspapers, the tremendous communications apparatus of the metropolitan area continued to function during the strike. Thus it is remarkable that metropolitan New Yorkers missed the papers as much as they did.