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This study aimed to assess the technical feasibility of incorporating selenized Lactobacillus spp. microencapsulated via spray drying into cattle feed. Gum Arabic and maltodextrin were used as encapsulating agents. The encapsulation process was carried out with a drying air flow rate of 1.75 m 3 /min, inlet air temperature of 90°C, and outlet air temperature of 75°C. The viability of the encapsulated microorganisms and the technological characteristics of the obtained microparticles were evaluated. Microorganisms were incorporated into beef cattle feed to supplement their diet with up to 0.3 mg of Se per kilogram of feed. The encapsulated particles, consisting of a 50/50 ratio of gum Arabic/maltodextrin at a 1:20 proportion of selenized biomass to encapsulant mixture, exhibited superior technical viability for application in beef cattle feed. Supplemented feeds displayed suitable moisture, water activity, and hygroscopicity values, ensuring the preservation of viable microorganisms for up to 5 months of storage, with an approximate count of 4.5 log CFU/g. Therefore, supplementing beef cattle feed with selenized and microencapsulated lactic acid bacteria represents a viable technological alternative, contributing to increased animal protein productivity through proper nutrition., (© 2024 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.)

Enveloped viruses are attractive candidates for use as gene- and immunotherapeutic agents due to their efficacy at infecting host cells and delivering genetic information. They have also been used in vaccines as potent antigens to generate strong immune responses, often requiring fewer doses than other vaccine platforms as well as eliminating the need for adjuvants. However, virus instability in liquid formulations may limit their shelf life and require that these products be transported and stored under stringently controlled temperature conditions, contributing to high cost and limiting patient access. In this work, spray-drying and lyophilization were used to embed an infectious enveloped virus within dry, glassy polysaccharide matrices. No loss of viral titer was observed following either spray-drying (at multiple drying gas temperatures) or lyophilization. Furthermore, viruses embedded in the glassy formulations showed enhanced thermal stability, retaining infectivity after exposure to elevated temperatures as high as 85 °C for up to one hour, and for up to 10 weeks at temperatures as high as 30 °C. In comparison, viruses in liquid formulations lost infectivity within an hour at temperatures above 40 °C, or after incubation at 25 °C for longer periods of time., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Low-viscosity hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) was obtained by electron beam irradiation, and its use as an excipient for improving the properties of spray dried pharmaceutical powders was investigated. The minimum molecular weight of HPMC which could maintain the capacity of encapsulation and powder modification was explored. As the irradiation dose was increased from 10 to 200 kGy, the molecular weight and viscosity of HPMC decreased linearly. However, its main structure and degrees of methoxy and hydroxypropyl substitution were not significantly affected. The irradiated HPMC could encapsulate particles during spray drying and, thus, modify powder properties. Furthermore, the water content of spray-dried powders with irradiated HPMC was lower than that with parent HPMC. After the spray-dried powder with irradiated HPMC was prepared into granules, their dissolution rate was also faster. However, in order to achieve high encapsulation, the molecular weight of HPMC should be ensured to be above 7.5 kDa. The designated low-viscosity HPMC obtained by electron beam irradiation is a suitable powder-modification material for use in spray drying, and it shows promise as a superior excipient in medicine, food, paint industries, among others., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the influence of two carrier agents, Nopal and Aloe Vera mucilage on the physicochemical properties and stability of blackberry and raspberry powders obtained by spray drying. A pilot scale spray dryer with a feed flow of 20 L/h and an atomization speed of 28,000 rpm was used. The inlet and outlet air temperatures were from 180 to 80 °C, respectively. Yield, moisture content, water activity, hygroscopicity index, solubility time, volumetric density, stability diagrams, micrographs, and particle temperature were evaluated. The highest yields for blackberry extract were 75% with a concentration of 2.5% (w/v) Nopal mucilage, while raspberry extract yielded 65% with a concentration of 5% (w/v) Nopal mucilage. The increase in the concentration of the carrier agent presented an increase in the values of humidity, water activity, volumetric density, and solubility when Nopal mucilage was used as a carrier agent in both blackberry and raspberry extracts. Furthermore, when Aloe Vera mucilage was used as a carrier agent, these same values decreased with increasing concentration. The storage conditions of the powders obtained should be stored at temperatures below 20°C and water activities below 0.4. In addition, the stability diagrams show the particle conditions that should not be exceeded during spray drying., Competing Interests: DECLARATION OF CONFLICTING INTERESTSThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

The microencapsulation of polysaturated fatty acids by spray drying remains a challenge due to their susceptibility to oxidation. In this work, antioxidant Pickering emulsions were attempted as feeds to produce oxidation stable tuna oil microcapsules. The results indicated that the association between chitosan (CS) and ovalbumin (OVA) was a feasible way to fabricate antioxidant and wettable complexes and a high CS percentage favored these properties. The particles could yield tuna oil Pickering emulsions with enhanced oxidation stability through high-pressure homogenization, which were successfully spray dried to produce microcapsules with surface oil content of 8.84 % and microencapsulation efficiency of 76.65 %. The microcapsules exhibited significantly improved oxidation stability and their optimum peroxide values after storage at 50 °C, 85 % relative humidity, or natural light for 15 d were 48.67 %, 60.07 %, and 39.69 % respectively lower than the powder derived from the OVA-stabilized emulsion. Hence, Pickering emulsions stabilized by the CS/OVA polyelectrolyte complexes are potential in the production of oxidation stable polyunsaturated fatty acid microcapsules by spray drying., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The study investigated the impact of Lonicera caerulea L. juice matrix modification and drying techniques on powder characteristics. The evaluation encompassed phenolics (514.7-4388.7 mg/100 g dry matter), iridoids (up to 337.5 mg/100 g dry matter), antioxidant and antiglycation capacity, as well as anti-ageing properties of powders produced using maltodextrin, inulin, trehalose, and palatinose with a pioneering role as a carrier. Spray drying proved to be competitive with freeze drying for powder quality. Carrier application influenced the fruit powder properties. Trehalose protected the phenolics in the juice extract products, whereas maltodextrin showed protective effect in the juice powders. The concentrations of iridoids were influenced by the matrix type and drying technique. Antiglycation capacity was more affected by the carrier type in juice powders than in extract products. However, with carrier addition, the latter showed approximately 12-fold higher selectivity for acetylcholinesterase than other samples. Understanding the interplay between matrix composition, drying techniques, and powder properties provides insights for the development of plant-based products with tailored attributes, including potential health-linked properties.

Edible flowers are a potential source of bioactive ingredients and are also an area of scientific research. Particularly noteworthy are Cyani flos , which have a wide range of uses in herbal medicine. The below study aimed to investigate the influence of selected soluble fiber fractions on the selected properties of physical and biochemical powders obtained during spray drying a water extract of Cyani flos . The drying efficiency for the obtained powders was over 60%. The obtained powders were characterized by low moisture content (≤4.99%) and water activity (≤0.22). The increase in the addition of pectin by the amount of 2-8% in the wall material resulted in a decrease in hygroscopicity, water solubility, and protection of flavonoids and anthocyanins both before and after digestion in the tested powders in comparison to the sample with only inulin as a carrier. Additionally, it was noted that all samples were characterized by high bioaccessibility when determining antioxidant properties and xanthine oxidase inhibition.

The objective of this paper was to evaluate the effect of spray drying (SD), spray freeze-drying (SFD), freeze-drying (FD), and microwave freeze-drying (MFD) on the characteristics of fish oil (FO) microcapsules. The physicochemical properties, morphology, fatty acid composition, and stability of the microcapsules were analyzed. The encapsulation efficiencies of microcapsules dried by SD, SFD, FD, and MFD were 86.98%, 77.79%, 63.29%, and 57.89%, respectively. SD microcapsules exhibited superior properties in terms of effective loading capacity, color, and flowability. Conversely, SFD microcapsules demonstrated improved solubility. Microencapsulation positively affected the thermal stability of FO, but the content of unsaturated fatty acids decreased. The findings from the storage experiment indicated that the oxidative stability of SD fish oil microcapsules was marginally lower compared to microcapsules produced through three alternative drying techniques, all of which were based on the FD concept. The comparison of various drying methods and their effects on the quality of FO microcapsules offers valuable insights that can serve as a foundation for the industrial production of high-quality microcapsules., (© 2024 Institute of Food Technologists.)

Colored corn pericarp contains unusually high amounts of industrially valuable phytochemicals, such as anthocyanins, flavanols, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. Polyphenols were extracted in an aqueous solution and spray-dried to produce microencapsulates using four carrier materials, namely, maltodextrin (MD), gum arabic (GA), methylcellulose (MC), and skim milk powder (SMP) at three concentrations (1, 2, and 3 %, respectively). The encapsulates were evaluated for their polyphenolic contents using spectrophotometric techniques and HPLC analyses, and their antioxidant properties were evaluated using four different assays. The physicochemical properties of encapsulates were analyzed by measuring the zeta potential (ZP), particle size distribution, water solubility index (WSI), water absorption index (WAI), and color parameters. Structural and thermal properties were evaluated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), optical profilometry, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses. Comparative analysis of structural characteristics, particle size distribution, zeta potential, WSI, WAI, and a w of the samples confirmed the successful formulation of encapsulates. The microencapsulates embedded with 1 % concentrations of MD, MC, GA, or SMP retained polyphenolic compounds and exhibited noteworthy antioxidant properties. The samples encapsulated with GA or MD (1 %) demonstrated superior physicochemical, color, and thermal properties. Comprehensive metabolomic analysis confirmed the presence of 38 phytochemicals in extracts validating the spray-drying process., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Pavel Somavat reports financial support was provided by USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The spray-drying process to generate microcapsules from Pickering emulsions needs high temperatures, leading to instability of emulsions and degradation of encapsulated thermosensitive compounds (β-carotene). However, these effects may be attenuated by the introduction of seaweed polyphenols into the emulsion interfacial layers, although the effects underlying this protective mechanism have not been explored. This study evaluates the effects of spray-drying/rehydration on the morphology, encapsulation efficiency, redispersibility, and stability of β-carotene loaded Pickering emulsions stabilized by chitosan (PESC) and Pickering emulsions stabilized by chitosan/seaweed polyphenols (PESCSP). The encapsulation efficiency of β-carotene in PESCSP microcapsules (61.13 %) was higher than PESC (53.91 %). Rehydrated PESCSP exhibited more regular droplet size distribution, higher stability, stronger 3D network morphology, and lower redispersibility index (1.5) compared to rehydrated PESC. Analyses of interfacial layers of emulsions revealed that chitosan covalently bound fatty acids at their hydrophobic side. Polyphenols were linked to chitosan at the hydrophilic side of emulsions through hydrogen bonds, providing 3D network between droplets and antioxidant activities to inhibit the degradation of β-carotene. This study emphasized the role of polyphenols in the interfacial layers of Pickering emulsions for the development of efficient delivery systems and protection of β-carotene and other thermosensitive bioactive compounds during spray-drying and rehydration., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Spray drying is increasingly being applied to process biopharmaceuticals, particularly monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). However, due to their protein nature, mAbs are susceptible to degradation when subjected to various stresses during a drying process. Despite extensive research in this domain, identifying the appropriate formulation composition and spray drying conditions remains a complex challenge, requiring further studies to enhance the understanding on how process and formulation parameters impact mAb stability in reconstituted solutions. This research aims to explore spray drying as technique for producing pharmaceutical mAbs-based powders intended for reconstitution and subcutaneous injection. In the initial phase of this study, using a model mAb (mAb-A), the influence of dissociated and coupled process stresses on protein stability after solution reconstitution was investigated. The findings revealed a detrimental interplay of mechanical, interfacial, and thermal/dehydration stresses on mAb-A stability, notably characterized by an increase in protein aggregation. Subsequently, in a second phase, the study delved into the impact of spray drying processing conditions, the level of excipients, and protein concentration on mAb-A aggregation in reconstituted solutions. The obtained results highlighted the critical role of formulation composition as a parameter deserving further study, specifically concerning the selection of type and concentration of stabilizers to be added in the liquid mAb-A solution to be dried., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Spray drying is a well-established method for screening spray dried dispersions (SDDs) but is material consuming, and the amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) formed have low bulk density. Vacuum Compression Molding (VCM) is a potential method to avoid these limitations. This study focuses on VCM to screen ASDs containing itraconazole and L, M, or H polymer grades of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) and compares their morphology, amorphous stability, and dissolution performance with spray drying. Results indicate that VCM ASDs were comparable to SDDs. Both VCM ASDs and spray drying SDDs with HPMCAS-L and HPMCAS-M had improved dissolution profiles, while HPMCAS-H did not. Dynamic light scattering findings agreed with dissolution profiles, indicating that L and M grades produced monodisperse, smaller colloids, whereas H grade formed larger, polydisperse colloids. Capsules containing ASDs from VCM disintegrated and dissolved in the media; however, SDD capsules formed agglomerates and failed to disintegrate completely. Findings indicate that the VCM ASDs are comparable to SDDs in terms of dissolution performance and amorphous stability. VCM may be utilized in early ASD formulation development to select drug-polymer pairs for subsequent development., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Daniel Treffer is the founder of the company MeltPrep®., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

To ensure the high quality of biopharmaceutical products, it is imperative to implement specialized unit operations that effectively safeguard the structural integrity of large molecules. While lyophilization has long been a reliable process, spray drying has recently garnered attention for its particle engineering capabilities for the pulmonary route of administration. However, maintaining the integrity of biologics during spray drying remains a challenge. To address this issue, we explored a novel dehydration system based on aerosol-assisted room-temperature drying of biological formulations recently developed at Princeton University, called Rapid Room-Temperature Aerosol Dehydration. We compared the quality attributes of the bulk powder of biopharmaceutical products manufactured using this drying technology with that of traditional spray drying. For all the fragment antigen-binding formulations tested, in terms of protein degradation and aerosol performance, we were able to achieve a better product quality using this drying technology compared to the spray drying technique. We also highlight areas for improvement in future prototypes and prospective commercial versions of the system. Overall, the offered dehydration system holds potential for improving the quality and diversity of biopharmaceutical products and may pave the way for more efficient and effective production methods in the biopharma industry., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this article., (Copyright © 2023 American Pharmacists Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Amino acids (AAs) have been used as excipients in protein formulations both in solid and liquid state products due to their stabilizing effect. However, the mechanisms by which they can stabilize a protein have not been fully elucidated yet. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of AAs with distinct physicochemical properties on the stability of a model protein (lysozyme, LZM) during the spray-drying process and subsequent storage. Molecular descriptor based multivariate data analysis was used to select distinct AAs from the group of 20 natural AAs. Then, LZM and the five selected AAs (1:1 wt ratio) were spray-dried (SD). The solid form, residual moisture content (RMC), hygroscopicity, morphology, secondary/tertiary structure and enzymatic activity of LZM were evaluated before and after storage under 40 °C/75 % RH for 30 days. Arginine (Arg), leucine (Leu), glycine (Gly), tryptophan (Trp), aspartic acid (Asp) were selected because of their distinct properties by using principal component analysis (PCA). The SD LZM powders containing Arg, Trp, or Asp were amorphous, while SD LZM powders containing Leu or Gly were crystalline. Recrystallization of Arg, Trp, Asp and polymorph transition of Gly were observed after the storage under accelerated conditions. The morphologies of the SD particles vary upon the different AAs formulated with LZM, implying different drying kinetics of the five model systems. A tertiary structural change of LZM was observed in the SD powder containing Arg, while a decrease in the enzymatic activity of LZM was observed in the powders containing Arg or Asp after the storage. This can be attributed to the extremely basic and acidic conditions that Arg and Asp create, respectively. This study suggests that when AAs are used as stabilizers instead of traditional disaccharides, not only do classic vitrification theory and water replacement theory play a role, but the microenvironmental pH conditions created by basic or acidic AAs in the starting solution or during the storage of solid matter are also crucial for the stability of SD protein products., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This study investigated the impact of inulin (INL) on viability of L. plantarum D-2 (LPD2) by encapsulation through spray drying (SD) and its commercialization potential to alternative of conventional wall material maltodextrin (MD). LPD2, derived from sea tangle ( Saccharina japonica ) kimchi, is probiotics exhibiting significant attributes like cholesterol reduction, antioxidant properties, and resilience to acidic and bile environments. To enhance storage viability and stability of LPD2, encapsulation was applied by SD technology. The optimum encapsulation condition with MD was 10% MD concentration (MD10) and inlet temperature (96°C). The optimum concentration ratio of MD and INL was 7:3 (INL3) for alternative of MD with similar encapsulation yield and viability of LPD2. Viability of LPD2 with INL3 exhibited almost 8% higher than that with MD10 after 50 days storage at 25°C. Physicochemical characteristics of the encapsulated LPD2 (ELPD2) with MD10 and INL3 had no significant different between flowability and morphology. But, ELPD2 with INL3 had lower water solubility and higher water absorption resulting in extension of viability of LPD2 compared to that with MD10. The comprehensive study results showed that there was no significant difference in the encapsulation yield and physicochemical properties between ELPD2 with MD10 and INL3, except of water solubility index (WSI) and water absorption index (WAI). INL have the potential to substitute of MD as a commercial wall material with prebiotic functionality to enhance the viability of LPD2 by encapsulation.

A bioactive Pleurotus eryngii aqueous extract powder (SPAE) was obtained by spray drying and its performance in terms of physicochemical properties, in vitro digestion, inflammatory factors, and modulation of the intestinal microbiota was explored. The results indicated that the SPAE exhibited a more uniform particle size distribution than P. eryngii polysaccharide (PEP). Meanwhile, a typical absorption peak observed at 843 cm -1 in the SPAE FTIR spectra indicated the existence of α-glycosidic bonds. SPAE exhibited higher antioxidant abilities and superior resistance to digestion in vitro. In addition, SPAE supplementation to mice significantly reduced the release of factors that promote inflammation, enhanced the secretion of anti-inflammatory factors, and sustained maximum production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Additionally, it significantly enhanced the relative abundance of SCFAs-producing Akkermansia and reduced the abundance of Ruminococcus and Clostridiides in intestines of mice. These results show the potential of SPAE as a novel material with prebiotic effects for the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Complex coacervation can be used for controlled delivery of bioactive compounds (i.e., flaxseed oil and quercetin). This study investigated the co-encapsulation of flaxseed oil and quercetin by complex coacervation using soluble pea protein (SPP) and gum arabic (GA) as shell materials, followed by innovative electrostatic spray drying (ES). The dried system was analyzed through encapsulation efficiency (EE) and yield (EY), morphological and physicochemical properties, and stability for 60 days. Small droplet size emulsions were produced by GA (in the first step of complex coacervation) due to its greater emulsifying activity than SPP. Oil EY and EE, moisture, and water activity in dried compositions ranged from 75.7 to 75.6, 76.0-73.4 %, 3.4-4.1 %, and 0.1-0.2, respectively. Spherical microcapsules were created with small and aggregated particle size but stable for 60 days. An amount of 8 % of quercetin remained in the dried coacervates after 60 days, with low hydroperoxide production. In summary, when GA is used as the emulsifier and SPP as the second biopolymer in the coacervation process, suitable coacervates for food applications are obtained, with ES being a novel alternative to obtain coacervates in powder, with improved stability for encapsulated compounds. As a result, this study helps provide a new delivery system option and sheds light on how the characteristics of biopolymers and the drying process affect coacervate formation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

This study aimed to investigate the effect of extraction and spray drying temperatures on the yield of bioactive materials during the production of dragon fruit skin extract powder as a natural food colorant. Extraction temperature was varied between 25 and 48 °C, and spray drying was conducted at 140, 170, and 190 °C. Moreover, the effects of spray drying aids were also evaluated. At extraction temperatures below 50 °C, higher temperatures resulted in a higher yield of bioactive materials and a significant increase in antioxidant activity. Regarding spray drying, the use of higher air inlet temperatures resulted in a peaking trend of yield from spray drying. However, employing high air inlet temperatures (above 170 °C) for spray drying may result in a decrease in the recoveries of bioactive materials due to the higher degradation rates. Finally, the addition of maltodextrin as a carrier agent in spray drying could enhance the powder yield.

Enzymes are widely used in the food industry due to their ability in improving the functional, sensory, and nutritional properties of food products. However, their poor stability under harsh industrial conditions and their compromised shelf-lives during long-term storage limit their applications. This review introduces typical enzymes and their functionality in the food industry and demonstrates spray drying as a promising approach for enzyme encapsulation. Recent studies on encapsulation of enzymes in the food industry using spray drying and the key achievements are summarized. The latest developments including the novel design of spray drying chambers, nozzle atomizers and advanced spray drying techniques are also analyzed and discussed in depth. In addition, the scale-up pathways connecting laboratory scale trials and industrial scale productions are illustrated, as most of the current studies have been limited to lab-scales. Enzyme encapsulation using spray drying is a versatile strategy to improve enzyme stability in an economical and industrial viable way. Various nozzle atomizers and drying chambers have recently been developed to increase process efficiency and product quality. A comprehensive understanding of the complex droplet-to-particle transformations during the drying process would be beneficial for both process optimization and scale-up design.

Spray drying (SD) is one of the most important thermal processes used to produce different powders and encapsulated materials. During this process, quality degradation might happen. The main objective of applying optimization methods in SD processes is maximizing the final nutritional quality of the product besides sensory attributes. Optimization regarding economic issues might be also performed. Applying optimization approaches in line with mathematical models to predict product changes during thermal processes such as SD can be a promising method to enhance the quality of final products. In this review, the application of the response surface methodology (RSM), as the most widely used approach, is introduced along with other optimization techniques such as factorial, Taguchi, and some artificial intelligence-based methods like artificial neural networks (ANN), genetic algorithms (GA), Fuzzy logic, and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). Also, probabilistic methods such as Monte Carlo are briefly introduced. Some recent case studies regarding the implementation of these methods in SD processes are also exemplified and discussed.

Corn starch was gelatinized by high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) and spray drying to make amorphous granular starch (AGS), and their physicochemical properties were compared with the conventionally prepared (heat-gelatinized and spray dried) AGS to devise a novel AGS preparation methodology. Pressure-induced (PAGS) and heat-induced AGS (HAGS) maintained their granular shape but lost their birefringence indicating that both methods could prepare AGS. DSC (differential scanning calorimeter) and XRD (X-ray diffraction) analysis confirmed the complete loss of amylopectin double helices and crystallinity of both PAGS and HAGS. However, their swelling power, solubility, RVA pasting properties, acid/shear stability, gel forming ability and textural properties were completely different. PAGS exhibited constrained swelling, suppressed amylose leaching, and reduced viscosity. Notably, HAGS formed a gel without heating, whereas PAGS yielded a viscous paste with water-soluble attributes. Even after reheating, PAGS maintained its granular structure with comparably less swelling and weaker gel strength than HAGS. Consequently, newly developed PAGS exhibited distinctive characteristics compared to the conventional HAGS, such as lower solubility and swelling power, viscosity, textural properties, and high acid and shear stabilities, rendering it a viable option for various applications within the food industry., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This study investigated the influence of gas-injected nanobubbles on the morphology of particles during spray drying under various experimental conditions. The nanoparticle tracking system was used to measure the generation, size, and concentration of nanobubbles. Experiments were conducted at different temperatures (160°C-260°C) and feed rates (0.2-0.26 g/s) to examine the effect of nanobubbles on spray drying and present diverse results. The deionized (DI) water with generated nanobubbles had a particle concentration of 1.8 × 10 8 particles/mL and a mean particle size of 242.6 nm, which was ∼3.31 × 10 7 particles/mL higher untreated DI water. The maltodextrin solution containing nanobubbles also showed a significant increase in particle generation, with a concentration of 1.62 × 10 9 particles/mL. The viscosity of the maltodextrin solution containing nanobubbles decreased by ∼18%, from 9.3 mPa·s to 7.5 mPa·s. Overall, the size of the generated particles was similar regardless of nanobubble treatment, but there was a tendency for particle size to increase under specific temperature (260°C) and feed flow rate (0.32 g/s) conditions. Furthermore, it was observed that the Hausner ratio significantly varied with increasing temperature and feed flow rate, and these results were explained through scanning electron microscopy images. These findings confirm that the gas nanobubbles mixed in the feed can exert diverse effects on the spray drying system and powder characteristics depending on the operating conditions. This study suggests that nanobubbles can contribute to a more efficient process in spray drying and can influence the morphological characteristics of particles depending on the spray drying conditions., (The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. and Fass Inc. on behalf of the American Dairy Science Association®. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).)

Enzymes are challenging to formulate due to their inherent instability, particularly in solution. This study aims to use the design of experiment (DOE) approach to develop spray-dried encapsulated trypsin nano-powder (TrySP) with maximum activity and stability using a Büchi B-90 nano spray dryer. A 53 full factorial design with 26 randomly ordered experiments was created to study the impact of process variables on the quality attributes of TrySP. The additive concentration (%), mesh cap size (μm), inlet temperature (Tinlet) (°C), trypsin concentration (%), and additive type (Mannitol or trehalose) were selected as the independent variables. The dependent parameters were yield value, particle size, residual enzyme activity, and moisture content. Further, comparative physicochemical and kinetic characterization of TrySP was performed. TrySP had diverse qualities (yield value 60.2–96.8%, residual activity >90–50%, particle size 314–1030 nm, and moisture content 0.7–2.2%). Optimized TrySP exhibited 89% yield value and 95% residual activity in the presence of 8% (w/w) mannitol. Kcat of TypSP increased from 22.5/s to 25.6/s with improved operational and storage stabilities. The half-life (t1/2) of TrySP showed 6 folds increase. Furthermore, TrySP activation energy increased from 45,918 J/mol to 94,491 J/mol. The sustainable model presented in this study enables the development of a thermostable, encapsulated trypsin nano-powder with physical and chemical properties that are optimized for various biotechnological industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Perilla frutescens and its dried extract have been employed in food and pharmaceutical manufacturing due to the plant's biological activities, which include antibacterial, anti-allergic, anticancer, antiviral, antioxidant, and antidepressant properties. Despite numerous studies on preparing dry extracts from various medicinal herbs, no research has been conducted to optimize spray-drying conditions specifically for P. frutescens. Aims: To optimize the spray-drying parameters using BCPharSoft software and evaluate the quality of P. frutescens dry extract. Methods: D-optimal design based on four independent variables carrier type (Glucidex, Glucidex: Arabic gum 9:1, Glucidex: Arabic gum 8:2), carrier mass (10, 15, and 20 g), inlet air temperature (160, and 180℃) and flow rate (12, and 14 rpm/min) was applied to investigate the cause-effect relations and optimized preparation process. The drying performance, moisture content, total phenol, and total flavonoid content were investigated as four dependent variables. Results: All independent variables had significant effects on the dependent variables. The optimal parameters of the preparation process included using carrier Glucidex: Arabic gum at a ratio of 9:1, carrier mass of 19 g, inlet air temperature of 161°C, and flow rate of 12 rpm/min. The drying performance, moisture content, total phenol, and flavonoid content of the optimized P. frutescens dry extract were found to be 10.42%, 4.80%, and 90.57 mg GA/g, and 53.55 mg QE/g, respectively. Conclusions: Dried P. frutescens extract has been efficiently produced using the spray-drying technique, establishing a foundation for future manufacturing of pharmaceuticals and functional foods derived from P. frutescens.