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This study featured a survey of 32 LPGA athletes and follow-up interviews. We employed a postfeminist critique, highlighting the contradictions of modern feminism in a patriarchal, capitalist society. Findings reflected the athletes' conflicting views on their place in the sports world. They noted the hegemonic masculinity that has always existed in sports and media coverage of sports, but some viewed this as a problem for individual women rather than for the LPGA collectively. Some respondents said the LPGA did not need to take action as a whole, when such action clearly would benefit them. Some accepted women's bodies as a commodity to be traded in the sports marketplace. Some responses revealed ugly racism toward Asian players. Overall, the women's words raised questions and reflections on how to respond to structural sexism in sports, why the women believe they are treated unequally to men, and how to improve media coverage of women's golf by humanizing players. We also make recommendations on how an intersectional approach to the sport might improve its revenue, media treatment, and quell racist attitudes. We acknowledge that real change will require institutional responses to these problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores mainstream print media depictions of women’s work during COVID-19 and associated lockdowns in India. Specifically, it aims to understand perceptions of educated upper- and middle-class women regarding remote working arrangements during the pandemic. It delineates two broad themes that emerge from an analysis of selected articles in four national dailies; first, many women regarded these arrangements as mutually beneficial for women employees as well as their workplaces, and its counternarrative characterised by women having to juggle paid and care work with little support from the family, market or state. The paper then unpacks the arrangement of work from home that emerges in the media analysis and offers a critique of the simplistic and binary understanding of flexibility, choice, and agency sustained by the neoliberal and postfeminist framing of pandemic work arrangements. Our analysis provides a feminist critique of these dominant perceptions that invisibilise the complexity and heterogeneity embedded within women’s experiences. Finally, the paper reiterates the urgent need to consider the structural factors that undermine gender equality across work and home; and pushes for a rethink of neoliberal and postfeminist notions of ‘flexibility’, ‘choice’ and ‘agency’ through the intersecting lenses of gender, labour, care work, and time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the level of gender parity in political news reporting at the New York Times. We apply a media sociology approach to examine how gender stereotypes, women in media leadership, and women in political leadership interact to affect the extent to which women journalists appear in bylines about domestic and foreign affairs news. We leverage an original data collection of nearly 3,000 news articles published from 2007–2020. We find several key results. First, women are more likely to appear in bylines about domestic political news than foreign affairs news. Second, we find that during Jill Abramson’s tenure as executive editor the number of women writing about politics increased. Third, as the proportion of women in the U.S. Congress rises, more women appear in story bylines about political news. Fourth, while more women write about political news now compared to the past, most political news stories still have men as authors. Our findings show slow but steady improvement in the gender diversity of political news journalists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women working in sports media contend with unwanted attention during their careers, extending beyond evaluations of their knowledge to encompass judgements of their appearances and emotional management. Using Banet-Weiser's framework of popular feminism, within the 'economies of visibility', this research explores the experiences and strategies of women in sports media as they navigate increased -visibility. Working as a researcher-insider, the first author conducted semi--structured interviews with seven women working in sports media (early career to 35 years' experience), working in the UK and/or Ireland, across TV, radio, print and/or online formats. Collaborative reflexive thematic analysis by both authors resulted in the construction of two themes around 'heightened visibility' (including a subtheme of standing out) and 'blending in'. The findings indicate that while women are increasingly visible in the industry, the gender dynamics and conditions of the sports media workplace have not progressed to the same extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current paper examines how women in Bangladesh contest abuse within patriarchal systems of control. In many cases, women will often decide the extent to which they adopt a particular technology to prevent experiences of abuse on social media platforms. In the current study, we analysed how women's online presence is controlled by patriarchal norms which impede their agency and recontextualise their empowerment through social media. As such, we rely on the narratives of three women in Dhaka, Bangladesh to understand how they exercise agency on social media platforms to ensure their own empowerment and avoid (further) experiences of abuse. Although we recognise that ICT for Development (ICT4D) can be a crucial way to ensure women's empowerment, we argue that, as a male-dominated space, social media platforms promote restrictive and unequal gender stereotypes that require women to find alternative strategies to challenge and resist existing patriarchal structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The book review discusses Philip Sipiora's edited collection, "Ida Lupino, Filmmaker," which explores the work of pioneering actress, director, producer, and screenwriter Ida Lupino. The collection includes sixteen chapters written by various scholars, covering a wide range of topics related to Lupino's work in film and television. The book examines Lupino's directorial ventures, such as "The Hitch-hiker" and "The Bigamist," and also explores her underrepresented directing roles in television, including Westerns. The review praises the collection for its engaging and varied content, which adds depth to the limited existing scholarship on Lupino and addresses wider socio-historical, gender, and industrial issues. [Extracted from the article]

Women continue to be economically disadvantaged and under-represented in positions of power and leadership. A discursive disjunction between cultural and media representations of women and leadership has been implicated in these continuing inequalities. We address this issue through an analysis of the ways in which prominent women leaders were portrayed in a UK radio series, BBC Radio 4's "Profile" broadcast between July 2011 and July 2013. Verbatim transcripts of 12 broadcasts featuring women were analysed within a critical feminist framework, to explore the ways in which these women leaders were discursively constructed. Our analysis explicates three constructions of "women leaders": as "traditionally" feminine; as having to balance "masculine" and "feminine" attributes; and as exceptional women who may nevertheless fail. We conclude that the impact of equality legislation continues to be limited while androcentric norms prevail and that we therefore need more gynocentric ways of imagining women leaders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents results from one of the first global studies on the relationship between media sexism and the share of candidates for the lower chamber of national parliaments who are women. Data on media sexism come from the Global Media Monitoring Project, the most reliable worldwide source for media coverage from a gender perspective. The data on share of female political candidates come from the Inter-Parliamentary Union. The results show that that there is, even when controlling for the number of women in parliament, electoral system, gender quotas, level of human development, level of women's rights, freedom from corruption, and media access, a significant relationship between media sexism—measured as (i) the share of all news subjects that are women and (ii) the share of all news subjects portrayed in the function of experts who are women—and the share of women candidates for parliament: the higher the level of media sexism, the lower the share of women candidates. The theory discussed zooms in on a bystander effect: We hypothesize that sexist portrayals of women in the media stifle ambition among women who, in a less sexist media environment, would be willing to stand as political candidates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines talks given by 12 female media professionals at a Southern US university's center on women in communication between 2013 and 2015 to identify the influence of hegemonic masculinity in industry speak about women and professionalism in the fields of journalism, advertising, and public relations. This paper applies a feminist critique of discussions about "work-life balance," "leaning in," "emotion," and language about the role of technology and innovation in women's careers, to argue that inherent in these discussions about media professionalism are traits that perpetuate binary notions of feminine-masculine traits of the workplace. As a whole, these messages fail to account for notions of intersectionality and perpetuate inequality and masculine power for future professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper blends historical retrieval, feminist political intervention, and an effort to think about our fields from the perspective of assemblage theory in an attempt to remember the founding mothers of the fields of communication and media studies. Entwined humanistic and posthumanistic impulses create space for voices, labors, bodies, and other material things that deserve our attention. At the narrative and moral core of the story is a group of remarkable yet unsung women who, from the late 1930s through the early 1950s, helped to invent practices, produce research, shape thinking, and establish social relationships that laid foundations for media and communication study in the United States and the world. These women are the figures we call the founding mothers of our field. Focusing on the Paul Lazarsfeld-led Office of Radio Research (ORR) and the Bureau of Applied Social Research (the Bureau) from 1937 to 1949, we attend to four representative women—Herta Herzog, Hazel Gaudet, Thelma Ehrlich Anderson, and Rose K. Goldsen—as means of illustrating roles played by women in an assemblage of human and nonhuman agents. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

As of 1926, the Associated Press had not hired women to work as reporters. With the appointment of Kent Cooper as general manager, the first woman reporter was hired in that year, followed by the hiring of seven more women who worked at either the AP's New York or Washington, D.C., bureaus between 1928 and 1931. These women reporters provided American readers with numerous stories of women's activities, their style of dress, and other social news. They covered women athletes, women active in politics, and wives of officials, but they did not cover the most important assignments because that territory was claimed by their male counterparts. For the first time, AP assigned women to cover the wives of the presidential candidates, women at the political conventions, and women in the presidential inaugurations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The focus of this article is on Arab women journalists and how they negotiate their position in news and current affairs programmes. The main aim is to illustrate how gender identity can be appropriated and contested. Drawing on a recent piece of field-work among a large sample of Arab men and women journalists in transnational media, I aim to show how women interpret the boundaries inside the newsroom, and their strategies to overcome these boundaries. Also, drawing on post-feminist debates, I argue that Arab female journalists like to see themselves as free agents responsible for their career routes to consolidate their journalistic experience and professionalism; the reality, however, is that they end up reproducing the dominant structure. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Throughout her career, Jane Cunningham Croly (1829-1901), better known as "Jennie June," wrote extensively about women's rights in mainstream newspapers and magazines. This article revalues her work, considering the complexity of her journalistic stances on women's rights. Avoiding modern value statements that place cultural texts in hierarchal binaries of "liberal" or "conservative," it considers the motivation behind Croly's deployment of essentialist sex/gender logics. This study involved the historical analysis of more than sixty articles written by Croly about women's rights from 1855 until 1898, as well as additional primary sources that provided insight into her personal and professional lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1965, Helen Gurley Brown (1922-2012) assumed the top editing job at Cosmopolitan and transformed it from a failing title into one of magazine publishing's greatest successes. During an era of increasing publication specialization, Cosmopolitan was one of the few magazines to target and celebrate women's growing economic and social independence. Much of the scholarship on and critical appraisals of Brown and Cosmopolitan have focused on sexual politics and issues of taste. This paper takes an institutional approach by examining Brown's professional practices and how they contributed to Cosmopolitan's growth, profitability, and popularity: know your reader and always keep her in mind, prioritize good writing, and accommodate corporate and advertiser interests. In addition, it acknowledges Brown's role as a visionary editor and businesswoman, as well as Cosmopolitan's importance in magazine history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing argument in communication scholarship is that quality journalism online can distinguish itself from rumor and unchecked information by being transparent, by revealing how information was obtained, so audiences can see through it to its origins and help correct errors. This study examined the extent to which female and male journalists differ in their use of Twitter and, specifically, their journalistic transparency on Twitter. Female journalists were found to differ little from male journalists in their Twitter presence, topics, opining or gatekeeping, but they were significantly more transparent. They revealed more about their jobs, personal lives and everyday activities, and they linked more to external websites, all indicators of greater transparency. While women working for national news media were less likely to offer opinion, retweet, link or tweet about themselves or their everyday lives than women working for less “elite” media—which would support a professional socialization perspective—none of these differences was statistically significant. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Gender inequalities persist in the journalism industry in Hong Kong, as female journalists are seriously under-represented in the upper echelons of news organizations. Not unlike other countries, a major reason contributing to the phenomenon is the family–work tensions experienced by many female journalists, which lead many to leave the field at different stages in their lives. This study examines this problematic through the lens of Bourdieu's field theory. Individual journalists are seen as positioned in several overlapping fields in differentiated manners. Using survey and in-depth interviews, this study not only highlights the presence of structural inequalities in journalism and the pervasiveness of family–work tensions for female journalists, but also interrogates the conditions which allow some female journalists to handle work and family simultaneously and relatively successfully. We also discuss the implications of our findings for ways to tackle the problem of gender inequalities in journalism. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article explores the ways in which gender mainstreaming (GM) approaches have failed to become integrated in the EU media policy framework and seeks to analyse the reasons why. It argues that the degree of implementation of GM in the media policy area depends on the dynamics of structural power determinants, in particular the structure of opportunities of the DG in charge of the policy area and the institutional structures in general, as well as the influence of particular interests upon the policy process. The article focuses on two of the areas identified by the UN Platform for Action in 1995 supported by the EU: mis/representation of women in the media and women's participation in the decision-making process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The struggle of women journalists to achieve equality in the newsroom begs the question of whether editors were reflecting social mores or practicing a more virulent form of male supremacy. The latter explanation is supported by a study of 680 editions of the newsletter of the American Society of Newspaper Editors, the Bulletin, from its inception in 1925 through the 1988 tenure of ASNE's first female president. Until the second wave of the women's rights movement took hold, editors saw women as sexual objects and housewives whose fragile and emotional natures left them congenitally unsuited for newsroom roles beyond the women's section. The unfiltered words of the editors betray a systemic gender bias that explains why newsroom discrimination was more entrenched than in society as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the Penney-Missouri Awards competition, which was meant to raise the standards of women's pages by recognizing the sections that went beyond traditional content. Using interviews to look at the competition's history as well as framing analysis to examine the content of winning submissions, the study's findings over the period from 1960 to 1971 support a revision in the history of women 's pages. While traditional women's pages filled with society, home, and wedding news appeared in many newspapers, some sections were progressive in their content and their writing style. Recognizing the differences among women's page editors at various newspapers helps to strip away the invisibility of women in journalism history and stresses the important role played by them in pressing for change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article, through a series of interviews conducted with women war correspondents in Great Britain, cautions against undue optimism since sexism in the field, both within the military and among journalists, continues to prevail. The authors of the essay do not subscribe to a feminization of war news theory but instead suggest that a "journalism of attachment," which favors more human stories of civilian victims is creating a productive arena for women reporters. It is suggested that the presence of women in the frontline may also be indicative of a change in war storylines. A female perspective is allowing for greater engagement with the lives of the victims of war rather than its technical and strategic aspects.

This article considers the use of pen names by a group of women who were just beginning to bravely venture into print in local newspapers during the early years of the twentieth century. It asks whether their use of noms de plume was purely to conceal their identities or their sex from their readership or whether such pen names were used for other purposes, for example, to construct a civic identity. Such an identity, it is argued, was then used to justify the writers' intrusion into the public sphere of newspaper correspondence and debate. It also considers how women's use of pen names changed over time, and the different factors that impacted on a woman's choice of nomenclature in her public correspondence to the newspapers. The study investigates the choice of pen names made by women letter-writers to two daily newspapers in Scotland between 1900 and 1918. While the use of pen names was frequent in the first part of the period, it died away almost completely during the early years of the First World War, only to recur after 1916. it is thus also suggested that a distinction can be made between reactive and proactive letters to the newspapers; the latter requiring the correspondent's identity to be made public while writers of letters reacting to other letters or editorial might feel more secure behind the cover of a nom de plume.

In step with the journalism community, women educators fashioned for themselves a national presence in the 1970s. In stages that mirrored those of the profession, educators brought forward gender concerns, to have them addressed in ad hoc fashion by their national association. The women engaged in two decades of committee activism to gain decision-making power at a national level and to open the door for the next generation of feminist media scholarship. This article charts the issues that women educators faced and the actions they pursued as the Committee on the Status of Women (1972-1990). Tracing the development of this Committee points to the progress brought about by women journalism educators as they strove to gain a voice in national affairs. Likewise, it reflects women's standing and their struggles for recognition across the profession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite securing many "firsts" in journalism and surpassing males in journalism school enrollment, women journalists in the 1970s were also filing complaints of sex discrimination. One of the harder-fought sex discrimination cases was settled out of court by The New York Times in 1978, signifying a message of change at one of America's most tradition-bound newspapers. This study examined the coverage of women journalists in Editor & Publisher magazine during the decade following the settlement of this case. Overall, the coverage indicated that despite the growth and struggles for women journalists in the 1970s, the next decade brought more battles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the relationship between the portrayal of women on screen and the presence of women executives with key behind-the-scene functions. Influence of market forces; Perceptions on power of individuals in the creative community on entertainment content.

Presents information on the democratization of access, and the empowerment of women on the global mass communications media. Process which should be utilized to create a New World Information and Communications Order for Women; View of United Nations concerning violation of human rights; Role of non-governmental organizations.

The article discusses the experiences of female journalists on the prerevolutionary stage in Russia. Alexandra Sokolova, the first individual to enjoy distinction because she was both female and a journalist, took full advantage of the changing times, she joined the quasi-revolutionary circles of the young intellectuals dissatisfied with the limits of the Great Reforms. Another is A. N. Toliverova, who took advantage of her husband's social and intellectual connections to advance her writing and joined Giuseppe Garibaldi's campaign for unification. Next is A. S. Suvorin, who flirted with the left in the 1860s and swung to the right when he decided to try to work within the system, including the hiring of women.

The article argues that audience perceptions about women have not kept pace with institutional changes in the field of journalism. Thus, the spaces available for women as agents in war journalism continue to be attenuated. Given that most news about Iraq was coming from the wire services or international media agencies, the South African Broadcasting Corp. adopted a different approach in an attempt to offer an alternative view of events in Iraq. For the first time, a decision was taken to send South African reporters and cameramen, as "unilaterals," to a combat zone. One of the reporters, who arrived in Baghdad the first day the U.S. invasion began and remained throughout the bombardment of the Iraqi capital Baghdad, was a young woman named, Renee Horne. South African audiences continued to feminize Horne, demanding that she look glamorous.