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The Andean flank in central Peru is characterized by stepped profiles involving up to 20 surfaces and pediments resulting from multiple episodes of uplift and erosion. The study area exhibits the same sequence of surfaces and pediments. The erosional features are also recognized in the Eastern Cordillera in northern Peru. This paper focuses on the seven highest features in the range c. 2800–4700 m. Remnants of the four surfaces higher than 3800 m, which were formed during the interval c. 18–12 Ma, are only found south of latitude 6–6.5° S. The Miocene metallogenic belt associated with the Western Cordillera terminates abruptly at that same latitude. The area north of c. 6° S does not have any features higher than c. 3500 m, which is interpreted as indicating a later initiation of uplift. It also lacks any sign of magmatic activity. On the basis of these factors, the Central Andes are considered to terminate at c. 6° S, the ranges to the north being assigned to the Northern Andes. Once episodic uplift was initiated in the area north of 6° S, it continued at the same rhythm as in the region to the south. There was no apparent change in the pattern of episodic uplift when the normal subduction regime changed to a flat-slab regime at c. 11 Ma, probably as a result of the subduction of the Inca Plateau. The distribution of the erosion surfaces indicates that episodic uplift affected the whole of the Andean Block in northern Peru. It appears that the individual episodes occurred simultaneously and produced the same amount of uplift over the whole width of the cordilleras. There is no sign of any interruption in the process, implying a continuous orogeny from the Mid-Miocene onwards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The quintuple helix innovation model allows exploring the sustainable development of countries from the perspective of the capabilities that each of them possesses in terms of highly qualified personnel in science and technology. In addition, their distribution among the actors (helices) and the global mobility of this type of people are examined. The purpose of this paper is to dimension and characterise the research structures of the central, emerging and peripheral countries; to estimate the demand and mobility of scientists and technologists in the three selected countries; and to establish whether the concept of brain circulation applies to each of these types of countries. Design/methodology/approach: The approach of the work is bibliometric and scientometric. In the first step, two theoretical frameworks were built. In the second step, indicators to measure the overall migration were developed and identified. In the third step, data from previous research were used, and data from Peru were added using the same methodology to be able to compare the three types of countries. Findings: The study shows that the same terminology cannot be used globally to analyse the mobility of scientists in today's world, despite technological advances because there is no critical mass in peripheral countries. Originality/value: This study shows that the concept of brain circulation cannot be applied equally to all countries, because those that do not have critical mass lose capabilities, despite the existence of information and communication technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the excavation of 16th-century settlement of Magdalena de Cao Viejo in Peru by archaeologist Jeffrey Quilter. The article discusses the Spanish conquest of the Incans in Peru in the 16th century. Other topics include the site as a reducción founded by Dominican priests, the discovery of paper letters and manuscripts at the site, evidence of blending of Incan and Spanish cultures at the site, and burials and human remains found at the site. INSET: Fragment of a Lost Language.

Discusses the credit card penetration in Peru. Economic sources of the Peruvians; How the Peruvians' interest in the Internet could lead to a new generation of financial services.

The article discusses how a shift in coca production pushed Peruvian children towards crime. Topics include overdoses by consumers and violence among traffickers and dealers; a recent paper by Maria Micaela Sviatschi of Princeton University that shows that demand for coca leaves, from which cocaine is produced, pushed a generation of children in Peru out of school and into lives of crime; and incentive to coca farmer that declined the production.

In order to promote good water governance practices, harmonize multiple objectives, and reflect the linkages between environmental, socioeconomic and politico-administrative aspects, it is imperative to define appropriate regions for water resources planning and management. The Water Resources Planning and Management Decision Support System (WARPLAM DSS) is presented here as a tool to support the definition of suitable limits for water resources regions. Although river basins are generally considered the most suitable regions to achieve Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) goals, WARPLAM DSS facilitates the analysis of politico-administrative, historic-cultural, socioeconomic, and physical-environmental aspects. This paper summarizes an initiative to define integrated water resources regions for the establishment of River Basin Committees (RBCs) in Peru, based on a comprehensive analysis of the Peruvian territory. The study was developed through a partnership between ANA-Peru and ANA-Brazil, with the cooperation of the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). The results simulated in this attempt anticipate a more harmonized division of Peru's territory into water resources regions. Such an approach aims to establish more robust RBCs and to increase the chances of attaining IWRM goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health information systems play a key role in enabling high quality, complete health information to be available in a timely fashion for operational and strategic decision-making that makes it possible to save lives and improve the health and quality of life of the population. In many countries, health information systems are weak, incomplete, and fragmented. However, there is broad consensus in the literature of the need to strengthen health information systems in countries around the world. The objective of this paper is to present the essential components of the conceptual framework to strengthen health information systems in Peru. It describes the principal actions and strategies of the Ministry of Health of Peru during the process of strengthening health information systems. These systems make it possible to orient policies for appropriate decision-making in public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a research paper on the wounds left on fossils found in the Pisco fossil beds in Aguada de Lomas, Peru. It references a study by Alberto Collareta et al., published in an issue of the "Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology". It tackles a factor that led to the changes in the coastal environments where small baleen whales lived.

Abstract: In the last decade, two scientific tools have been extensively used worldwide to measure the human impact on nature: ecological footprint (EF) and emergy analysis (EA). Papers trying to combine the strong points of EF and EA, and obtain more accurate results have appeared in scientific literature, in which Zhao’s et al. (2005) approach is an important one. Unfortunately, some weak points of the original methods still remain on the new approaches proposed. The aim of this present work is to discuss some weak points found in Zhao’s approach, trying to overcome them through a new approach called emergetic ecological footprint (EEF). The main difference between Zhao’s approach and EEF is that the last one accounted for the internal storage of capital natural in the biocapacity calculation. Besides that, soil loss and water for human consume were considered as additional categories in the footprint calculation. After discussing it through comparisons with other approaches, EEF was used to assess Peru as a case study, resulting in a biocapacity of 51.76ghacapita−1 and a footprint of 12.23ghacapita−1, with 2004 data; that resulted in an ecological surplus of 39.53ghacapita−1. The load capacity factor obtained was 4.23, meaning that Peru can support a population 4.23 times bigger considering the life style of 2004. The main limitations of the EEF are: (i) it is impossible to make comparisons between the biocapacity and footprint for each category; (ii) a need for a handbook with emergy intensity factors with good quality. On the other hand, the main positive points are: (i) its easiness of application in global and national scales; (ii) its final indicators account for all the previous energy (or emergy) used to make something; (iii) internal natural capital storage was accounted for in the biocapacity calculation, which can be a valid step towards the evaluation and assess of services provided by nature. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper reports the main findings of a multi-country research project designed to develop a better understanding of the performance of community-managed rural water supply systems in developing countries. Data were collected from households, village water committees, focus groups of village residents, system operators and key informants in 400 rural communities in Peru. Bolivia and Ghana. Our findings suggest that the demand-driven, community management model, coupled with access to spare parts and some technical expertise, has come a long way toward unraveling the puzzle of how best to design and implement rural water supply programs in developing countries. In all three countries, rural water supply projects were working. Among the households included in our sample in Peru and Bolivia, 95% had operational taps at the time of our field visit. In 90% of the villages in Ghana, all project handpumps were still working. Not only had the rural water systems not broken down, but almost all the households in these communities were obtaining at least some of their water from the systems. However, some households were also still using water from other sources. In Ghana, 38% of households still reported using water from unprotected sources (e.g. springs, fiver, open wells) for drinking and/or cooking. Another troublesome finding is that rural households in the sample villages are paying very little for the improved water services and, as a result, the finances of many village water committees are in poor shape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The countries of Latin America and the Caribbean are facing the gradual phaseout of international-donor support of contraceptive commodities and technical and management assistance, as well as an increased reliance on limited public sector resources and a limited private sector role in providing contraceptives to the public. Therefore, those nations must develop multisectoral strategies to achieve contraceptive security. The countries need to consider information about the market for family planning commodities and services in order to define and promote complementary roles for the public sector, the commercial sector, and the nongovernmental-organization sector, as well as to better identify which segments of the population each of those sectors should serve. While it is unable to mandate private sector participation, the public sector can create conditions that support and promote a greater role for the private sector in meeting the growing needs of family planning users. Taking steps to actively involve and expand the private sector's market share is a critical strategy for achieving a more equitable distribution of available resources, addressing unmet need, and creating a more sustainable future for family planning commodities and services. This paper also discusses in detail the experiences of two countries, Paraguay and Peru. Paraguay's family planning market illustrates a vibrant private sector, but with limited access to family planning commodities and services for those who cannot afford private sector prices. In Peru a 1995 policy change that sought to increase family planning coverage had the effect of restricting access for the poor and leaving the Ministry of Health unable to pay for the growing need for family planning commodities and services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A predicting model for the long-term epidemic trend of COVID-19 by using LSTM with rolling update mechanism is proposed. • The 150-days ahead epidemic trend of COVID-19 in Russia, Peru and Iran are estimated by our proposed model. • The results provide that the epidemic of Peru will end in early December. • The number of daily cases in Russia and Iran is expected to fall below 2000 and 1000 by mid-November and early December. • By introducing diffusion index, the effectiveness of preventive measures taken by the government are analyzed. The COVID-19 outbreak in late December 2019 is still spreading rapidly in many countries and regions around the world. It is thus urgent to predict the development and spread of the epidemic. In this paper, we have developed a forecasting model of COVID-19 by using a deep learning method with rolling update mechanism based on the epidemical data provided by Johns Hopkins University. First, as traditional epidemical models use the accumulative confirmed cases for training, it can only predict a rising trend of the epidemic and cannot predict when the epidemic will decline or end, an improved model is built based on long short-term memory (LSTM) with daily confirmed cases training set. Second, considering the existing forecasting model based on LSTM can only predict the epidemic trend within the next 30 days accurately, the rolling update mechanism is embedded with LSTM for long-term projections. Third, by introducing Diffusion Index (DI), the effectiveness of preventive measures like social isolation and lockdown on the spread of COVID-19 is analyzed in our novel research. The trends of the epidemic in 150 days ahead are modeled for Russia, Peru and Iran, three countries on different continents. Under our estimation, the current epidemic in Peru is predicted to continue until November 2020. The number of positive cases per day in Iran is expected to fall below 1000 by mid-November, with a gradual downward trend expected after several smaller peaks from July to September, while there will still be more than 2000 increase by early December in Russia. Moreover, our study highlights the importance of preventive measures which have been taken by the government, which shows that the strict controlment can significantly reduce the spread of COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

He's been called thief, smuggler, evil, pariah. And all because some people believe James Kovach stole a flower. Okay, so it's not just any flower. It's "the most spectacular orchid of the last 100 years," says John Beckner of the Marie Selby Botanical Gardens, a key player in this seedy saga. It began in May 2002, when Kovach, 47, owner of a tiny greenhouse in Goldvein, Va., went flower shopping with wife Barbara, 49, in Moyobamba, Peru, known as Orchid City. At a roadside stand he bought a foot-tall magenta flower for about $3. "We didn't quite know what it was," he says, "but we were pretty sure we found something special." Kovach brought it back to the U.S. and took it to Selby Gardens, a premier botanical society in Sarasota, Fla. "Everybody said, 'Wow,'" recalls curator Beckner, who identified it as a new and dramatically larger species of orchid, published a paper naming it Phragmipedium kovachii--a coup for a small breeder like Kovach--and returned it to a museum in Peru. Kovach failed to get the necessary permit and may have violated a law designed to stop orchid smuggling: A single kovachii could fetch $20,000 on the black market and millions more if bred. In August of that same year, six investigators from the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Agency seized tax records and plants from Kovach's home. He remains under investigation by the U.S. Attorney's office, and his income from breeding and lecturing has dried up like a wilted you-know-what.