Search

This chapter of the fifth book of the New Principles of Political Economy, Of Money, discusses several aspects of paper money. What distinguishes paper money fundamentally from bank notes is that the circulation of the former is by fiat, while that of the latter is voluntary. All paper in forced circulation must be regarded as paper money, though it be cashed on demand, since such a payment is really illusory from the moment that the forced acceptance of such paper was seen as necessary, and it was declared by law as equivalent specie. Every new issue of paper money renders superfluous an equal quantity of specie, until all specie has been driven from the country. Furthermore, the circulation of paper money is always equivalent to a general bankruptcy.

This chapter of the fifth book of the New Principles of Political Economy, Of Money, discusses the crises which convert bank notes into paper money. The safety of every type of property demands that the ever so smooth transition from bank notes to paper money, and the sophisms that are used to justify this change, be subjected to the most severe examination. The money of a country has a determinate relation to the wealth of that country, and to the activity with which its wealth circulates. The theory of the equation of the currency with commodities had already been expounded by Adam Smith, with a degree of clarity that seemed to leave no further doubt.

The chapter analyzes the papers published in the "Hospitality Research Journal" from 1990 through 1996 to identify the focus and trends of subject areas, research designs and statistical techniques employed in various hospitality research. The focus of the papers studied were found to be related to hospitality business issues, hospitality education issues and hospitality research issues. Most of the papers dealt with managerial issues such as human resources, marketing, operation, finance, corporate strategy and international business.

The article highlights the differences between writing a dissertation and a long term paper. When writing a dissertation, one is expected to break some new ground. He is expected to contribute to the evolving knowledge base of a discipline through the dissertation. In a term paper he might explore some areas in depth; there is little need to determine if others have gone this route before. In fact, everyone in the class may be writing on the same topic. In writing the dissertation, one conducts an intensive data search, insuring that the project he is mounting is different from what has already been done. He would bring a new perspective. He would study with new lenses, becoming aware of different phenomena. The study will contribute to the expanding literature in the field. When one writes a term paper, he is aware of a professor's biases and he probably deal with these in the writing of the paper. When writing the dissertation he has many more readers of the work--potentially readers with different, conflicting theoretical orientations. It will be essential for one to deal with this potential conflict, discussing competing theories and ideas. Ultimately, the interpretation of the data will need to reflect an understanding of multiple viewpoints.

While unanimous decision such as McCulloch tend to support the theory of a judicial branch devoid of subjectivity and partisanship, the four major decision relating to the validity of paper money and legal tender paper lead to a contrary conclusion. At present, the government, through the U.S. Federal Reserve System, is largely responsible for determining the money supply at any given period. The story of how Congress acquired unlimited authority to issue paper money and confer on it legal tender status involves the Supreme Court and some decisions that are highly controversial with respect to both the substance and the judicial disposition of the issue.

In Section III of his paper, Professor Görgemanns examines Arius' main discussion of oikei&osline;sis and aligns himself roughly with current orthodoxy: Anus draws on late Hellenistic sources for his synopsis of Peripatetic ethics; his attribution of the doctrine of oikei&osline;sis to one school or the other tells us nothing about its ultimate origins. On this section of Professor Görgemanns' paper I shall make only a few comments (Section I of my remarks), dealing with points of emphasis or suggesting alternative views in a field where few theories can be firmly excluded. I shall, however, have more to say (my Section II) about Professor Görgemanns' novel hypothesis concerning the ultimate inspiration for the doctrine of oikei&osline;sis (his Section IV) since here, I think, there is more mom for debate.[1] Along the way I want to draw attention to the nature of the relationship between affinity to others (social oikei&osline;sis) and being well-disposed to oneself (personal oikei&osline;sis). This is an important issue and one which merits close examination, for clarity on this point is fundamental to many of the problems raised by discussions of oikei&osline;sis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the publication of the 'Pentagon Papers' by the 'New York Times' and the 'Washington Post' that is important to the social science community. One of the most important facts revealed by the Pentagon Papers; Political scientists who contributed to the publication; One area that deeply concerns the social scientist that is highlighted in the Pentagon Papers.

The article presents information on etiquettes of Japanese people. Musings on the implications of the multi-layered gift, and other possible parallels, led to an alteration in the focus of the author's research. Takako, a Japanese woman, was helpful on this front because she was familiar with some of the author's reading, and she could quickly find relevant references, such as the example mentioned in the previous chapter of wrapping a single-page letter in an extra blank sheet. Another line of thought was inspired one morning in Takako's house when the author found her busy with a man stripping the covers of her cupboards. These were floor-to-ceiling affairs, exactly like those in their own house, which enclosed and concealed a capacious storage space, accessed through large, sliding doors. The sliding doors are called "fusuma," and the man who was here to recover them is called a" fusuma-ya," a skilled occupation which he explained required many years of training. Plain white paper is also used for the wrapping of a formal gift, and its quality is measured in its texture, and in the visible grain.

The article focuses on comments made by the author on scholar Robert W. Sharples' paper, The Peripatetic Classification of Goods. It seems clear that Arius Didymus regards, of the cause of preservation of all things that are, of whatever is predicated of every good, of what is choiceworthy for itself, as forming a unit of some kind, although they are not united by progressive diairesis. This is not a classification, into coordinate groups, of things that are good, nor is it an exhaustive classification of ways in which "good" is used.

The article presents the comments of the author on scholar Pamela M. Huby's paper, Peripatetic Definitions of Happiness. Huby has interrogated concepts of `doing well` of eudaimonia and telos, examined their pedigree, patched their texts and cross connected them with parallels in such a way as to make interpretation seem possible, if not certain. She has made useful comments on a considerable number of individual points and passages, of very varied sorts. I offer a rather general observation of my own about Arius's treatment of Aristotle and then express some difficulties I felt in thinking about her discussion of two central notions in texts she discusses, notions of chresis and the prohegoumenon.

The article presents the authors' comments on scholar Ian G. Kidd's paper, Euemptosia-Proneness to Disease. Scholar Kidd's identification of Posidonian elements in Anus' account of Stoic ethics is persuasive. The case for euemptosia is perhaps not so strong as that for the disobedient horse since, as he points out, the word euemptosia had got into the doxographical tradition by the first century B.C. The simile of the disobedient horse is a clear vestige of Posidonian revisionism and its presence in Stobaeus gives support to the supposition that euemptosia is also Posidonian. Reflections on the nature of Anus' account and on the Stoic background will make the presence of these Posidonian elements less perplexing.

The article focuses on the authors' comments on scholar George B. Kerferd's paper, Two Problems Concerning Impulses. As Professor Kerferd indicates, both models postdate the ancient Stoic school and thus could not have been the mechanical or physiological models upon which their account was based. I am in substantial agreement with scholar Kerferd's explanations. I should say a bit about the vagus nerve. I am not entirely sure just what scholar Kerferd means, the rate of heart beat is regulated by a very complex interaction between the heart and the rest of the body, including but not limited to stimuli carried by the vagus nerve. In the context of a discussion of Stoic ideas, the analogy is more bewildering, since Stoics believed the heart to be the location of the governing power.

The article focuses on the author's comments on scholar Anthony A. Long's paper on Arius Didymus. Long has raised. I shall confine myself to the following points, I find the Stobaean account of Stoic ethics less well organized than scholar Long suggests, but his discussion raises the more important question what sort of organization it has or lacks, in general, it dispenses with Stoic arguments for their views and is not organized on any argumentative plan, this is true of the treatment of normal, particularly by contrast with Cicero's discussion in Definibus 3. Given the difference in organization between the Stobaean account and accounts in Cicero and Diogene Laertius, we should feel little confidence in von Arnim's hypothesis of a common source for parts of all three.

Chapter 87 is presented of the volume on English Romantic poet Percy Bysshe Shelley from "The Critical Heritage Series." Several excerpts are provided by an anonymous author reviewing "The Shelley Papers" which appeared in the June 1836 issue of the journal "American Quarterly Review."

This chapter presents an analysis of critical welfare reform issues affecting the Black community in the U.S. It presents an overview of welfare reform from the black perspective and the person-in-environment framework. It also examines three issues of particular importance to black communities such as lifetime limits, increase in child-only cases, and the status of households who left the roll with unknown status. Black perspective evolves from black experiences that reflect a commitment to the history of a people and its role in meeting emerging challenges.

In his survey of Peripatetic ethics, Arius Didymus names Theophrastus within an account of moral virtue. The naming occurs roughly in the middle of this account and has caused considerable speculation, for no other philosopher is named in Arius' survey of Peripatetic ethics. This position has been subject to considerable criticism and I think adequately refuted by various scholars, who point to the presence of pos -Theophrastean material within Arius' survey. Nevertheless, the occurrence of material explicitly attributed to Theophrastus is important, as is the possibility of identifying passages which can be called Theophrastean in that they incorporate views which were previously advanced and defended by Theophrastus.

Chapter 12 of the book "Postmodernist Fiction," by Brian McHale, is presented. The poetics of postmodernist fiction are discussed, with an emphasis on experimental uses of typesetting and book construction. Examples are cited from the works of such authors as William Gass, B.S. Johnson and Flann O'Brien.

This chapter offers information on social work education in Great Britain. In Britain it will only take two years to become a qualified social worker. Despite considerable lobbying from within the profession and outside, culminating in a proposal for a three-year training period put forward in 1987, the government refused to extend the length of basic training for social workers. The Diploma in Social Work is the professional qualification for all social workers in Great Britain and for probation officers in Northern Ireland. Diploma in Social Work programs are based at universities and colleges of higher education. As with most other courses of study, students have the option of full-time or part-time study, or they can gain the social work qualification at home through a distance learning program. All social services departments have a training plan, which has to be submitted to the Department of Health who then allocate a Training Support Grant for social services staff to each local authority in Great Britain. Training plans have to be developed after a training needs analysis, of individual staff, of staff groups and of the needs of the service as a whole. Training is a good way of stretching boundaries, therefore, social services should take a responsibility for making sure that training takes place locally across sectors and that staff from different agencies, including the independent sector, are able to participate in programs.

Comments on the theory that ejaculatio praecox is attributable to excessive erogenecity of the urethra and fixation of the libido on micturition. Theory on female frigidity; Analysis of nocturnal emission dreams; Factors in the mechanics of ejaculatio praecox.

Examines the impact of pornography on sexuality. Dimensions of pornography; Functions of stag films in the major category or persons who see them; Analysis on the problem with pornography.

The eighth chapter of the book "Charles Dickens: The Critical Heritage," edited by Philip Collins is presented. The article presents an excerpt of the essay "An Examination Paper: 'The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club,'" by C. S. Calverley, which was published in the book "Fly Leaves." The author comments on Dickens' choice of words in several places of the book.

The article provides information on the forest management in Indonesia. The drive to sustain export earnings has more focused on expanding the production of pulp and paper and tree crops, especially oil palm. Not only has the use of forest resources been unsustainable, the distribution of benefits has been highly inequitable. Large-scale commercial logging activities have been a leading cause of deforestation and land degradation, although small-scale farmers have become a significant part of the process.

The third chapter of the book "William Thackeray: The Critical Heritage," edited by Geoffrey Tillotson and Donald Hawes is presented. The article offers an unsigned review of the book "Comic Tales and Sketches," by William Thackeray, which was a collection that contained the book "The Yellowplush Papers," that was originally published in the June 19, 1841 issue of the "Atlas."

The second chapter of the book "Charles Dickens: The Critical Heritage," edited by Philip Collins is presented. The article presents excerpts of several reviews of the book "The Pickwick Papers," by Charles Dickens that were published in issues of the "Metropolitan Magazine" between May 1836 and May 1837.

The article focuses on the authors' comments on scholar Margaret E. Reesor's paper "On The Stoic Goods in Stobaeus, Eclogae 2." I am impressed but not persuaded by Miss Reesor's attempt to conjure up a Stoic target for the passage. It fits comfortably into its immediate context, an epitome of Peripatetic views on eudaimonia and telos and to prize it away involves either the supposition of an unsignalled and bafflingly irrelevant digression, or editorial reorganization of the text. Moreover, the people under discussion are "the ancients" a term which in Hellenistic and later philosophical usage standardly signifies pit-Stoic philosophers, especially the early Platonists and Peripatetics.

Chapter 101 is presented of the volume on English Romantic poet Percy Bysshe Shelley from "The Critical Heritage Series." An excerpt is provided of the essay "Modern British Poets," by poet Margaret Fuller Ossoli, which appeared in the 1846 journal "Papers on Literature and Art" comparing the works of Shelley and poet William Wordsworth.

A definition of the term "rolled paper toweling" is presented, which refers to a method that uses adjusted filter paper or paper towels to germinate seeds inside and/or between the layers of paper.

This section presents an encyclopedia entry for the term "paper-piercing test." This term refers to a stress test used for seedling vigor utilizing sand covered by filter paper, through which the seedlings must emerge to be considered vigorous seed.