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Study Question: What is the cost-effectiveness of lifestyle intervention preceding infertility treatment in obese infertile women?Summary Answer: Lifestyle intervention preceding infertility treatment as compared to prompt infertility treatment in obese infertile women is not a cost-effective strategy in terms of healthy live birth rate within 24 months after randomization, but is more likely to be cost-effective using a longer follow-up period and live birth rate as endpoint.What Is Known Already: In infertile couples, obesity decreases conception chances. We previously showed that lifestyle intervention prior to infertility treatment in obese infertile women did not increase the healthy singleton vaginal live birth rate at term, but increased natural conceptions, especially in anovulatory women. Cost-effectiveness analyses could provide relevant additional information to guide decisions regarding offering a lifestyle intervention to obese infertile women.Study Design, Size, Duration: The cost-effectiveness of lifestyle intervention preceding infertility treatment compared to prompt infertility treatment was evaluated based on data of a previous RCT, the LIFEstyle study. The primary outcome for effectiveness was the vaginal birth of a healthy singleton at term within 24 months after randomization (the healthy live birth rate). The economic evaluation was performed from a hospital perspective and included direct medical costs of the lifestyle intervention, infertility treatments, medication and pregnancy in the intervention and control group. In addition, we performed exploratory cost-effectiveness analyses of scenarios with additional effectiveness outcomes (overall live birth within 24 months and overall live birth conceived within 24 months) and of subgroups, i.e. of ovulatory and anovulatory women, women <36 years and ≥36 years of age and of completers of the lifestyle intervention. Bootstrap analyses were performed to assess the uncertainty surrounding cost-effectiveness.Participants/materials, Settings, Methods: Infertile women with a BMI of ≥29 kg/m2 (no upper limit) were allocated to a 6-month lifestyle intervention programme preceding infertility treatment (intervention group, n = 290) or to prompt infertility treatment (control group, n = 287). After excluding women who withdrew informed consent or who were lost to follow-up we included 280 women in the intervention group and 284 women in the control group in the analysis.Main Results and the Role Of Chance: Total mean costs per woman in the intervention group within 24 months after randomization were €4324 (SD €4276) versus €5603 (SD €4632) in the control group (cost difference of -€1278, P < 0.05). Healthy live birth rates were 27 and 35% in the intervention group and the control group, respectively (effect difference of -8.1%, P < 0.05), resulting in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of €15 845 per additional percentage increase of the healthy live birth rate. Mean costs per healthy live birth event were €15 932 in the intervention group and €15 912 in the control group. Exploratory scenario analyses showed that after changing the effectiveness outcome to all live births conceived within 24 months, irrespective of delivery within or after 24 months, cost-effectiveness of the lifestyle intervention improved. Using this effectiveness outcome, the probability that lifestyle intervention preceding infertility treatment was cost-effective in anovulatory women was 40%, in completers of the lifestyle intervention 39%, and in women ≥36 years 29%.Limitations, Reasons For Caution: In contrast to the study protocol, we were not able to perform the analysis from a societal perspective. Besides the primary outcome of the LIFEstyle study, we performed exploratory analyses using outcomes observed at longer follow-up times and we evaluated subgroups of women; the trial was not powered on these additional outcomes or subgroup analyses.Wider Implications Of the Findings: Cost-effectiveness of a lifestyle intervention is more likely for longer follow-up times, and with live births conceived within 24 months as the effectiveness outcome. This effect was most profound in anovulatory women, in completers of the lifestyle intervention and in women ≥36 years old. This result indicates that the follow-up period of lifestyle interventions in obese infertile women is important. The scenario analyses performed in this study suggest that offering and reimbursing lifestyle intervention programmes in certain patient categories may be cost-effective and it provides directions for future research in this field.Study Funding/competing Interest(s): The study was supported by a grant from ZonMw, the Dutch Organization for Health Research and Development (50-50110-96-518). The department of obstetrics and gynaecology of the UMCG received an unrestricted educational grant from Ferring pharmaceuticals BV, The Netherlands. B.W.J.M. is a consultant for ObsEva, Geneva.Trial Registration Number: The LIFEstyle RCT was registered at the Dutch trial registry (NTR 1530). http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/rctview.asp?TC = 1530. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infertility is an important issue for patients with premature ovarian failure (POF). Although oocyte donation offers an alternative method to achieve a pregnancy, many patients seek to reproduce with their own gametes. We performed a literature search to evaluate the possibility of pregnancy following diagnosis, and the additional value of treatment strategies. We found 52 case reports, eight observational studies, nine uncontrolled studies and seven controlled trials. Due to a strong variability in study design, patient selection and mode of intervention, it was not possible to combine the data of the seven studies to perform a meta-analysis. None of the studies showed a statistically significant difference between both (or more) study groups. Due to a lack of incorporation of a placebo group, preference of any treatment over no treatment could not be established. Importantly, the collected data of observational, uncontrolled and controlled studies indicate that POF patients still have a 5-10% chance to conceive following diagnosis. Approximately 80% of the reported pregnancies resulted in the birth of a healthy child. There is no evidence that any treatment can enhance this pregnancy rate. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Objective: The peak number of oocytes is reached during intrauterine development, after which numbers decline until reserves are depleted and a woman enters menopause. In premature ovarian insufficiency (POI), the process of follicle depletion occurs at a young age (generally taken as 40 years); the condition affects about 1% of women. In this study, we investigate whether women with POI had experienced a different perinatal milieu, as reflected in their birth weight or prematurity., Study Design: In this retrospective case-control study, we evaluated whether women diagnosed with POI had a different birth weight or prematurity rate (<37 weeks) compared with women aged over 40 at natural menopause (the controls). Binary logistic regression models were used to analyze the data and correct for smoking. 59 women with POI and 92 controls were recruited., Results: 13.6% of women diagnosed with POI were born prematurely, compared with 6.6% of controls (p=0.018). Corrected for gestational age, women with POI did not have a different birth weight compared with controls. As a consequence of the design of our study, mean age at time of interview differed significantly between groups, at 37.5 and 46 years respectively for women diagnosed with POI and controls. Years of oral contraception use, smoking, age at menarche, BMI and education levels were similar in the two groups., Conclusion: Our findings indicate that prematurity is a risk factor for POI. Prenatal factors contributing to prematurity, or postnatal factors that are the result of prematurity, may lead to early follicle depletion., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The introduction ofoocyte donation has provided a new perspective on reproduction for women with premature ovarian failure. In contrast to other forms ofassisted reproductive technology, the success ofoocyte donation is not affected by the age of the future mother. This has prompted a discussion on raising the age limit to allow older women to become pregnant. The health risk for the future mother is increased in older women compared with younger women but does not appear to be a sufficient reason to disqualify older women from undergoing the procedure. Lack of information regarding the effect of very late parenthood on the medical, psychological and social well-being of the future child poses the greatest concern. Should the age limit be extended for oocyte donation, treatment should be restricted to a research setting with a protocol for single-embryo transfer and extensive follow-up regarding the well-being of the future child.

Premature ovarian failure is characterized by secondary oligomenorrhoea or amenorrhoea and serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels above 40 IU/l before or at the age of 40. The incidence is 1:1000 below age 30 and 1:100 below age 40. In the majority of cases a cause can not be identified. The chance to conceive spontaneously after premature ovarian failure is estimated at 5-10%. There is no treatment available to restore ovarian function and increase the pregnancy rate. In vitro fertilisation using oocyte donation is the only successful fertility treatment option. Climacteric symptoms can be treated with hormone replacement therapy. In the absence of symptoms and when bone mineral density is normal there is no need for hormone replacement therapy. In the near future cryopreservation of ovarian tissue will offer some hope to women at risk to develop premature ovarian failure, e.g. women from families with familial premature ovarian failure and women scheduled to undergo chemotherapy or radiotherapy at a young age.

Problem: Incipient ovarian failure (IOF) is characterized by regular menstrual cycles, infertility and a raised early-follicular FSH in women under 40. IOF might be a precursor or a mitigated form of premature ovarian failure (POF). Disturbances in the immune system may play a role in ovarian failure., Method of Study: Autoantibodies and lymphocyte subsets were determined in 63 POF patients, 50 IOF patients, and 27 controls., Results: The prevalence of autoantibodies did not differ between the groups. There was a statistically significant difference in lymphocyte subsets between the control group and the POF group, with the IOF group taking an intermediate position. We found a decrease in percentage of T-suppressor cells with a rise in T-helper/T-suppressor cell ratio, a decrease in natural killer cells, and an increase in B lymphocytes and HLA-DR positive T cells., Conclusions: These data support the concept that IOF is a mitigated form of POF. The question remains whether these changes are the cause or the consequence of the ovarian failure.

The incidence of familial cases of premature ovarian failure varies from 4 to 31%. Recall bias may explain part of the variance. Thorough evaluation of alleged affected relatives showed a lower incidence than the original family history suggested. In the present study the incidence of familial cases was 12.7%. Pedigree studies on affected families showed a mode of inheritance suggestive of autosomal dominant sex-limited transmission or X-linked inheritance with incomplete penetrance. An adequate family history can distinguish between familial or sporadic premature ovarian failure. The risk of female relatives developing premature ovarian failure may be as high as 100% in familial premature ovarian failure, or as low as 1% in sporadic cases.

Objective: To determine the effect of corticosteroids on ovarian responsiveness to exogenous gonadotropins in patients with idiopathic premature ovarian failure (POF)., Design: Placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, multicenter study., Setting: Two tertiary care academic centers for reproductive endocrinology and fertility and two general teaching hospitals., Patient(s): One hundred patients with idiopathic POF intended to enter the study. The study was discontinued after 36 patients failed to ovulate., Intervention(s): Endocrine and immune parameters were tested on days 1 and 15. On day 1, subjects were randomized to receive either 9 mg of dexamethasone daily or placebo. From day 5 onward, 300 IU of hMG daily was added for 10 days in both groups. The dosage of dexamethasone was decreased stepwise in the second week and discontinued after day 15. Patients were monitored by transvaginal ultrasonography and by determining serum E2 levels., Main Outcome Measure(s): Ovulation rate. Fifty patients would have to be included in each study group to detect a statistically significant difference of 20% in the ovulation rate between the two groups with alpha = 0.05 and beta = 0.1 (one-tailed test)., Result(s): No ovulation was recorded in the first 36 patients. Interim analysis showed that the 95% confidence intervals of an ovulation rate of 0 were 0-17% for the dexamethasone arm (n = 19) and 0-19% for the placebo arm (n = 17). Because the preset objective (a difference of 20%) would never be reached, the study was discontinued., Conclusion(s): Corticosteroids do not influence ovarian responsiveness to gonadotropins in patients with idiopathic POF.

Objectives: To determine the effect of pituitary suppression with a GnRH agonist (GnRH-a) on the success of ovulation induction with exogenous gonadotropins in patients with premature ovarian failure (POF)., Design: Placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind study. The data were analyzed with a Fisher exact test., Setting: A tertiary care academic center for Reproductive Endocrinology and Fertility., Patients: Thirty patients with POF, 15 in each group., Interventions: The study consisted of four phases: phase 1, no interventions; phase 2, a 4-week period in which the patients received either 1,000 micrograms intranasal buserelin acetate daily or placebo; phase 3, a 3-week period during which the patients additionally received hMG in weekly augmented doses, two, four, and six ampules daily in the first, second, and third weeks, respectively. Ovulation was induced whenever the follicular diameter reached 18 mm and/or total 24-hour estrogen excretion > 140 micrograms (500 nmol). Luteal support was 5,000 IU hCG every 72 hours; phase 4, no interventions., Results: Follicular growth was seen in five patients of the agonist group and in four patients of the placebo group. Three of 15 patients in the agonist group ovulated versus none in the placebo group. The difference was not statistically significant., Conclusions: The fact that 3 of 15 cycles cotreated with a GnRH-a were ovulatory versus none in the placebo-treated group appeared not to be enough evidence to demonstrate that pituitary suppression with a GnRH-a improves the success of ovulation induction with exogenous gonadotropins in patients with POF.

Radiation therapy in gynecological malignancies is limited by the frequent occurrence of radiation enteropathy at effective dose levels of 45 Gy and higher. Elevation of the small bowel out of the true pelvis should enable doses of up to 60-70 Gy to be given without damaging the small bowel. We report a feasibility study concerning elevation of the small bowel out of the true pelvis, by creating an intra-abdominal sling with a synthetic mesh. Twelve patients with pelvic gynecological malignancies were included since 1986. In all patients peroperative application of the mesh was possible. In ten patients adequate elevation of the small bowel was achieved. Two patients showed a right-sided herniation of a small bowel loop on a control barium opacification, performed 1 week postoperatively. In one of these a fistula occurred after resecuring the mesh. The most important problem in this study, as has also been reported elsewhere, was a herniation of a small bowel loop. The incidence is probably inversely correlated with the skill of the surgeon and will therefore be reduced with increasing experience. Future long-term studies should address the issue whether or not radiation enteropathy can be prevented by this method.

In this paper three pregnancies in association with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are reported. Management of pregnancy and delivery are discussed based upon recommendations in literature.