Search

We have introduced the complex network analysis techniques such as Visibility Graph (VG), Horizontal Visibility Graph (HVG) and Sandbox (SB) algorithm as a mapping between complex network and time series measurements. This study explores the application of complex network-based analysis techniques to proton–proton (p p) collisions data at s = 1 3 , 7, 5.02 and 2.76 TeV to unravel the underlying dynamics of the particles and their interactions. To ensure the robustness and comprehensive analysis, we have incorporated UrQMD-, PYTHIA- and AMPT-simulated data sets of p p interactions at LHC energies that enable a thorough investigation of the underlying phenomena of the interactions. We have analyzed the fluctuations in pseudorapidity densities of singly charged particles created in p p interactions at LHC energies. We have also investigated some properties like symmetry scaling, correlation, clustering and scale-freeness among the produced particles. The findings from this study contribute to our understanding of the complex dynamics within p p collisions and have implications for the field of high-energy physics and particle phenomenology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work presents a study of jet production in the central region ( | η | < 2.5) and the forward region (3 < | η | < 5) in proton–proton collisions at different energies: s = 13.6 TeV, s = 20 TeV, and s = 27 TeV. These energies are the present and expected future energies of the Large Hadron Collider. In addition, the measurement of dijets—where the dijet selected is the one leading the jet in the central region and the second jet is the one with the sub-leading role in the forward region—was investigated with the same collision energies. Jets are reconstructed with the anti-kT (R = 0.5) algorithm in the transverse momentum range pT = 15–1000 GeV/c. Different Monte Carlo event generators were used: PYTHIA, HERWIG, and EPOS-LHC. The momentum, multiplicity, energy, pseudorapidity, and azimuthal angle of the jets were measured. In addition, the dijet multiplicity and the difference in the azimuthal angle were measured. The generation of events was carried out using the Rivet analysis framework. It is observed that, when the energy of the collision increases, the production of the jets in the central and forward regions and the dijets multiplicity increase; overall an agreement is observed between the three event generators. The disagreement between the different generators points to potential areas for development or additional study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Atti Chiari project, collecting the first large Italian corpus of judicial acts, presents strict legal requirements as well as many peculiarities in terms of language and content; to meet them, a number of processes and tools have been designed and implemented. The first issue is the requirement to remove any personal data from the documents, without however destroying their linguistic form, nor compromising their readability. To this end, a pseudonymisation procedure has been created based on a preliminary annotation stage, which adds information right in order to remove it in different ways, according to different purposes (linguistic analysis, legal analysis, etc.). At the same time, this light annotation provides data useful not only for pseudonymization, but also for the conversion of documents, from their original presentational format into a semantic one based on TEI. Once documents have been prepared in this way, they are then centralized in a corpus, ready to be indexed for linguistic research. Given the multiple search criteria that must be combined, whatever their origin and model, a new type of search engine, designed primarily in the philological field, has been used here to obtain the required openness and granularity of metadata.

The two-particle rapidity correlation among the pions produced in p–p collisions at recent LHC energies s = 2.76, 5.02, 7 and 13 TeV are studied in this paper by using the analysis of events generated by UrQMD-3.4, AMPT-2.26 and PYTHIA-8.3. Our investigation for bin-to-bin fluctuation using the variance of forward–backward asymmetry parameter σ C 2 in the forward–backward pseudo-rapidity windows is done through the simulated data. In addition to that, energy-wise variation of correlation strength (β), the probability distribution of roughness parameter ( γ k 2 ) and number density fluctuation parameter (d ik ) are also incorporated in this investigation. Also, we have tried to study the same for the data of different impact parameters generated using the UrQMD model, and the comparison is made with its minimum biased events data-set. The analysis signifies, that the signature of dynamical fluctuation is not so prominent but increases a bit with the increase in energy. An increase in the correlation strength with the increase in energy signifies the contribution of long-range correlation is more in comparison to the short-range one. However, there is no such accountable effect of various impact parameters seen in the present study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work presents a study of jet production in the central region (|η| < 2.5) and the forward region (3 < |η| < 5) in proton–proton collisions at different energies: s = 13.6 TeV, s = 20 TeV, and s = 27 TeV. These energies are the present and expected future energies of the Large Hadron Collider. In addition, the measurement of dijets—where the dijet selected is the one leading the jet in the central region and the second jet is the one with the sub-leading role in the forward region—was investigated with the same collision energies. Jets are reconstructed with the anti-kT (R = 0.5) algorithm in the transverse momentum range pT = 15–1000 GeV/c. Different Monte Carlo event generators were used: PYTHIA, HERWIG, and EPOS-LHC. The momentum, multiplicity, energy, pseudorapidity, and azimuthal angle of the jets were measured. In addition, the dijet multiplicity and the difference in the azimuthal angle were measured. The generation of events was carried out using the Rivet analysis framework. It is observed that, when the energy of the collision increases, the production of the jets in the central and forward regions and the dijets multiplicity increase; overall an agreement is observed between the three event generators. The disagreement between the different generators points to potential areas for development or additional study.

The ALICE experiment is optimized to study the properties of hot quark–gluon plasma produced in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions. One of the electromagnetic calorimeters of ALICE, the Photon Spectrometer (PHOS), is designed for measuring direct photons and neutral mesons spectra. The possibility of increasing the working area of the PHOS detector by using PbWO4 crystals of the CMS experiment is currently under consideration. It is possible to change the kinematic range by varying pseudo-rapidity, with a constant azimuthal angle, or azimutal angle, with the same pseudorapidity. It is also possible to move apart the detector modules without adding additional crystals. The proton collisions at energy of 13 TeV have been simulated by the Monte Carlo method using the PYTHIA software package. On the basis of the simulation results, it can be stated that for measurements in the low pT region increasing the azimuthal angle is the most optimum, since it becomes possible to investigate the pT region down to 25 MeV/c for π0. This makes it possible to measure direct photons in the very low energy range (tens of MeV) and possibly verify the Low theorem for soft photons. At the same time, the available range for measuring—the η meson also significantly increases (down to 50 MeV/c). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The multiplicity distribution of charged particles produced from proton–proton collisions at energies s = 2.36, 2.76, 5, 7, 8, 10, 13 and 14 TeV were studied in the present work. Furthermore, multiplicity distribution was studied in different pseudorapidity regions ∣η∣ < 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5. KNO scaling was studied at the same pseudorapidity regions. This is valid in the pseudorapidity region ∣η∣ < 0.5, but with increasing pseudorapidity, the violation increases. The influence of MPI and color reconnection in violation of KNO scaling were studied. The relation between mean multiplicity and collisions energy was explored, noted that it increases with the increasing energy of collisions.

The multiplicity distribution of charged particles produced from proton–proton collisions at energies s = 2.36, 2.76, 5, 7, 8, 10, 13 and 14 TeV were studied in the present work. Furthermore, multiplicity distribution was studied in different pseudorapidity regions ∣ η ∣ < 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5. KNO scaling was studied at the same pseudorapidity regions. This is valid in the pseudorapidity region ∣ η ∣ < 0.5, but with increasing pseudorapidity, the violation increases. The influence of MPI and color reconnection in violation of KNO scaling were studied. The relation between mean multiplicity and collisions energy was explored, noted that it increases with the increasing energy of collisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collision of particles at high energies at accelerators is the main source of data used to obtain deeper understanding of the fundamental interactions and the structure of the matter. Processes of isolated photon production have provided many tests of theoretical descriptions of the universe on scales smaller than the proton. This work is dedicated to the analysis of the large amount of collision data that has been accumulated at ZEUS in 2004-2007 period and new methods of processing isolated photons that have been proposed. The authors develop software algorithms that allow obtaining the signal of isolated photons from the data collected on the ZEUS detector at electron-proton collider HERA, calculating the differential cross sections, and comparing the measured data with PYTHIA Monte Carlo predictions. Taking into account the features of the ZEUS detector, the photon signal is separated from the background events and the number of isolated photons is calculated. Computational mathematical and numerical methods have been used to simulate the interaction of particles in the detector. Monte Carlo predictions for differential cross sections as functions of the pseudorapidity and transverse energy of the photon ηg, ETg and the jet ηjet, ETjet, and the fraction of the photon momentum хgmeas carried by the interacting parton have been calculated and compared with the experimental data. The results of the study are compared with the previous studies and show for the first time that all isolated photon HERA measurements are consistent with each other. New results show improved uncertainties. The formation of isolated inclusive photons and photons with the accompanying jet was measured in photoproduction with ZEUS detector at HERA collider using the integrated luminosity of 374 ± 7 pb-1. For the first time, more complex Monte-Carlo simulation models of isolated photons for ZEUS detector were generated and applied, and the description of the photon signal was improved. It has been found that PYTHIA describes the shape of the cross section as a function of ηg well enough, but does not fully reproduce the shape of ETg, ETjet, and the middle region of хgmeas, while ηjet is described not very well. The reason for this discrepancy can be the lack of corrections of higher orders in the predictions for cross sections of direct photons. Scaling of the cross sections obtained with PYTHIA improves the description of ETg and ηg. The unsatisfactory description of ηjet indicates that further studies are required.

The verification scheme in the package "Professor2" for setting parameters of the most used physics generator PYTHIA8.2 for simulating the processes in high energy physics is described. The goal is to tune the PYTHIA8.2 parameter list for the fragmentation process below the production threshold. As an initial parameter list, we use the Belle (predecessor of the Belle II experiment) default parameter settings for fragmentation. For the MC pseudo-data, we use the Belle II software package i.e. basf2, and generator script developed by the main author of this paper. To validate the whole procedure, we use momentum distribution of charged pions and kaons to tune two free parameters of the fragmentation model in PYTHIA8 i.e. LUND fragmentation model. We demonstrate that the Professor2 package is a handful to perform multi-parameter tunes simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proton-proton collision is an essential part of high energy physics, as it is a baseline for nucleus-nucleus and hadron-nucleus collisions. Quark-gluon plasma, an exotic state of strongly interacting QCD matter, is routinely produced in heavy nuclei high-energy collisions. Charmonium, the bound states of cc produced at the early stages of collisions, are nice probes to examine the properties of matter through which they pass. The differential cross-sections of inclusive ψ(2S) in pp collisions at energies of√s = 7, 8 and 13 TeV have been studied. PYTHIA 8.1 event generator is used for the simulation of data. The differential cross-section of inclusive J/ψ is also presented in order to examine the ψ(2S) to J/ψ ratio at similar energies. Both charmonium states are simulated in dimuon (µ+µ-) decay channel. The simulated data is also compared with the ALICE and LHCb experimental data based at LHC. We have plotted the differential cross-section as a function of transverse momentum (pT) and rapidity y. PYTHIA simulation is found to be in good agreement with ALICE data for low pT interval, y interval close to midrapidity, while PYTHIA agrees with LHCb data at low pT interval. It is observed that the LHCb differential cross-section distributions of J/ψ and ψ(2S) as a function of y are lower compared to the ALICE data distributions and PYTHIA simulations. The ψ(2S) to J/ψ ratio is also well explained by PYTHIA and shows an increase in production of inclusive J/ψ as compared to inclusive ψ(2S). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the ancient Greek beliefs from a different perspective; I attempt to approach the old themes in an interdisciplinary way. I refer to the studies of French anthropology and on the ethnological studies of the conceptualization of the landscape through oral tradition. Some classical antiquity researchers have already done so. Such authors that relate to ancient Greece as a whole discuss the symbolism of sacrifices and snakes. Thus, the belief system of the community manifests in the landscape in its symbolic sense, and with this working guide, I managed to apply the abovementioned contemporary (modern) perspectives to the example of the ancient Greek Delphi.

Proton–Proton (p p) collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) are simulated in order to study events with a high local density of charged particles produced in narrow pseudorapidty windows of Δ η = 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5. The p p collisions are generated at center of mass energies of s = 2. 3 6 , 7 , 8 , and 1 3 TeV, i.e., the energies at which the LHC has operated so far, using PYTHIA and HERWIG event generators. We have also studied the average of the maximum charged-particle density versus the event multiplicity for all events, using the different pseudorapidity windows. This study prepares for the multi-particle production background expected in a future search for anomalous high-density multiplicity fluctuations using the LHC data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This paper deals with dirt, anomic behaviour, death and decay as productive and redemptive means within four very different traditional religions: Shinto, ancient Egyptian religion, classical Indian religion and Greek religion. In all four contexts, the motif is somehow anchored in mythology and makes sense first and foremost in ritualization, i.e. as part of the symbolic accompaniment of ritual metamorphosis. As others have demonstrated, the motif makes equally good sense in so-called post-axial religions, in which redemption is much more a matter of an inner, subjective breakthrough – but it is by no means a prerogative of such religions. Dansk resumé: Artiklen behandler eksempler på snavs, anomisk adfærd, død og råddenskab som religiøst produktive og forløsende i fire vidt forskellige traditionelle religioner: Shinto, oldtidens ægyptiske religion, klassisk indisk religion og græsk religion. I alle fire sammenhænge er motivet mytologisk forankret, og det giver først og fremmest mening som et rituelt virkemiddel, en del af det symbolske akkompagnement til rituelle forvandlinger. Som andre har vist, giver motivet også god mening i såkaldt post-aksiale religioner, hvor forløsning i højere grad forstås som et indre, subjektivt gennembrud – men det er altså ikke forbeholdt disse.

As software systems change and evolve over time regression tests have to be run to validate these changes. Regression testing is an expensive but essential activity in software maintenance. The purpose of this paper is to compare a new regression test selection model called ReTSE with Pythia. The ReTSE model uses decomposition slicing in order to identify the relevant regression tests. Decomposition slicing provides a technique that is capable of identifying the unchanged parts of a system. Pythia is a regression test selection technique based on textual differencing. Both techniques are compare using a Power program taken from Vokolos and Frankl's paper. The analysis of this comparison has shown promising results in reducing the number of tests to be run after changes are introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The PYTHIA Monte Carlo (PMC), first introduced more than 30 years ago, remains a popular simulation tool both for analysis of p – p collision dynamics and for detector design and calibration. The PMC assumes that almost all hadron production results from parton–parton scatterings described by pQCD and that multiple parton interactions (MPIs) per collision event are a common occurrence. In contrast, a two-component (soft + hard) model (TCM) of high-energy collisions, inferred inductively from a variety of data formats, attributes a majority of final-state hadrons to projectile-nucleon dissociation and a minority to minimum-bias (MB) dijet production (corresponding to measured jet spectra and fragmentation functions (FF)). The observed jet-related hadron yield is precisely proportional to the square of the nonjet yield over an interval corresponding to 100-fold increase in dijet production. The two data descriptions appear to be in conflict. This study presents a detailed comparison of the two models and their relations to a broad array of collision data. The PMC appears to disagree with some data, whereas the TCM provides an accurate and comprehensive data description. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The assessment of the talent of the Delphic Pythia was ambiguous among Greeks. On the one hand, they emphasized the role of Apollo in the process, saying that becoming a Pythia requires no special ability or education. On the other hand, they admitted that the Pythia influences the poetic quality of the oracle. Despite the modern popular view, the Delphic oracles did not require a secondary phrasing by male priests. Pythias presented the oracles in their final form, but in verse or in prose, depending on the poetic talent of the seer. In my paper, I present arguments that the Greeks deliberately underestimated the Pythia's own efforts in order to hinder the formation of a spiritual (shamanistic) power which could have been able to overcome secular political power. The enigmatic character of the oracles served the same goal: to maintain the political independence of the Greek states. However, there are traces showing that divination originally had a close connection to poetic inspiration and that both had a slight shamanistic character. I highlight two motives: the existence of poetic as well as divinatory initiation and the role of honey, a food allegedly inducing trance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In the banqueting hall where the drinking party takes place, the lyre and the aulos are associated with the crater and the gestures that make it function. The lyre’s hollow body, with its arms and strings, and the vase of the mixture appear at once as the place and instrument of a krâsis similar to the one that produces the wine drunk by the men at the symposion and the music they listen to. Both ensure, on the same mode, the conviviality and concord between the drinkers. This close kinship between the mixtures of wine and music also finds a noteworthy echo in the Delphian adyton where it becomes incarnate in the Pythia. From the symposion to the adyton, krâsis prevails, presiding at the same time over the harmony of the lyre, the right use of the wine and the Pythia’s responsiveness to Apollo.

Özet: Bu çalışmada ep ve γp çarpıştırıcısı, s = 1.4 TeV kütle merkezi enerjisinde, proton-parton yapı fonksiyonu G( ,Q2 ) g χ , foton yapı fonksiyonu f (χ ,Q2 ) γ , küçük g χ , χ ve Q2 değerlerinin sert saçılma için elde edilen sonuçları sunulmaktadır. Bu sonuçlar, DESY Laboratuvarındaki HERA ve THERA Deneylerinde ep ve γ p çarpıştırıcılarındaki saçılmaların sonuçlarıyla kıyaslanmıştır. Bu çalışma, saçılma çalışmaları için duyarlılıkların belirlenmesinde ve çarpışmanın temelindeki içeriği; gluon-kuark iç yapısını anlamada geniş görüş imkanı sağlar. g χ bölgesinin araştırılması; ep 'de pp ve pp çarpıştırıcılarına göre daha büyük avantaja sahiptir. Burada ep → bbXe ve ep → ccXe bozunumlarındaki son durumlar PYTHIA programı kullanılarak çalışılmış ve bu parçacıkları için; tesir kesitleri ve bozunma genişlikleri elde edilmiştir. Ayrıca g χ için bulunan optimum partonik düzey sonuçları verilmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler:Yapı fonksiyonu, sert saçılma, küçük g χ , PYTHIA, partonik düzey STUDY OF χg IN ep HARD SCATTERING Abstract: This work presents the obtained values of proton-parton structure function G( ,Q2 ) g χ , photon structure function f (χ ,Q2 ) γ , small g χ , χ , and Q2 at s = 1.4 TeV center of mass energies of ep and γp colliders in hard scattering. Results are compared with data, in which are obtained from scattering at DESY Laboratory HERA and THERA Experiments of ep and γ p colliders. Study of this subject provides to understand experiment sensitivity of the scattering studies and supplies wide possibility of view for inner structure of gluon-quark plasma. Searching small g χ region at ep colliders has some crucial advantages with respect to pp and pp colliders. In this study, final states of ep → bbXe and ep → ccXe decays are searched by using simulation program−PYTHIA and for final state particles, cross-sections and decay widths are obtained. In addition to above searches, calculated optimum partonic level results are given for small g χ . Keywords: Structure function, hard scattering, small g χ , PYTHIA, partonic level

The aim of this article is to deepen our knowledge of mantic procedures used at Delphi, especially with respect to the mental state of the Pythia, which was induced in the course of oracular sessions. The first section provides a short reconstruction of the Delphic oracular session based on the information gleaned from historical and (to lesser extent) archaeological sources. The second section aims for clarification of some contentious points, which are still the subject of intensive scholarly debates and controversies. They concern particularly questions about the authorship of pronounced oracles and the method by which the Pythia brought about her reputed mantic abilities. The third section raises a question about how and to what degree our knowledge about the history of the Delphic oracle and the Pythia's behaviour in the course of oracular consultations is deepened by looking at it from the perspective of cognitive psychology. A cognitive perspective can, perhaps, give us useful material for possible comparisons based on analogically similar cases of spirit possession currently studied anthropologically, psychologically, and neurologically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a method of measuring the elliptic flow (v2) of nonphotonic electrons from heavy flavor quark decays using the STAR detector at RHIC in Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}} = 200~{{\rm GeV}}$. Inclusive electrons are identified in the pT range 0.5-4 GeV/c at mid-rapidity -1 < η < 0 by the STAR time projection chamber (TPC) and time-of-flight detector. Photonic e+e- pairs with characteristic low invariant mass are reconstructed in the TPC and their v2 is measured using the standard event plane method by subtracting the combinatorial background in the dN/dΔϕ distributions in each pT bin. The nonphotonic electron v2 and its propagated error can be derived from the inclusive and photonic electron v2. We estimate the necessary statistics and errors of nonphotonic electron v2 for a more recent RHIC run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The inclusive charged particle transverse momentum distribution is measured in proton–proton collisions at at the LHC using the ALICE detector. The measurement is performed in the central pseudorapidity region over the transverse momentum range . The correlation between transverse momentum and particle multiplicity is also studied. Results are presented for inelastic (INEL) and non-single-diffractive (NSD) events. The average transverse momentum for is and , respectively. The data exhibit a slightly larger than measurements in wider pseudorapidity intervals. The results are compared to simulations with the Monte Carlo event generators PYTHIA and PHOJET. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents the obtained values of proton-parton structure function G(χg, Q2), photon structure function fγ(χ,Q2) , small χg, χ, and Q2 at ∔s = 1.4 TeV center of mass energies of ep and γp colliders in hard scattering. Results are compared with data, in which are obtained from scattering at DESY Laboratory HERA and THERA Experiments of ep and γp colliders. Study of this subject provides to understand experiment sensitivity of the scattering studies and supplies wide possibility of view for inner structure of gluon-quark plasma. Searching small χg region at ep colliders has some crucial advantages with respect to pp and pp colliders. In this study, final states of ep → bb Xe and ep → ccXe decays are searched by using simulation program-PYTHIA and for final state particles, cross-sections and decay widths are obtained. In addition to above searches, calculated optimum partonic level results are given for small χg . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An interdisciplinary team of scientists - including an archeologist, a geologist, a chemist, and a toxicologist - has argued that ethylene intoxication was the probable cause of the High Priestess of Delphi's divinatory (mantic) trances. The claim that the High Priestess of Delphi entered a mantic state because of ethylene intoxication enjoyed widespread reception in specialist academic journals, science magazines, and newspapers. This article uses a similar interdisciplinary approach to show that this hypothesis is implausible since it is based on problematic scientific and textual evidence, as well as a fallacious argument. The main issue raised by this counterargument is not that a particular scientific hypothesis or conjecture turned out to be false. (This is expected in scientific investigation.) Rather, the main issue is that it was a positivist disposition that originally led readers to associate the evidence presented in such a way that it seemed to point to the conclusion, even when the evidence did not support the conclusion. We conclude by observing that positivist dispositions can lead to the acceptance of claims because they have a scientific form, not because they are grounded in robust evidence and sound argument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The photon remnant was studied within Monte Carlo models PYTHIA, HERWIG and RAPGAP in resolved photo- and low-Q2 production. The Monte Carlo models differ significantly in the modelling of the photon remnant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]