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Platanus, an arboreal and deciduous plant, is widely adapted and can be used for several purposes. Despite producing viable seeds, production of platanus seedlings usually occurs through vegetative propagation; cuttings are the best and most efficient source for obtaining seedlings. Although cuttings offer a practical and easy method to obtain seedlings in different vegetable species, they are influenced by several factors, both external and internal. The present study aimed to analyze the behavior of plantain cuttings planted in sand subjected to damage or no damage at the cuttings base, and planted at depths of 20 and 40 cm. Experiment was carried out at the experimental station of horticulture and protected cultivation of UNIOESTE-Brazil, in a randomized 2×2 factorial design, which comprises both, planted at 20 cm and 40 cm depths, with 5 replicates and 5 cuttings per replicate. After 170 days of incubation, injured and non- injured cuttings, were evaluated for rooting percentage and cuttings sprouted, length of roots and medium length of stems, stem diameter, number of leaves per stem, and dry mass of roots and shoots. No significant differences were observed in cutting injury. All variables analyzed presented higher values when cuttings were planted at 20 cm depth. Results indicate that planting of platanus cuttings at 20 cm depth leads to better rooting rates and vegetative development.

Objective: To determine the effect of the reproduction methods on the morphological and productive traits of Jatropha curcas L. Materials and Methods: In a randomized block design, planting by seed (T1) and by stake (T2) was evaluated regarding seed emergence, propagule sprouting, seedling survival, number of fruits per raceme, flowering start, height, stem diameter, number of branches, crown projection, quantity of formed racemes, number of fruits per raceme, quantity of seeds per tree, weight of 100 seeds, seed length and width. The data were analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics for two independent samples, and the means were compared at a significance level of p ≤ 0,05. Results: More sprouted propagules (94) than emerged plants (71) were found. With T2, the highest height, stem diameter and number of branches were reached in the nursery. In the establishment, the crown projection was higher for T1. Meanwhile, T2 was more precocious in the beginning of flowering and produced a higher quantity of formed racemes, as well as higher number of fruits per racemes and quantity of seeds per tree. For the other variables no differences were found between the treatments. Conclusions: Through reproduction by propagules morphologically higher J. curcas seedlings are obtained in the nursery stage (higher height, stem diameter and number of branches). In the productive stage higher quantity of fruits and seeds was achieved per tree, which were stable or had a slight increase each year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper mainly studies the effects of different propagation materials and cultivation years on the yield of Polygonatum odoratum under the forest. In this study, the cultivation experiment of P. odoratum was carried out by using the stem tip, stem body and seeds of P. odoratum as propagation materials. The yield of P. odoratum in different cultivation years with propagation by rhizome was also investigated. That is, the continuous growth of P. odoratum and the yield of P. odoratum each year after cultivation was statistically analyzed. The results showed that the germination rate under stem tip cultivation was fast, and the emergence time was also fast, which was more than 2 weeks earlier than that under stem body cultivation, and the seedling emergence rate reached 100%. The stem body was a new plant formed by sprouting from the buds of internodes, and the emergence rate was more than 95%. P. odoratum propagated by rhizome was harvested in the third or fourth year after cultivation, and the third year was the best harvest time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to discover the agro-economic yield of the ‘Comum’ tannia, which was propagated with five seedling types (Extra, Large, Medium, Small and Tiny) and grown both with and without a hilling operation during three crop seasons. In each agricultural year, the treatments were arranged as a 5 x 2 factorial in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The harvests were conducted 238 (2007-08), 231 (2008-09) and 237 (2009-10) days after planting. The data were submitted to an analysis of variance each year. The plants produced from large seedlings and RM-corms had a higher fresh leaf weight. Additionally, the dry weight of the RFC-commercial cormels and RFNC-non-commercial cormels was higher with extra seedlings. The plants grown during 2008-2009 had a higher fresh weight of RM and of RFNC than the plants grown during 2009-10. The interaction between the seedling types and crop seasons significantly influence the yield and dry weight of the leaves of RM and RFC, the leaf length of RM and RFC and the leaf diameter of RFC. According to the economic analysis, a net income of R$ 2,234.08 was obtained when the tannia were cultivated without a hilling operation using extra propagated seedlings.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da inoculação de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) no crescimento da aceroleira (Malpighia emarginata D.C.). Estacas semi-lenhosas de dois genótipos de aceroleira (Barbados e Miró), com dois pares de folhas, foram plantadas para enraizamento das mudas. Após dois meses, montou-se um experimento em telado, inoculando dois isolados de FMA (Gigaspora margarita Becker & Hall e Glomus etunicatum Becker & Gerdemann) nessas mudas, em solo com 3 mg/dm³ de fósforo. Ao término do experimento (110 dias), observou-se que a inoculação de FMA proporcionou maior altura, aumentou a biomassa seca da parte aérea e a área foliar, e evidenciou correlações positivas entre algumas características de crescimento da planta e o número de esporos de FMA, em comparação com as plantas não colonizadas. Melhores respostas de crescimento foram obtidas nos dois genótipos com a inoculação de G. margarita. A concentração de P na parte aérea das plantas não variou significativamente entre os tratamentos com inoculação. A associação com FMA reduziu em pelo menos dois meses o tempo de produção de mudas dos dois genótipos de aceroleira.The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on growth of seedlings of Malpighia emarginata D.C. Stakes of these two genotypes (Barbados and Miró), with two pairs of leaves, were planted for rooting of the seedlings. After two months, a greenhouse experiment was performed, inoculating two AMF species (Gigaspora margarita Becker & Hall and Glomus etunicatum Backer & Gerdemann) under the seedlings, in soils with 3 mg/dm³ phosphorus. At the end of the experiment (110 days), it was observed that the inoculation with AMF enhanced height, shoot dry mass, leaf area, and presented positive correlations among some plant growth characters and among those and number of AMF spores, in comparison with the uninoculated controls. The inoculation with G. margarita produced higher growth responses for both genotypes. The P concentration on the shoots did not vary among treatments. The symbiosis with AMF reduced at least in two months the time for seedlings production on both genotypes of Malpighia emarginata.

This study aims to discover the agro-economic yield of the 'Comum' tannia, which was propagated with five seedling types (Extra, Large, Medium, Small and Tiny) and grown both with and without a hilling operation during three crop seasons. In each agricultural year, the treatments were arranged as a 5 x 2 factorial in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The harvests were conducted 238 (2007-08), 231 (2008-09) and 237 (2009-10) days after planting. The data were submitted to an analysis of variance each year. The plants produced from large seedlings and RM-corms had a higher fresh leaf weight. Additionally, the dry weight of the RFC-commercial cormels and RFNCnon- commercial cormels was higher with extra seedlings. The plants grown during 2008-2009 had a higher fresh weight of RM and of RFNC than the plants grown during 2009-10. The interaction between the seedling types and crop seasons significantly influence the yield and dry weight of the leaves of RM and RFC, the leaf length of RM and RFC and the leaf diameter of RFC. According to the economic analysis, a net income of R$ 2,234.08 was obtained when the tannia were cultivated without a hilling operation using extra propagated seedlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]