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The thermal performance of a lithium-ion battery pack for an electric vehicle by adding straight rib turbulators in battery cooling plate channels has been numerically investigated in this paper and the numerical model of the battery pack has been validated by experimental data, which exhibits a satisfactory prediction accuracy. The effects of rib shapes, rib angles, rib spacings, and irregular gradient rib arrangement configurations on the flow and heat transfer behaviors of battery pack cooling plates have been thoroughly explored and analyzed in this paper. In addition, the thermal performance of the ribbed battery cooling plates was examined at actual high-speed climbing and low-temperature heating operating conditions. The results indicate that compared to the original smooth cooling plate, the square-ribbed battery cooling plate with a 60° angle and 5 mm spacing reduced the maximum battery temperature by 0.3 °C, but increased the cross-sectional temperature difference by 0.357 °C. To address this issue, a gradient rib arrangement was proposed, which slightly reduced the maximum battery temperature and lowered the cross-sectional temperature difference by 0.445 °C, significantly improving temperature uniformity. The thermal performance of the battery thermal management system with this gradient rib configuration meets the requirements for typical electric vehicle operating conditions, such as high-speed climbing and low-temperature heating conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intensive increases in electrical energy storage are being driven by electric vehicles (EVs), smart grids, intermittent renewable energy, and decarbonization of the energy economy. Advanced lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs) are among the most promising candidates, especially for EVs and grid-scale energy storage applications. In this topical review, the recent progress and perspectives of practical LSBs are reviewed and discussed; the challenges and solutions for these LSBs are analyzed and proposed for future practical and large-scale energy storage applications. Major challenges for the shuttle effect, reaction kinetics, and anodes are specifically addressed, and solutions are provided on the basis of recent progress in electrodes, electrolytes, binders, interlayers, conductivity, electrocatalysis, artificial SEI layers, etc. The characterization strategies (including in situ ones) and practical parameters (e.g., cost-effectiveness, battery management/modeling, environmental adaptability) are assessed for crucial automotive/stationary large-scale energy storage applications (i.e., EVs and grid energy storage). This topical review will give insights into the future development of promising Li–S batteries toward practical applications, including EVs and grid storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Chongqing University of Technology (Natural Science) is the property of Chongqing University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The thermal performance of a lithium-ion battery pack for an electric vehicle by adding straight rib turbulators in battery cooling plate channels has been numerically investigated in this paper and the numerical model of the battery pack has been validated by experimental data, which exhibits a satisfactory prediction accuracy. The effects of rib shapes, rib angles, rib spacings, and irregular gradient rib arrangement configurations on the flow and heat transfer behaviors of battery pack cooling plates have been thoroughly explored and analyzed in this paper. In addition, the thermal performance of the ribbed battery cooling plates was examined at actual high-speed climbing and low-temperature heating operating conditions. The results indicate that compared to the original smooth cooling plate, the square-ribbed battery cooling plate with a 60° angle and 5 mm spacing reduced the maximum battery temperature by 0.3 °C, but increased the cross-sectional temperature difference by 0.357 °C. To address this issue, a gradient rib arrangement was proposed, which slightly reduced the maximum battery temperature and lowered the cross-sectional temperature difference by 0.445 °C, significantly improving temperature uniformity. The thermal performance of the battery thermal management system with this gradient rib configuration meets the requirements for typical electric vehicle operating conditions, such as high-speed climbing and low-temperature heating conditions.

This article utilizes the research method of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to scrutinize Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) batteries and Ternary Lithium (NCM) batteries. It develops life cycle models representing the material, energy, and emission flows for power batteries, exploring the environmental impact and energy efficiency throughout the life cycles of these batteries. The life cycle assessment results of different power battery recycling process scenarios are compared and analyzed. This study focuses on retired LFP batteries to assess the environmental and energy efficiency during the cascade utilization stage, based on a 50% Single-Cell Conversion Rate (CCR). The findings of the research reveal that, in terms of resource depletion and environmental emission potential, LFP batteries exhibit lower impacts compared to NCM batteries. The use of hydrometallurgy in recovering LFP power batteries leads to minimal life cycle resource consumption and environmental emission potential. During the cascade utilization stage of LFP batteries, significant benefits are noted, including a 76% reduction in mineral resource depletion (ADP e) and an 83% reduction in fossil energy depletion (ADP f), alongside notable reductions in various environmental impact factors. Simultaneously, considering the sensitivity of life cycle assessment indicators and their benefit percentages to different CCRs, it is observed that ODP exhibits the highest sensitivity to CCR changes, while evaluation indicators such as HTP, AP, and GWP show relatively lower sensitivity. This study can provide an effective reference for the establishment of an energy saving and emission reduction evaluation system of power batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intensive increases in electrical energy storage are being driven by electric vehicles (EVs), smart grids, intermittent renewable energy, and decarbonization of the energy economy. Advanced lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs) are among the most promising candidates, especially for EVs and grid-scale energy storage applications. In this topical review, the recent progress and perspectives of practical LSBs are reviewed and discussed; the challenges and solutions for these LSBs are analyzed and proposed for future practical and large-scale energy storage applications. Major challenges for the shuttle effect, reaction kinetics, and anodes are specifically addressed, and solutions are provided on the basis of recent progress in electrodes, electrolytes, binders, interlayers, conductivity, electrocatalysis, artificial SEI layers, etc. The characterization strategies (including in situ ones) and practical parameters (e.g., cost-effectiveness, battery management/modeling, environmental adaptability) are assessed for crucial automotive/stationary large-scale energy storage applications (i.e., EVs and grid energy storage). This topical review will give insights into the future development of promising Li–S batteries toward practical applications, including EVs and grid storage.

The booming development of new energy vehicles has brought a continuous increase in the demand for power batteries and the amount of scrap. To reduce waste of resources and protect the environment, power battery recycling has become an important and urgent problem to be solved. To well analyze and deal with the recycling problems of used power batteries in closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) consisting of a dominate manufacturer and a seller or retailer, under the recycling mode of power battery industry consortium, we construct some models with government rewards and punishments, and exploit them to investigate and explore the optional decisions and the fluence of the government rewards and punishments and shared responsibility on supply chain, and then we design coordination mechanisms through the power battery market recycling rate. We find that this mechanism effectively increased the profits of the manufacturer and retailer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Advances in New & Renewable Energy is the property of Editorial Office of Advances in New & Renewable Energy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article utilizes the research method of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to scrutinize Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) batteries and Ternary Lithium (NCM) batteries. It develops life cycle models representing the material, energy, and emission flows for power batteries, exploring the environmental impact and energy efficiency throughout the life cycles of these batteries. The life cycle assessment results of different power battery recycling process scenarios are compared and analyzed. This study focuses on retired LFP batteries to assess the environmental and energy efficiency during the cascade utilization stage, based on a 50% Single-Cell Conversion Rate (CCR). The findings of the research reveal that, in terms of resource depletion and environmental emission potential, LFP batteries exhibit lower impacts compared to NCM batteries. The use of hydrometallurgy in recovering LFP power batteries leads to minimal life cycle resource consumption and environmental emission potential. During the cascade utilization stage of LFP batteries, significant benefits are noted, including a 76% reduction in mineral resource depletion (ADP e) and an 83% reduction in fossil energy depletion (ADP f), alongside notable reductions in various environmental impact factors. Simultaneously, considering the sensitivity of life cycle assessment indicators and their benefit percentages to different CCRs, it is observed that ODP exhibits the highest sensitivity to CCR changes, while evaluation indicators such as HTP, AP, and GWP show relatively lower sensitivity. This study can provide an effective reference for the establishment of an energy saving and emission reduction evaluation system of power batteries.

Copyright of Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology. Social Sciences Edition / Haerbin Gongye Daxue Xuebao. Shehui Kexue Ban is the property of Harbin Institute of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Internal short circuit (ISC) is one of the main causes of thermal runaway (TR) accident in power battery systems, to effectively avoid the development of early stage ISC towards TR, this paper innovatively proposes an ISC fault diagnosis method based on the evolution of the cell charging voltage slope (CCVS) in variable voltage window (VVW). Firstly, the ISC characterisation parameter, i.e. CCVS, is extracted through battery cell aging and equivalent ISC experimental studies. This parameter has two advantages: on the one hand, the charging voltage slopes of different cycles of one cell in different voltage windows keep the same evolution law, so that the mechanism of VVW can be established, and the generalisation ability of the algorithm is improved. On the other hand, the charging voltage data of one cell as the research object effectively avoids the interference of inconsistent factors between battery cells. Then, the battery data are preprocessed using wavelet denoising, and a sliding window strategy is introduced to calculate the positional ranking of the CCVS in the historical data, which represents the capacity ranking level of the cell in this charging segment, defined as the capacity rating factor (CRF). Further, a double-layer diagnostic strategy based on the 3 σ criterion and distance factor assessment is used to localise the fault, which can effectively avoid the occurrence of false alarms. Finally, experimental and real-world vehicle data validate the effectiveness of the method, different types of battery data verify the applicability of the method, and the comparison results of the same type of model show that the proposed method is significantly superior in terms of robustness, accuracy and computational efficiency. • Cell charging voltage slope sorting levels to characterise internal short circuit faults. • Variable voltage window mechanism to enhance algorithm generalisation. • Historical charging data for one cell to eliminate inconsistency effects. • A double-layer fault diagnosis strategy to improve the accuracy of the algorithm. • The accuracy, computational efficiency, robustness, and applicability of the method are verified based on experiments and real vehicle data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal runaway failure of power batteries will release a large amount of thermal runaway gas (TRG), causing serious environmental pollution and safety accidents. Therefore, monitoring TRG is crucial to battery safety. In this paper, the adsorption capacity of TRG on SnS monolayer and SnS-CuO monolayer are compared based on DFT. SnS-CuO monolayer exhibits strong adsorption for C 2 H 4 and CO. Compared with the SnS monolayer, the E ads are improved by 285.10 % and 527.24 %, respectively. Meanwhile, the electron affinity of TRG strongly correlates with adsorption properties (SSE < 0.06, R-square > 0.9, and RMSE < 0.2), indicating that it plays a significant role in explaining the adsorption characteristics of different TRG. Furthermore, the dielectric constant of the solvent exhibits a stronger correlation with the adsorptive properties of TRG (R-square > 0.96 and RMSE < 0.004), indicating the environmental tunability of TRG adsorption. In general, this research reveals the potential of SnS-CuO monolayer as a gas sensor for C 2 H 4 and CO and provides theoretical guidance for exploring the impact of various TRG and solvent environments on the adsorption performance of SnS-CuO monolayer. It is expected to be widely used in TRG monitoring of power batteries in the future. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the screening accuracy of decommissioned power batteries and reduce the regulation errors of batteries in the process of echelon utilization, a cascade batteries selection method based on confidence interval probability prediction is proposed. Firstly, according to the internal and external characteristic parameters, residual capacity, state of health (SOH) and other historical parameters, K-means clustering is used to divide static clusters of retired power batteries with similar parameters. Secondly, the bootstrap probability method is used to analyze the deviation subset of SOH estimation in echelon utilization process, and the probability interval density function of SOH subset is established. Finally, further optimization grouping is carried out according to the predicted SOH characteristics. By comparative analysis, the influence of confidence interval estimation on the screening accuracy is determined, and the effectiveness of the proposed screening method is determined. The consistency of dynamic characteristics is improved while the static parameters are similar in the screening process, which lays a foundation for accurate regulation of retired power battery echelon utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As fueled by the rapid advancement of novel energies-based vehicles in our nation since 2015, Chinese production and ownership of novel energies-based vehicles in China have been leaping forward. According to 4—8 years’ service life of power batteries, China ushered into the large-scale scrapping phase of power batteries in 2019, so the power batteries recycle system should be urgently constructed. Given the life cycle perspective, the characteristics of each stage of the power battery life cycle are analyzed in the present study. As revealed from the results, the upstream end of the power batteries recycle system in China is not yet perfect, the production capacity at the midstream end tends to be excess, and the downstream end is in the exploratory phase. Moreover, the present study analyzes the policies throughout the life cycle of power batteries, and it is reported that the recycling policies at the midstream processing end are relatively concentrated, the upstream and downstream policies are comparatively deficient, the top-level legal construction is lacked, the recycling network is not perfect, and the incentive and guidance policies for echelon exploitation enterprises require modification, and relevant policy suggestions are proposed.

With the popularity of electric vehicles, the ever-increasing demand for high-capacity batteries highlights the need for monitoring the health status of batteries. In this article, we proposed a magnetic imaging technique (MIT) to investigate the health status of power batteries nondestructively. This technique is based on a magnetic sensor array, which consists of a 16-channel high-performance magnetoelectric sensor, and the noise equivalent magnetic induction (NEB) of each channel reaches 3–5 pT/Hz1/2@10 Hz. The distribution of the magnetic field is imaged by scanning the magnetic field variation of different positions on the surface. Therefore, the areas of magnetic anomalies are identified by distinguishing different magnetic field abnormal results. and it may be possible to classify the battery failure, so as to put forward suggestions on the use of the battery. This magnetic imaging method expands the application field of this high-performance magnetoelectric sensor and contributes to the battery’s safety monitoring. Meanwhile, it may also act as an important role in other nondestructive testing fields.

Electricity powered vehicles/Electric vehicles using renewable energy are becoming more and more popular, since they have become an effective way to solve energy shortage, and environmental pollution. Battery electric vehicles with zero emission characteristics are being developed on a large scale. With the scale of electric vehicles, electric vehicles with controllable load and vehicle-to-grid functions can optimize the use of renewable energy in the grid. This puts forward the higher request to the battery performance. The energy density of the batteries and renewable energy conversion efficiency have greatly also affected the application of electric vehicles. This paper presents an overview of the research for improving lithium-ion battery energy storage density, safety, and renewable energy conversion efficiency. It is discussed that is the application of the integration technology, new power semiconductors and multi-speed transmissions in improving the electromechanical energy conversion efficiency, and the issues and challenges of increasing battery energy density. In order to improve the safety, it is analyzed how to improve the estimation accuracy and temperature control performance of the battery management system. As the demand for fast charging and renewable energy of electric vehicles increases, the latest developments and technical challenges of on-board rapid charging technology are introduced. • We present an overview on energy storage density and energy conversion efficiency of electricity powered vehicles. • Methods to increase the energy storage density of electricity powered vehicles are proposed. • Efficient inverter and multi-speed transmission improving renewable energy conversion efficiency are discussed. • The integration improves the energy efficiency of electricity powered vehicles. • Integrated fast charging and coordinated charging for renewable energy are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the convergence time and stabilization accuracy of the real-time state estimation of the power batteries for electric vehicles, a fuzzy unscented Kalman filtering algorithm (F-UKF) of a new type is proposed in this paper, with an improved second-order resistor-capacitor (RC) equivalent circuit model established and an online parameter identification used by Bayes. Ohmic resistance is treated as a battery state of health (SOH) characteristic parameter, F-UKF algorithms are used for the joint estimation of battery state of charge (SOC) and SOH. The experimental data obtained from the ITS5300-based battery test platform are adopted for the simulation verification under discharge conditions with constant-current pulses and urban dynamometer driving schedule (UDDS) conditions in the MATLAB environment. The experimental results show that the F-UKF algorithm is insensitive to the initial value of the SOC under discharge conditions with constant-current pulses, and the SOC and SOH estimation accuracy under UDDS conditions reaches 1.76% and 1.61%, respectively, with the corresponding convergence time of 120 and 140 s, which proves the superiority of the joint estimation algorithm.

The state of health (SOH) estimation is very critical to battery management system to ensure the safety and reliability of EV battery operation. Here, we used a unique hybrid approach to enable complex SOH estimations. The approach hybridizes the Delphi method known for its simplicity and effectiveness in applying weighting factors for complicated decision-making and the grey relational grade analysis (GRGA) for multi-factor optimization. Six critical factors were used in the consideration for SOH estimation: peak power at 30% state-of-charge (SOC), capacity, the voltage drop at 30% SOC with a C/3 pulse, the temperature rises at the end of discharge and charge at 1C; respectively, and the open circuit voltage at the end of charge after 1-h rest. The weighting of these factors for SOH estimation was scored by the ‘experts’ in the Delphi method, indicating the influencing power of each factor on SOH. The parameters for these factors expressing the battery state variations are optimized by GRGA. Eight battery cells were used to illustrate the principle and methodology to estimate the SOH by this hybrid approach, and the results were compared with those based on capacity and power capability. The contrast among different SOH estimations is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the popularity of electric vehicles, the ever-increasing demand for high-capacity batteries highlights the need for monitoring the health status of batteries. In this article, we proposed a magnetic imaging technique (MIT) to investigate the health status of power batteries nondestructively. This technique is based on a magnetic sensor array, which consists of a 16-channel high-performance magnetoelectric sensor, and the noise equivalent magnetic induction (NEB) of each channel reaches 3–5 pT/Hz1/2@10 Hz. The distribution of the magnetic field is imaged by scanning the magnetic field variation of different positions on the surface. Therefore, the areas of magnetic anomalies are identified by distinguishing different magnetic field abnormal results. and it may be possible to classify the battery failure, so as to put forward suggestions on the use of the battery. This magnetic imaging method expands the application field of this high-performance magnetoelectric sensor and contributes to the battery's safety monitoring. Meanwhile, it may also act as an important role in other nondestructive testing fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 has been synthesized by an ultrasonic-assisted sol–gel method. The precursor is heat treated at a series of temperatures from 650°C to 1000°C. The structure and physical–chemical properties of the as-prepared powder are investigated by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV) thermal gravimetric and galvanostatic charge–discharge tests in detail. As temperature goes up, the particle size increases, the reactivity of the material in 4V region becomes more obvious, the structure of the samples become more stable and it behaves optimal electrochemical properties as the material is heat treated at 850°C. When it is used as cathode active material in a lithium battery, it delivers high initial capacity of 134.5mAhg−1 (corresponding to 91.7% of the theoretical capacity), and high rate discharge capability, e.g., 133.4, 120.6, 111.4, 103.2 and 99.3mAhg−1 as discharged at 0.5, 1, 5, 10 and 15C (1C=148mAg−1)-rates, respectively. It also shows satisfactory capacity retention even at high rate of 5C, which is about 99.83% of the capacity retention per cycle. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The thermal properties of paraffin/graphite composite phase change materials for power nickel metal hydride batteries were experimentally investigated. Two different modes for heat dissipation were designed in this experimental study: air cooling and cooling with phase change materials. Paraffin/graphite composite phase change thermal energy storage materials were prepared and tested by differential scanning calorimetry. It appeared that the battery thermal management system with phase change materials had better performance than air cooling, especially when the scale of paraffin/graphite composite material approximates 4:1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the convergence time and stabilization accuracy of the real-time state estimation of the power batteries for electric vehicles, a fuzzy unscented Kalman filtering algorithm (F-UKF) of a new type is proposed in this paper, with an improved second-order resistor-capacitor (RC) equivalent circuit model established and an online parameter identification used by Bayes. Ohmic resistance is treated as a battery state of health (SOH) characteristic parameter, F-UKF algorithms are used for the joint estimation of battery state of charge (SOC) and SOH. The experimental data obtained from the ITS5300-based battery test platform are adopted for the simulation verification under discharge conditions with constant-current pulses and urban dynamometer driving schedule (UDDS) conditions in the MATLAB environment. The experimental results show that the F-UKF algorithm is insensitive to the initial value of the SOC under discharge conditions with constant-current pulses, and the SOC and SOH estimation accuracy under UDDS conditions reaches 1.76% and 1.61%, respectively, with the corresponding convergence time of 120 and 140 s, which proves the superiority of the joint estimation algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]