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Research has shown that people with disabilities (PWDs) are significantly disadvantaged within the areas of school enrolment, educational attainment, and learning, particularly in developing countries. In Ghana, the Inclusive Education (IE) Policy was established in 2006 to ensure the full participation of all PWDs in schools. The purpose of this study was to document the barriers and facilitators to the implementation of the IE Policy of Ghana. The research employed a case study in which eight education professionals and leaders (major stakeholders) were selected for their key roles in forming and implementing the IE Policy of Ghana and individually interviewed. The transcript of each participant's interview was coded and thematically analysed, after which a cross-case analysis was conducted to identify common themes. The findings of this study point to a number of implications for future policy and practice, including the critical need for accurate data on PWDs in the Ghanaian school system that policymakers, faculty, and administrators can use to better support PWDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many policies in higher education are intended to improve college access and degree completion, yet often those policies fall short of their aims by making it difficult for prospective or current college students to access benefits for which they are eligible. Barriers that inhibit access to policy benefits, such as cumbersome paperwork, can weigh more heavily on members of marginalized communities, including racially minoritized students. Such administrative burdens can thus reinforce patterns of inequity. In this paper, we present a conceptual framework for examining administrative burdens embedded in higher education policies that can negatively affect prospective and current college students, especially those who are racially minoritized. With the use of our proposed framework for addressing racialized administrative burdens, researchers can improve the understanding of ethnoracial disparities in higher education, inform policymakers' design of racially equitable policies for higher education, and enable practitioners to implement those policies to promote racial equity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates how top-down policy direction setting is interpreted and implemented within horizontal networks of practice. This is an under-investigated issue, yet vital for delivering ultimately transformative outcomes. It seeks to unpack how actionable directionality can influence progress and introduces the idea of nascent or partial missions. Options for identifying and nurturing these missions to expand in scale and scope are then discussed. Utilising Wales as an illustrative case study, we draw upon a unique dataset of circular economy (CE)-related interventions, networks and participants. Finally, the paper outlines implications for policy-making and proposes avenues for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Policy implementation in municipal organisations is shaped by various policy frameworks and institutional structures that ultimately impact programming and service provision. The importance of youth development within recreation in municipal organisations in Canada is evident, but little research has focused on manager-level perspectives of youth development in the sector and the institutional factors that shape policy implementation therein. This research fills that gap by examining how youth development and associated policies are understood by managers in municipal recreation organisations (MROs). We used an instrumental case study methodology to examine the Province of Ontario, Canada and explore how youth development is understood in MROs, and how these understandings impact the implementation of policy related to sport and recreation. We draw from institutional theory to provide insight into how municipal organisations implement policy related to youth development. Our findings demonstrate the influence of the education sector on municipal recreation programming, how youth development is understood to occur through municipal work experiences, and the processes of involving youth in politics of municipal organisations, operations, and decision-making. We offer scholars and recreation practitioners a better understanding of the role of youth development in MROs and how policy related to youth development, sport, and recreation is implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Related Articles This article explores the utility of punctuated equilibrium (PE) theory in explaining revolutionary organizational change in the public sector and its effects on policy implementation, with a focus on the United States Coast Guard. We illustrate our model using data from in‐depth interviews with current and former senior Coast Guard officers and enlisted personnel, as well as secondary sources such as historical accounts and budget data. Through content analysis, we argue that PE theory begins with a change in the public sector organization's external environment, which then affects organizational strategy, structure, power distribution, and outputs. Punctuated equilibrium theory proves to be a valuable lens for understanding policy outputs in relation to organizational change.Kwon, Sung‐Wook, and Sylvia Gonzalez‐Gorman. 2019. “Influence of Local Political Institutions on Policy Punctuation in Three Policy Areas.” Politics & Policy 47(2): 300–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12295.Neill, Katharine A., and John C. Morris. 2012. “A Tangled Web of Principals and Agents: Examining the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill through a Principal–Agent Lens.”Politics & Policy 40(4): 629–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00371.x.Peng, Peiwen, and Tangzhe Cao. 2023. “Attention, Institutional Friction, and Punctuated Equilibrium in China's Budget: Changes in Social Security and Employment Expenditure.” Politics & Policy 51(2): 256–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12523. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Created by Congress in 1996, the immigration enforcement program 287(g) has experienced several cycles of rapid expansion and contraction during different stages in the policy's relatively brief lifetime. It is an intergovernmental program where state and local agencies sign onto agreements with U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), effectively deputizing law enforcement agents to implement federal immigration policy. Using logit models and the lens of bureaucratic discretion, we find that agencies in politically conservative jurisdictions and counties with proportionally large Hispanic populations were most likely to sign these agreements and maintain them during the program's lean years. Conservative counties were even more likely to have them when they have larger Hispanic populations and during times of Republican presidential administrations. This paper puts these findings in comparative perspective and links them to the worldwide trend of democratic decline and the rise of right-wing populism in Europe and elsewhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The local government's policy on providing rice for Civil Servants (ASN) in Sumenep Regency expresses a commitment to supporting local farmers by purchasing agricultural products as a gesture of appreciation. This study aims to assess the impact of the rice provision policy for ASN in the Sumenep Regency Government. Employing a qualitative research methodology, data collection focuses on social phenomena. Grounded in constructivist philosophy, the qualitative approach explores natural settings, with the researcher as the primary instrument. Data sources are purposively sampled using a snowball technique, employing triangulation in data collection. Inductive and qualitative data analysis, emphasizing the generalizability of meaning, reveals that the policy can boost local rice demand, providing opportunities for farmers to increase sales and income. The program's implementation has potential social and political implications. A successful and positively received program can enhance the regional government's image and garner political support. However, disparities exist in benefits received by government departments (OPD) and Civil Servants (ASN) under the rice provision policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia’s involvement in peacekeeping missions has long been a key part of its foreign policy, contributing to world peace as outlined in Republic of Indonesia Law Number 37 of 1999 concerning Foreign Relations. This study aims to analyze the government's policy implementation regarding troop preparation for world peace missions, particularly in relation to Indonesia's role as a Troops Contributing Country (TCC) to the United Nations (UN). The research utilizes a qualitative descriptive approach to understand the intricacies of the troop preparation process through George Edward III's policy implementation model, which emphasizes the importance of disposition, communication, resources, and bureaucracy. Data were collected through document analysis, interviews, and observation of relevant practices in Indonesian military operations. The findings highlight that the personnel selection process for peacekeeping missions is highly structured, requiring compliance with rigorous standards set by both the Indonesian government and the UN. The pre-deployment training, supervised by the TNI (Indonesian National Army) Headquarters, ensures that selected personnel are adequately prepared for their assignments. This comprehensive preparation includes mental and physical readiness, as well as the necessary technical and language skills. The results also emphasize the importance of strong inter-agency coordination, particularly between the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, to ensure the success of these missions. Furthermore, the study reveals that budgetary and resource constraints remain significant challenges in sustaining peacekeeping operations. In conclusion, Indonesia's contribution to global peacekeeping missions underscores the nation's commitment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cooperation with supportive societal organizations has been shown to help states implement policies. This article demonstrates that opposed organizations can also play this role, lending their resources in exchange for inducements (induced coproduction). Whether these organizations accept those inducements is a function of their preferences regarding the policy's goals and implementation process. Inducements can overcome opposition to the latter but are less likely to respond to concerns about the former. Examining the subnational implementation of an education reform in Mexico, I show that opposition to goals predicts which teachers' union locals rejected offered inducements. A paired comparison of two most similar Mexican states illustrates how opposition to goals results in a rejection of inducements (Oaxaca), as well as how induced coproduction results in implementation (Coahuila). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implementation of the Hajj pilgrimage at the Office of the Ministry of Religion of Blitar Regency, which every year experiences an increase in the waiting period for the Hajj, has an impact on the waiting queues becoming longer. The objectives of this research are 1) Policy Implementation in the Hajj Services at the Blitar Regency Ministry of Religion Office. 2) analysis of dynamic governance in the implementation of Hajj services at the Blitar Regency Ministry of Religion Office. 3) supporting and inhibiting factors in the implementation of Hajj implementation policies in improving service quality at the Blitar Regency Ministry of Religion Office. This research uses a qualitative approach with descriptive research type. The research results show that the dimensions of policy implementation include Communication, Resources, Disposition, Bureaucratic structure are working well, but there needs to be an increase in the resource dimension so that Hajj services can run optimally. Meanwhile, the Dyanmic Governance analysis shows the fact that the Blitar district ministry office, through the idea of Thinking ahead, has implemented it well, namely through synergy between the Ministry of Religion of the Republic of Indonesia and the Blitar District Ministry of Religion office for a strategic policy in organizing the Hajj pilgrimage so that the waiting period for the Hajj can be handled well. The concept of thinking again at the Ministry of Religion office implements innovations including bio visa recording which is carried out by the Ministry of Religion using available devices without waiting from the Central Ministry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to understand the role of the Family Hope Program (PKH) in improving the welfare of the people of Sumber Urip Village, Selupuh Rejang District, Rejang Lebong Regency. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, this study collects data through interviews, observations, and documentation. The results showed that the implementation of PKH in the village was going well, although there were still several obstacles, such as differences in the amount of assistance received between participants and conflicts between communities related to the criteria for PKH recipients. PKH is considered to be able to have a positive impact on improving socio-economic conditions, especially in the fields of health and education, which indirectly contributes to improving people's welfare. In conclusion, the Family Hope Program (PKH) plays an important role in improving the welfare of the people of Sumber Urip Village. Although there are several obstacles in its implementation, such as conflicts between recipients and unclear criteria for aid recipients, this program still has a positive impact, especially in improving the level of education and health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regional Regulation Number 13 of 2002 concerning the Prohibition of the Circulation of Alcoholic Beverages in Malinau Regency serves as a guideline for maintaining public order and protecting citizens from the harmful effects of alcohol consumption. The regulation aims to prevent the abuse of alcoholic beverages in social life, particularly within Malinau Regency. This research seeks to examine the implementation of the regulation, identify obstacles encountered by the local government, and propose solutions to improve enforcement efforts. A qualitative descriptive research approach was employed, using a sample population to assess the extent to which the regulation has been enforced within the community. Data collection methods included library studies, field research, observations, interviews, and documentation. The data analysis followed an interactive qualitative model, involving data collection, reduction, presentation, and conclusion drawing. The findings reveal several challenges in the enforcement of the regulations. One significant issue is the limited socialization efforts by the Regional Government, leading to a lack of awareness among the community. Additionally, the lack of financial support for implementing agencies hampers the effectiveness of the regulation. The number of enforcement officers is also inadequate given the vast geographical area, which further complicates the implementation process. The study suggests that bureaucratic reforms are necessary to enhance the effectiveness of the regulation, along with increased funding and better public outreach. These improvements would ensure that the objectives of the prohibition are met more effectively, contributing to a healthier and safer social environment in Malinau Regency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most stringent arable land protection system in China has not effectively prevented construction expansion from excessive occupation of arable land. In this paper, the evolutionary game theory is innovatively used to explore why arable land protection policies did not engender the desired outcomes from the perspective of multi-subject behavior. We first analyze the logic of arable land protection behavior of different participants, including the central government, local administrations and farmers. Then, a tripartite evolutionary game model is established to examine how behavioral interaction among subjects affects policy implementation. And parameter analysis is used to identify the influencing factors of subjects' behavior. Our results show that: First, the ideal strategy combination of (0,1,1) for China's arable land protection cannot be achieved, which indicates that local administrations and farmers will not spontaneously protect arable land in the absence of central government's supervision. Second, the policy effect in Shanghai has undergone a dynamic process from serious failure (2004–2013), mild failure (2013–2018) to effective control (after 2018). Local administrations and farmers are solely responsible for the deviation of policy implementation. Third, local administrations and farmers are more sensitive to the variations of arable land conversion income, political achievements and economic punishment. Thus, political and financial constraints should be imposed on them to promote the strict implementation of arable land protection policy. This paper enriches the existing study regarding arable land protection policy effect. And it is of great practical importance to regulate the subject's behavior and facilitate policy implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving access to abortion services has been coined a high priority by the Ethiopian Federal Ministry of Health. Nevertheless, many women are still struggling to access abortion services. The dedicated commitment to expanding abortion services by central authorities and the difficulties in further improving access to the services make for an interesting case to explore the real-life complexities of health priority setting. This article thus explores what it means to make abortion services a priority by drawing on in-depth interviews with healthcare bureaucrats and key stakeholders working closely with abortion service policy and implementation. Data were collected from February to April 2022. Health bureaucrats from 9 of the 12 regional states in Ethiopia and the Federal Ministry of Health were interviewed in addition to key stakeholders from professional organizations and NGOs. The study found that political will and priority to abortion services by central authorities were not necessarily enough to ensure access to the service across the health sector. At the regional and local level, there were considerable challenges with a lack of funding, equipment and human resources for implementing and expanding access to abortion services. The inadequacy of indicators and reporting systems hindered accountability and made it difficult to give priority to abortion services among the series of health programmes and priorities that local health authorities had to implement. The situation was further challenged by the contested nature of the abortion issue itself, both in the general population, but also amongst health bureaucrats and hospital leaders. This study casts a light on the complex and entangled processes of turning national-level priorities into on-the-ground practice and highlights the real-life challenges of setting and implementing health priorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Transforming the World 2030 agenda stresses the interconnectedness and indivisibility of sustainable development goals. This presents a major challenge for authoritarian states, specifically in implementing SDG16: promoting peaceful and inclusive societies, providing justice for all, and building effective and inclusive institutions. Existing research points to good governance as a sine qua non for implementing SDGs. Using Central Asia as a case study, we investigate the link between good governance and the implementation of SDGs in authoritarian states. We find variable but overall weak performance on governance indicators across Central Asia. If SDGs are indivisible, then autocracies are destined to fail the global sustainable development agenda because SDG16 challenges the type of regime in place. This is not to deny the SDG commitments made and some progress that has been achieved in these autocracies but rather to highlight that weak governance in autocratic states and those characteristics which define them are major impediments to long‐term sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Policy implementation measurement lacks an equity focus, which limits understanding of how policies addressing health inequities, such as Universal School Meals (USM) can elicit intended outcomes. We report findings from an equity-focused measurement development study, which had two aims: (1) identify key constructs related to the equitable implementation of school health policies and (2) establish face and content validity of measures assessing key implementation determinants, processes, and outcomes. Methods: To address Aim 1, study participants (i.e., school health policy experts) completed a survey to rate the importance of constructs identified from implementation science and health equity by the research team. To accomplish Aim 2, the research team developed survey instruments to assess the key constructs identified from Aim 1 and conducted cognitive testing of these survey instruments among multiple user groups. The research team iteratively analyzed the data; feedback was categorized into "easy" or "moderate/difficult" to facilitate decision-making. Results: The Aim 1 survey had 122 responses from school health policy experts, including school staff (n = 76), researchers (n = 22), trainees (n = 3), leaders of non-profit organizations (n = 6), and others (n = 15). For Aim 2, cognitive testing feedback from 23 participants was predominantly classified as "easy" revisions (69%) versus "moderate/difficult" revisions (31%). Primary feedback themes comprised (1) comprehension and wording, (2) perceived lack of control over implementation, and (3) unclear descriptions of equity in questions. Conclusions: Through adaptation and careful dissemination, these tools can be shared with implementation researchers and practitioners so they may equitably assess policy implementation in their respective settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe state-level certification policies requiring the edTPA as a high-stakes assessment for teacher licensure impact the teacher education programs, teacher educators, and teacher candidates involved in a myriad of ways. In this study of policy implementation, we investigate, through interviews, the undergraduate student experience of the edTPA during the complete five-years of required state implementation. Featuring the perspectives of 29 students graduating from the teacher education program across 5 cohorts, we examined student concerns that remain stable across five years as well as longitudinal changes in student stress, understanding of the edTPA requirements, and assessment skills as program modifications were implemented to accommodate the edTPA requirements and student needs. Through our discussion, we raise important questions for teacher educators to consider during the process of weaving and unweaving a policy like the edTPA into the fabric of a teacher education program and in developing policy aware candidates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context Methods Findings Conclusions Policy Points Earmarked tax policies for behavioral health are perceived as having positive impacts related to increasing flexible funding, suggesting benefits to expand this financing approach. Implementation challenges related to these earmarked taxes included tax base volatility that impedes long‐term service delivery planning and inequities in the distribution of tax revenue. Recommendations for designing or revising earmarked tax policies include developing clear guidelines and support systems to manage the administrative aspects of earmarked tax programs, cocreating reporting and oversight structures with system and service delivery agents, and selecting revenue streams that are relatively stable across years. Earmarked tax policies for behavioral health are perceived as having positive impacts related to increasing flexible funding, suggesting benefits to expand this financing approach. Implementation challenges related to these earmarked taxes included tax base volatility that impedes long‐term service delivery planning and inequities in the distribution of tax revenue. Recommendations for designing or revising earmarked tax policies include developing clear guidelines and support systems to manage the administrative aspects of earmarked tax programs, cocreating reporting and oversight structures with system and service delivery agents, and selecting revenue streams that are relatively stable across years. Over 200 cities and counties in the United States have implemented policies earmarking tax revenue for behavioral health services. This mixed‐methods study was conducted with the aim of characterizing perceptions of the impacts of these earmarked tax policies, strengths and weaknesses of tax policy designs, and factors that influence decision making about how tax revenue is allocated for services.Study data came from surveys completed by 274 officials involved in behavioral health earmarked tax policy implementation and 37 interviews with officials in a sample of jurisdictions with these taxes—California (n = 16), Washington (n = 12), Colorado (n = 6), and Iowa (n = 3). Interviews primarily explored perceptions of the advantages and drawbacks of the earmarked tax, perceptions of tax policy design, and factors influencing decisions about revenue allocation.A total of 83% of respondents strongly agreed that it was better to have the tax than not, 73.2% strongly agreed that the tax increased flexibility to address complex behavioral health needs, and 65.1% strongly agreed that the tax increased the number of people served by evidence‐based practices. Only 43.3%, however, strongly agreed that it was easy to satisfy tax‐reporting requirements. Interviews revealed that the taxes enabled funding for services and implementation supports, such as training in the delivery of evidence‐based practices, and supplemented mainstream funding sources (e.g., Medicaid). However, some interviewees also reported challenges related to volatility of funding, inequities in the distribution of tax revenue, and, in some cases, administratively burdensome tax reporting. Decisions about tax revenue allocation were influenced by goals such as reducing behavioral health care inequities, being responsive to community needs, addressing constraints of mainstream funding sources, and, to a lesser degree, supporting services considered to be evidence based.Earmarked taxes are a promising financing strategy to improve access to, and quality of, behavioral health services by supplementing mainstream state and federal financing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiversity is confronted globally by multiple stressors. Environmental policies must regulate these stressors to achieve targets, but how should that be done when the outcomes of limits on one stressor are contingent on other stressors, about which there is imperfect knowledge? Deriving regulatory frameworks that incorporate these contingencies is an emerging challenge at the science–policy interface. To be fit for implementation, these frameworks need to facilitate the inherently sociopolitical process of policy implementation and account transparently for uncertainty, such that practitioners and other stakeholders can more realistically anticipate the range of potential outcomes to policy. We developed an approach to quantify stressor limits that explicitly accounts for multistressor contingencies. Using an invertebrate data set collected over 30 years throughout New Zealand, we combined ecological and ecotoxicological models to predict biodiversity loss as a function of one stressor, treating multistressor contingencies as a form of uncertainty about the outcomes of limits on that stressor. We transparently accounted for that uncertainty by presenting regulatory limits as bands bounded between optimistic and pessimistic views that practitioners may have about the local context within which limits are applied. In addition to transparently accounting for uncertainties, our framework also leaves room for practitioners to build stakeholder consensus when refining limits to suit different local contexts. A criticism of this open, transparent approach is that it creates too much scope for choosing limits that are lenient on polluters, paralyzing on‐the‐ground management of multiple stressors, but we demonstrate that this is not necessarily the case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The implementation of evidence-informed policies and practices across systems is a complex, multifaceted endeavor, often requiring the mobilization of multiple organizations from a range of contexts. In order to facilitate this process, policy makers, innovation developers and service deliverers are increasingly calling upon intermediaries to support implementation, yet relatively little is known about precisely how they contribute to implementation. This study examines the role of intermediaries supporting the implementation of evidence-informed policies and practices in the mental health and addictions systems of New Zealand, Ontario, Canada and Sweden. Methods: Using a comparative case study methodology and taking an integrated knowledge translation approach, we drew from established explanatory frameworks and implementation theory to address three questions: (1) Why were the intermediaries established? (2) How are intermediaries structured and what strategies do they use in systems to support the implementation of policy directions? and (3) What explains the lack of use of particular strategies? Data collection included three site visits, 49 key informant interviews and document analysis. Results: In each jurisdiction, a unique set of problems (e.g., negative events involving people with mental illness), policies (e.g., feedback on effectiveness of existing policies) and political events (e.g., changes in government) were coupled by a policy entrepreneur to bring intermediaries onto the decision agenda. While intermediaries varied greatly in their structure and characteristics, both the strategies they used and the strategies they didn't use were surprisingly similar. Specifically it was notable that none of the intermediaries used strategies that directly targeted the public, nor used audit and feedback. This emerged as the principle policy puzzle. Our analysis identified five reasons for these strategies not being employed: (1) their need to build/maintain healthy relationships with policy actors; (2) their need to build/maintain healthy relationships with service delivery system actors; (3) role differentiation with other system actors; (4) perceived lack of "fit" with the role of policy intermediaries; and (5) resource limitations that preclude intensive distributed (program-level) work. Conclusion: Policy makers and implementers must consider capacity to support implementation, and our study identifies how intermediaries can be developed and harnessed to support the implementation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, Lombok has emerged as a leading halal tourist destination in Indonesia and globally, supported by halal policies aimed at attracting Muslim and local tourists. These policies, including the Regional Regulation of West Nusa Tenggara Province Number 2 of 2016 on Halal Tourism and Law Number 33 of 2014 on Halal Product Guarantee, have positively impacted the tourism industry. This study addresses three main questions: (1) How are halal industry policies implemented to support halal tourism in Lombok? (2) How has the halal industry developed to support this tourism? (3) What are the supporting and inhibiting factors in implementing these policies?. The research is descriptive with a qualitative approach, using primary data from interviews and secondary data from relevant documents. Purposive sampling was employed, targeting officials from the West Nusa Tenggara Provincial Tourism and Industry Offices, the Indonesian Ulema Council of West Nusa Tenggara, tourism business actors, MSMEs, foreign and domestic tourists, and local communities. Data collection involved interviews, observation, and documentation, with data analysis through reduction, collection, and summarization. The study finds that implementing halal industrial policies has increased Muslim tourist numbers and strengthened Lombok's image as a halal destination. However, challenges remain, such as developing specialized halal tourism areas according to regional regulations without disrupting conventional tourism, improving services, providing halal facilities, and offering education and training for industry players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the relocation policies of residents in the construction area of the Jakarta International Standard Sports Stadium. The research method used in this research is qualitative research. Data analysis techniques use the Miles and Huberman models. The theory used in this study is the policy implementation model according to Merilee S. Grindle which states that the success of implementation is influenced by two major variables, namely the content of policy and the context of implementation. The results of this study indicate that the implementation of the policy of relocating residents in the construction area of the Jakarta International Standard Sports Stadium has been running in accordance with the objectives and achievements of the policy, and persuasive indicators are additional findings in the environmental context variables which also influence the success of implementing the policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines how higher education institutions respond to ambiguous governance instruments. A key focus is how ambiguity is tackled in the interpretation and implementation processes. Building on theoretical perspectives from institutional analysis of organisations, an empirical point of departure is the analysis of ten higher education institutions in Norway and their response on the introduction of development agreements. The findings point out two important dimensions in analysing implementation processes: focusing on the change dynamics and the degree of internal integration. In combination, these point towards distinct patterns in organisational responses to ambiguous policy instruments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advocates often predict that school choice policies will expand access to high-quality schools, particularly for marginalized communities. To interrogate this assumption, we employed a sequential mixed-methods analysis examining the state of charter reform in the District of Columbia. We observed that stakeholders consistently defined equity as uniform processes, evident in data distribution and enrollment practices. We also uncovered persistent disparities in where students live versus learn. We conclude that race-neutral conceptions of equity may hinder attempts to improve school access by ignoring structural inequalities tied to race, place, and income and by overlooking privileged households' efforts to remain separate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this interview study, we utilize a theoretical framework that combines Bell's theory of choice sets with DisCrit to explore how parents of students with IEPs (SIEPs) experienced a forced school choice embedded with the 2013 mass school closures in Chicago. We find that a child's disability was a primary factor in parent's choices. Further, all parents in our sample had conceptions of ideal schools, but a child's IEP and other barriers—including safety and transportation—could prevent parents from enrolling their child in an otherwise desired school. In this way a child's IEP could provide access to needed services while also denying families from desired learning environments. These findings point to the ableist nature of school choice and contribute to the growing body of research that questions the theoretical underpinnings of school choice as an education reform strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: In 2013, the Chicago Public Schools (CPS) district passed a policy requiring schools to deliver comprehensive sexual health education (SHE) to all K‐12th grade students. A performance improvement case study was conducted in the 2019‐2020 school year to evaluate the implementation of the policy and identify lessons learned to support implementation in schools. METHODS: Key informant interviews were conducted with 11 school principals and 29 teachers to discuss SHE implementation at their school. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed to assess school and classroom factors that affect implementation. Themes that cut across these factors were then identified and summarized by 2 evaluators. RESULTS: The following themes were identified across key informant interviews: (a) principal prioritization of SHE helps ensure SHE is implemented, (b) the expansion of school and teacher capacity facilitates SHE implementation, and (c) the creation of accountability mechanisms in classrooms and schools fosters adherence to SHE policy. CONCLUSIONS: Principals play a crucial role in building capacity to deliver SHE and ensuring SHE accountability mechanisms are implemented in their school. CPS is using these findings to adjust technical assistance and resources provided to principals and SHE instructors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Member states use implementation to preserve core state powers, such as fiscal policy, vis-à-vis the European Union (EU), by choosing whether to adopt stricter or looser rules than the EU requires. However, these choices and their reasons when the EU extends its fiscal competences are understudied. We theorise how the interplay of uploading and downloading factors might lead member states to customise EU fiscal policy according to their preferences, if their capacity allows it. Using fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis, we study the customisation of six rules of the Fiscal Compact in France, Germany and Italy in 2012 (N = 18). Member states exercised 'opposition through the back door' when uploading outcomes did not reflect their preferences and did not provide a credible deterrent. More often, however, member states as 'customisers' acted as especially ambitious problem-solvers or signalled compliance, when uploading outcomes reflected their preferences or provided a credible enforcement threat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines the implementation of the zoning-based New Student Admissions (PPDB) policy in State Middle Schools in Cirebon City, which is regulated by Minister of Education and Culture Regulation Number 44 of 2019. The aim of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness of zoning policies in equalizing access to education, identify the challenges faced, and provide recommendations for improvement. This research used a qualitative descriptive approach, involving school principals, teachers, students and parents as respondents. The research results show that zoning policies have succeeded in increasing equitable access to education, but face challenges in communication, information consistency and socialization. Recommendations include increased coordination, ongoing training, and intensified outreach to support more effective policy implementation in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the world, face masks and vaccinations are almost necessary daily. More specifically, the country of Japan has maintained a remarkably high rate throughout the pandemic. Furthermore, the Japanese government was able to implement very effective policies. We review papers that collect data on circumstances Japan faced during the pandemic, compile statistics on mask usage and vaccination rates from other countries and take a quantitative approach to this question. We then conclude whether Japan had used the nudge theory to mitigate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and provide some suggestions for future policies. Although we cannot fully assert that the Japanese government had intentionally used the nudge theory, due to the remarkable success they had, we concluded that the nudge theory did in fact play a major role in mitigating the effects of the pandemic in Japan. Viewing the COVID-19 situation based on the nudge theory, which is an extent from behavioral economics, is something that not many papers have investigated. Behavioral economics is crucial when it comes to our day-to-day lives. Incorporating this into recent catastrophes, such as the earthquake that hit Japan at the start of 2024, or the recession caused by lockdowns and restrictions from the pandemic, enables us to view them in different ways. For example, we can focus on how people react and behave to these phenomena and analyze them to understand human nature better. We can further prepare for upcoming pandemics by effectively implementing them in policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of the accumulation of gender representation during the policy implementation stage on the childcare supply expansion. Previous studies faced two key issues: first, they primarily focused on the impact of gender representation during the policy introduction stage, and second, they often lacked sensitivity in distinguishing whether the outcome was driven by partisanship or gender. Using the city-level dataset from western Germany, this study argues that although the effect of female mayors is model dependent, a 10 percentage point increase in the average share of women city councils leads to an increase in the childcare expansion by about 2.5 percentage points. Notably, regardless of left-wing/right-wing positions, women councilors expanded the childcare supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Translation plays a crucial role in ensuring legal compliance and effective policy implementation in today's digitized and globalized era. This paper aims to highlight the significance of translation in modern governance by examining the challenges, best practices, and impact of translation in rule-making, policy implementation, and stakeholder engagement. By conducting an in-depth scan of literature concerning policymakers, translators, and other key stakeholders to collect rich qualitative data on governance documents, the paper demonstrates how translation enhances transparent communication and facilitates meaningful engagement with stakeholders. In light of Gilmetdinova's (2019) research, the paper addresses various challenges in translation, including timing, accuracy, handling legal and technical terms, cultural references, equipment, and the use of target languages. Furthermore, the paper showcases best practices in translation, such as thematic analysis, communities of practice, multilingual approaches, and the utilization of translation software to expedite high-quality translations. Ultimately, the paper emphasizes how translation contributes to refining governance processes in rule-making, policy implementation, and stakeholder engagement, fostering inclusivity, transparency, and accountability. It is anticipated that future research will explore the role of translation in healthcare systems and organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Educational innovation has received significant attention in contemporary policy debates. Many countries and regions have initiated comprehensive reforms to reshape teaching methods and link innovative practices with improved equity and performance outcomes. In Catalonia (Spain), a clear example of this phenomenon, recent policy developments have pressured schools and teachers to introduce innovative teaching practices to enhance the overall quality of the educational system. Yet, the conceptual framework of school innovation in this context is broad and ambiguous. Therefore, the Catalan case offers a rich context to explore how educational innovation policy is interpreted and enacted in schools. This study uses enactment and sensemaking theories, considering material, symbolic, and cognitive factors that explain variations in practices across schools. The study employs a qualitative approach to examine teachers’ and principals’ interpretations of the innovation policy and to analyse innovation practices. The findings show that the broad and ambiguous nature of the innovation policy mandate allows for wide interpretation, adaptation, and enactment, highly dependent on school actors’ understandings of innovation and contextual factors. Additionally, schools often engage in innovation at a superficial level, with externally driven, fragmented, and standardized innovation practices being most frequent, although this varies across schools’ socioeconomic levels.

This study investigates the implementation of basic education quality improvement policies in Balikpapan City, a region known for its pivotal role in Indonesia’s oil industry, often referred to as an oil-rich area. The research aims to assess the effectiveness of the Regional Medium-Term Development Plan (2021-2026) in addressing educational quality, considering the city's economic dependence on oil. Adopting a qualitative approach, the study focuses on the Department of Education and Culture in Balikpapan, engaging key informants to evaluate the efficacy of policy implementation. The analysis framework encompasses an evaluation of policy standards, resources, inter-organisational communication, and the characteristics of the implementing agencies. The findings reveal that, while considerable progress has been made in enhancing educational facilities and teacher competencies, challenges persist due to the city’s heavy reliance on the oil sector and its impact on local resources. Furthermore, the study explores the relationship between these challenges and Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 4 (quality education) by addressing disparities in resource allocation and the city's limited capacity for economic diversification. The research recommends the integration of more diverse data sources, continuous monitoring, and deeper analysis of the social and economic impacts to further improve educational outcomes. Balikpapan's economic context, as an oil-dependent city, significantly influences its ability to implement and sustain effective educational policies, highlighting the necessity for balanced development strategies aligned with broader SDGs.

The implementation of the Fundamental Reform Document of Education (FRDE) has been one of the significant issues of the education system in our country in the last decade. FRDE, similar to all educational policies and reforms, is affected by the adaption process and is not necessarily implemented according to policymakers’ intentions.The aims of this study is to understand and explain the meaning made by school principals of their role during the implementation of FRDE and investigates how to implement the transformation document. This qualitative study was conducted using the phenomenology method and based on the cognitive framework of sensemaking. Data was gathered through semi-structured and in-depth interviews with 8 public high school principals in four district 3, 6, 7, and 13 of Tehran. Participants were selected using purposive sampling. Data analysis method of Miles et al. (2014) led to the formation of three main theme categories “ambiguty”, “documentary”, and “individual and situational factors”. Finding illuminates, the ambiguity of FRDE’s text and how it is transitioning to practice. The requirement to act in such a situation leads principals to make another sense of their role and they perceive themselves as documenters. In light of the findings, forming this meaning was affected by individual factors including same-old and to-no-avail attempts, as well as situational factors including the extent of applying, rules and regulations, and value position. According to the findings, despite the efforts made to implement the FRDE in schools, the main purpose of the implementation of it has not been achieved. The attention of policymakers to the factors that shape sensemaking can help in designing educational policies and more effective implementation.

Due to its internationalization agenda, higher education institutions (HEI) in Indonesia adopted English as medium of instruction (EMI) programs despite the absence of a national policy document to regulate EMI. Studies on EMI policy in HEI focused on the effect policy could have on the dominant group and gave less highlight on EMI policy implementation management. This case study examined the management of EMI as language policy at the meso-(institutional) and micro-(classroom) levels. The data sources include the institutional policy document related to the EMI program, and interviews with seven EMI officers and seven EMI teachers at a Technological Institute in Indonesia. Using Spolsky's language management framework for the "sensitizing concept," the result of the thematic analysis of the data shows three major categories of EMI policy management: EMI classroom management mechanism, language-related mechanism, and incentivization mechanism. The EMI teachers practice EMI differently in the classroom. Three teachers used English only, while four teachers used multilingualism for content comprehension. The most highlighted managerial and teaching problems come from the students’ recruitment. Therefore, reflecting on the constrain due to the management, it is recommended that the Ministry of Education provide more concrete and practical guidance on EMI implementation in Indonesia.

Countries in developed and developing worlds have faced growing challenges to solve affordable housing shortages for lower-income households, prompting the adoption of various types of mandates to compel local implementation of affordable housing policy. A large volume of literature has focused on whether and how such top-down mandate indeed improves local supply of affordable housing. Insufficient understanding has been provided regarding the multi-faceted nature of local strategic responses to a top-down housing mandate. This research addresses this intellectual gap with an empirical study of local strategic behavior in response to the affordable housing mandate that was announced by the central government during the Twelfth Five-Year Plan (2011–2015). Through systematic content analysis of local news reports on affordable housing from 41 Chinese cities from various provinces, we describe the multiple-dimensional characteristics of local policy actions as cities were compelled to complied with the mandate. We further employ a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis method to investigate how top-down political pressure combines with local policy interpretation, resource mobilization capacity, and local public pressure lead to more diverse policy actions in affordable housing. This research enriches the understanding of how city governments respond to top-down housing mandate, as well as offers valuable policy implications for affordable housing policy.

BACKGROUND: Engaging policy actors in research design and execution is critical to increasing the practical relevance and real-world impact of policy-focused dissemination and implementation science. Identifying and selecting which policy actors to engage, particularly actors involved in Big P public policies such as laws, is distinct from traditional engaged research methods. This current study aimed to develop a transparent, structured method for iteratively identifying policy actors involved in key policy decisions-such as adopting evidence-based interventions at systems-scale-and to guide implementation study sampling and engagement approaches. A flexible policy actor taxonomy was developed to supplement existing methods and help identify policy developers, disseminators, implementers, enforcers, and influencers. METHODS: A five-step methodology for identifying policy actors to potentially engage in policy dissemination and implementation research was developed. Leveraging a recent federal policy as a case study-The Family First Prevention Services Act (FFPSA)-publicly available documentation (e.g., websites, reports) were searched, retrieved, and coded using content analysis to characterize the organizations and individual policy actors in the room during policy decisions. RESULTS: The five steps are as follows: (1) clarify the policy implementation phase(s) of interest, (2) identify relevant proverbial or actual policymaking rooms, (3) identify and characterize organizations in the room, (4) identify and characterize policy actors in the room, and (5) quantify (e.g., count actors across groups), summarize, and compare rooms to develop or select engagement approaches aligned with the room and actors. The use and outcomes of each step are exemplified through the FFPSA case study. CONCLUSIONS: The pragmatic and transparent policy actor identification steps presented here can guide researchers methods for continuous sampling and successful policy actor engagement. Future work should explore the utility of the proposed methods for guiding selection and tailoring of engagement and implementation strategies (e.g., research-policy actor partnerships) to improve both Big P and little p (administrative guidelines, procedures) policymaking and implementation in global contexts.

Threat and Error Management (TEM) is one of recent safety initiatives to further improve the overall aviation safety level. In response to the recommendations of the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) for TEM to be introduced to all pilot training syllabi, the Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA) in Australia mandated TEM as an additional assessment item for various levels of flight tests and ground examinations in 2009. The current study adopted a two-pronged approach: A case study to highlight the importance of TEM training, followed by gaining an in-depth appreciation as to how TEM was implemented and its effects of the use of TEM training. A semi-structured interview of five highly experienced general aviation Flight Examiners (FE) was conducted, and thematic analysis was performed for the interview data from which four main themes emerged: 1) Impracticality; 2) Lack of guidance and support; 3) TEM implementation; and 4) TEM in practice. All participants shared the same view that TEM was not implemented well. It is expected that the findings from this study add to the body of knowledge to better inform and provide guidance and reference for National Aviation Authorities (NAA) to develop an implementation plan when considering the implementation of TEM training in their regulatory framework. Our study highlights a notable disconnect in CASA’s operational workforce’s grasp of TEM, impacting trust in the general aviation sector in its significance and application. It should be also noted that since our study, to address this and foster innovation in safety projects, CASA has initiated comprehensive strategies such as workforce planning and actively engaging in Technical Working Groups (TWGs) to harness community expertise for safety improvements. Nevertheless, the findings have the potential to provide information regarding pilot attitudes to future safety initiatives in other rapidly growing sectors such as Recreational Aviation (RA) and Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (RPAS).

This study delved into the Senior High School Technical-Vocational-Livelihood (TVL) track in Bohol Province for the 2022-2023 school year, aiming to evaluate policy implementation, recognize barriers, and propose interventions. Employing a mixed-method approach, integrating quantitative-descriptive surveys and qualitative-descriptive research methods as recommended by Creswell and Plano Clark (2017), the findings unveiled a predominantly positive perception of policy implementation across various dimensions of the TVL track. These encompass curriculum development, teacher training, resource allocation, industry partnerships, assessment and evaluation, student support services, monitoring and quality assurance, policy adaptation and improvement, stakeholder engagement, legal framework and compliance, data collection and analysis, and inclusivity and equity. Despite variations among teachers and administrators, a general commitment to policy implementation emerged. The study identified barriers in curriculum and instruction, readiness and preparedness, resource limitations, and teaching and learning, emphasizing evidence-based strategies and interdisciplinary approaches to surmount challenges. It underscores the crucial role of research and policy development in elevating the quality and efficacy of TVL education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: The organization of primary care in France has long remained a secondary issue on the political agenda. The government began to address the difficulties of care access and coordination in the 2000s, when a seemingly viable solution emerged from the field: the maisons de santé pluriprofessionnelles (MSPs). In a corporatist system and a predominantly private sector, the government chose an incentive-based contractual policy to encourage providers to join these structures. This article analyzes the implementation of this policy, which depends on private providers' commitment. Methods: The article offers a comparative case study of six MSPs. Data were collected through semistructured interviews, observation sessions, and document analysis. Findings: First, the article shows that the emergence of MSPs has only been possible thanks to an unprecedented alliance between general practitioners, the state, and the health insurance fund. Second, it argues that MSP policy implementation relies on a complex bargaining process between private providers and public authorities that enables the former to shape it to their local needs. Conclusions: MSP implementation experiences raise questions both about the understanding of medical corporatism in France and the assimilation of policy changes and local variation through policy implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Léman Express (LEx) is Europe's largest cross-border rail network. As the backbone of public transportation that connects Geneva with its French suburbs, the LEx should contribute to increasing sustainable mobility and to achieving the 2050 carbon neutrality objective. Accompanying measures such as new bus routes and tramways connected to LEx stations as well as bicycle lines, park and ride, and pedestrian facilities should be implemented to ensure that LEx achieves its full impact on the modal shift and active mobility. However, the findings in this study demonstrate that more than half of the LEx's accompanying measures are overdue; planning quality, national co-funding, and municipal support are key factors for reducing delays in their implementation. Notably, these empirical findings hold across the Greater Geneva area despite the institutional peculiarities of the Swiss and French political and administrative systems. This case study adds to the literature regarding European border studies by analysing the consequences of a cross-border environment on territorially bounded projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Planning Education & Research is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract This paper examines the influence of the Heritage Transfer of Development Rights (HTDR) among heritage property owners and explores how its successful implementation has been hampered based on the study of two indicators—policy awareness and implementation efficiency—which are vital for generating initial interest among stakeholders and leading them to use the policy. The HTDR policy at Ahmedabad, introduced in 2015 as an incentive program supporting the conservation of privately owned properties within the old city of Ahmedabad, has failed to generate much interest among the local community. As per the documents available online on the website of Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, in the last 9 years, only 81 properties with TDR certificates. It is thus very pertinent to identify the reasons for its lack of influence and acceptance. In this study, a mixed method was adopted involving a closed-ended survey and semi structured interviews. The inferences are based on the responses gathered from heritage property owners currently living in heritage properties and those living elsewhere. The heritage properties were identified based on a random sampling method from the listed heritage properties spread across the 13 wards of the walled city. Based on the research findings, although most property owners are aware of the HTDR policy and find it an essential tool for conserving heritage in Ahmedabad, awareness of the whole mechanism and application process is significantly limited. The implementation of the HTDR policy is highly inefficient, and more awareness must be generated among owners. Moreover, more training or technical assistance needs to be provided to them to help them access the incentive program. The lack of a proper and comprehensible policy brief or document further hinders the situation. Overall, property owners are not completely satisfied with the HTDR policy and suggest critical revisions, such as reducing the file clearance time, calculating a new TDR amount, and modifying the stages of fund disbursement.

As an important direction of China's medical and health system reform, medical and prevention integration is of great significance to meet the all-round health needs of the people, and how to establish a scientific and effective medical and prevention integration model is a top priority. Using literature analysis and other methods to collect data, the implementation status and dilemma of China's medical and prevention integration policy were reviewed, and the influencing factors of medical and prevention integration policy implementation were analyzed based on the six dimensions of the Horn-mitte model. On this basis, it is proposed to refine policy objectives, clarify policy implementation standards, increase resource supply, enrich policy implementation methods, explore common interests of medical and defense institutions, improve "coordination mechanisms", and actively guide policy implementers to carry out medical and prevention integration services. It aims to provide reference significance for the high-quality improvement of medical and prevention integration services in the future.

Coastal areas are dynamic areas with interactions between land and sea, which exposes complex challenges in integrated management. Law No. 1 of 2014 on the management of coastal areas and small islands in Indonesia is a step to increase state authority in coastal waters management. However, environmental sustainability is often not a top priority in practice. This condition is reflected in various phenomena in Makassar City, where development and human activities have resulted in damage to the coastal environment and marine pollution. This study uses a qualitative approach to analyze the implementation of coastal protection policies in Makassar City. Through interviews with various stakeholders, including government agencies, NGOs, and communities, it was found that there are still many as challenges faced in implementing this policy. Among them are the readiness of human resources in various relevant agencies, effective communication between parties, complex bureaucratic structures, and the important role of the private sector. With cooperation and commitment from all parties, it is hoped that the implementation of coastal area protection policies can be successful and have a positive impact on the environment and coastal communities of Makassar City.

Abstract Background Translating health policy into effective implementation is a core priority for responding effectively to the tuberculosis (TB) crisis. The national TB Recovery Plan was developed in response to the negative impact that the COVID-19 pandemic had on TB care in South Africa. We aimed to explore the implementation of the TB Recovery Plan and develop recommendations for strengthening accountability for policy implementation for this and future TB policies. Methods We interviewed 24 participants working on or impacted by TB policy implementation in South Africa. This included perspectives from national, provincial, and local health department representatives, civil society, and community representatives. In-depth interviews were conducted in English and isiXhosa and we drew on reflexive thematic methods for analysis. Results Participants felt that there was potential for COVID-19 innovations and urgency to influence TB policy development and implementation, including the use of data dashboards. Implementation of the TB Recovery Plan predominantly used a top-down approach to implementation (cascading from national policy to local implementers) but experienced bottlenecks at provincial level. Recommendations for closing the TB policy-implementation gap included using phased implementation and enhancing provincial-level accountability. Civil society organisations were concerned about the lack of provincial implementation data which impeded advocacy for improved accountability and inadequate resourcing for implementation. Community health workers were viewed as key to implementation but were not engaged in the policy development process and were often not aware of new TB policies. At local level, there were also opportunities to strengthen community engagement in policy implementation including through community-led monitoring. Participants recommended broader multi-stakeholder engagement that includes community and community health worker representatives in the development and implementation phases of new TB policies. Conclusions Communities affected by TB, with the support of civil society organisations, could play a bigger role in monitoring policy implementation at local level and need to be capacitated to do this. This bottom-up approach could complement existing top-down strategies and contribute to greater accountability for TB policy implementation.

It has long been recognised that a key element in improving student transition, retention and success in higher education is cross-institutional consistency and unity of action among disparate academic, policy and support units. However, transferring this principle into practice often requires overcoming departmental silos, negotiating shared understandings of key concepts, and establishing patterns of cross-institutional collaboration in spaces where this may have been lacking. This study examines the effect of a program of supported communities of practice among teaching academics that sought to improve the culture of learning and teaching in a large science, health and engineering faculty in an Australian university. We found indications that these communities of practice promoted collaboration by functioning as loci of cross-institutional consultation and coordination, providing the basis for an enhanced student experience. We interpret this finding through the lens of Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model of development, and propose an approach based on academic communities of practice as a way of building cross-institutional unity of action and making the student experience everybody’s business.

The enactment of Law Number 18 of 2019 concerning Islamic Boarding Schools, followed by Regulation of the Minister of Religion of the Republic of Indonesia Number 32 of 2020 concerning Ma'had Aly, should be a hope for organizers and managers of education in the Islamic boarding school environment. These hopes include funding support and certainty of Ma'had Aly graduates. In addition, there is a legal guarantee for fulfilling the right to obtain employment opportunities and continue studies to the next level of education. Providing guarantees of recognition, affirmation, and facilitation for Islamic boarding schools based on their traditions and characteristics is a sociological and philosophical consideration when forming Islamic boarding school laws. To date, this guarantee has not been fully realized. The hope of Islamic boarding schools is still accompanied by the dilemma of ensuring recognition from the government. The author is interested in uncovering what the managers of Ma'had Aly are worried about, especially after the implementation of PMA Number 32 of 2020 concerning Ma'had Aly. The researcher's focus is to describe the implementation of these regulatory policies. Because it concerns statutory norms, the method used in this research is normative juridical research, namely, literature study research, to examine PMA 32 of 2020. The aim is to describe the implementation of PMA 32 of 2020 for Islamic boarding schools that organize Ma'had Aly, the problems experienced by the management, and how the Ministry of Religion responds to the Islamic boarding school's hesitation in implementing recognition, affirmation and facilitation policies. As a result, there are still problems for the organizers of Ma'had Aly. The external quality assurance system through the community assembly has not shown its productivity. The government, in this case, the Ministry of Religion, needs to be encouraged to have the courage to take strategic policy steps as a concrete form of recognition, affirmation and facilitation of Ma'had Aly implementation policies. Apart from that, the government is also encouraged to form a directorate general of Islamic boarding schools to solve bureaucratic problems in Islamic boarding school services.

Background: As of 2022, Semarang City has 4,083 companies. However, according to the Labor Office of Semarang City, only 109 out of 529 companies provide lactation clinics. In addition, based on previous research in Pedurungan, Semarang City, most of the women (83,3%) who work do not practice exclusive breastfeeding (EBF), one reason being the lack of lactation clinics in companies. Aims: This study examines the implementation of lactation clinic policies in companies in Semarang City. Methods: This study used a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. The research variables included effectiveness, consistency, relevance, organizational structure, resources, sociocultural environment, economic environment, organizational culture, geographic environment, knowledge and skills, communication, and political support. Informants were selected based on purposive criteria, involving eight key informants and 18 supporting informants from eight companies in Semarang City. Results: Lactation clinic policies were ineffective because companies were unaware of their contents and perceived them as recommendations only. On the contrary, working mothers who breastfed recognized the benefits of the policies and considered them relevant. Three out of eight companies provided lactation clinics. The people in charge had yet to be appointed due to the different capacities of the companies. Due to a lack of support from the sociocultural environment, working mothers needed more awareness of the importance of breastfeeding. However, the companies' economic and geographic environments and organizational culture were relatively favorable. Meanwhile, adequate dissemination could have helped communication. In addition, most companies do not provide lactation clinics or recommend formula milk. Conclusion: The current policies have not adequately supported the provision of lactation clinics in companies in Semarang City. To address this issue, lactation clinics should be classified according to the companies' capacities. It is also necessary to develop a leading sector that is transparent and responsible for supervising the provision of lactation clinics. Keywords: exclusive breastfeeding in workplace, lactation clinic, policy implementation