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Background: The skin and its appendages are among the main organs susceptible to neoplasms in cats. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a malignant neoplasm that affects the epidermis, is locally invasive, and presents with low metastases; however, when it occurs, it spreads to the regional lymph nodes, lungs, and bone tissue. It can present in both proliferative and ulcerative forms. Its etiopathogenesis has not been fully established; however, it is associated with chronic sun exposure, papillomavirus infection, immunosuppression, and chronic skin diseases. This tumor mainly affects white-coated cats but also dark cats with hypopigmented areas, which are uncommon in dark animals and in those with good coat coverage. The objective of this study was to report a case of cutaneous SCC in a cat with black fur. Case: A 14-year-old, 4.5-kg, mixed-breed cat with black fur and a history of an ulcerated wound in the periocular region that did not heal even after previous treatment was treated with 30 mg/kg cephalexin twice a day for 15 days, 1 mg/kg prednisolone once a day for 5 days, and daily cleaning of the wound with 1% chlorhexidine twice a day for 15 days. In order to obtain a definitive diagnosis, cytological and histopathological examinations were performed. First, fine needle aspiration, an imprint, and a swab of the periocular lesion were taken. Immature or dysplastic squamous epithelium cells were observed, with keratinized polygonal angular cytoplasm, oval nuclei and coarse chromatin, a high nucleus:cytoplasm ratio, a large amount of red blood cells, and a moderate amount of segmented neutrophils, macrophages, and cocci-shaped bacteria. Fragments of malignant neoplasms invading the muscle tissue were also observed, characterized by "islands" of epithelial cells with large pleomorphic nuclei, multiple nucleoli, numerous mitotic figures, and formation of corneal pearls, leading to a diagnosis of SCC. Importantly, the animal's blood count remained unchanged. Treatment was established with the use of gabapentin [10 mg/kg - twice daily for 10 days], clindamycin [25 mg/kg - twice daily for 14 days], and piroxicam [0.3 mg/kg - every other day for 20 days]. For topical use, a cream was prepared with 5% papain, 4% hydroviton, and sunscreen (SPF 50) for use twice a day, as well as ointment based on gentamicin sulfate, sulfanilamide, sulfadiazine, urea, vitamin A palmitate, 2-3 times a day for 15 days. However, the neoplasm was already invasive, and the animal died before the treatment was completed. Discussion: Although the etiopathogenesis is not well understood, it is known that the occurrence of SCC in animals with dark fur and good coat coverage is slightly associated with chronic exposure to sunlight, which mostly affects cats with light fur or those with hypopigmented areas, as well as hair scarcity. However, in addition to ultraviolet radiation, papillomaviruses and other factors can cause SCC. The best form of diagnosis for this pathology is cytopathological examination, and if this is inconclusive, it is followed by confirmation with histopathological examination. There are several ways to treat this neoplasm, among them are surgical removals, chemotherapies, radiotherapies, photodynamic therapies, cryosurgeries, cyclooxygenase-2 and tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitors, electrochemotherapy and the use of antineoplastic agents therefore, it is important to individualize treatment according to the case and the financial status of the owner. The importance of early diagnosis is emphasized so that the tumor does not become invasive and metastasize over time, thus increasing the chances of a cure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI), and it is a major risk factor for penile, oropharyngeal and anal cancer. HPV anal infection is common in men-who-have-sex-with-men (MSM), especially in patients living with HIV (MSM-HIV). HPV can also be detected in genitalia and oral tissues. The objective of this cross-sectional study is to analyze the prevalence of HPV genital and oral infection in a HIV-MSM cohort. Methods: This cross-sectional study of HPV infection included 107 HIV-MSM subjects recruited in a HIV follow-up unit of Northwest Spain. HPV-vaccinated subjects were excluded. HPV-DNA was detected with Anyplex™ II HPV28 method. Participants completed a questionnaire on lifestyle and sexual behavior. Results: Median age was 43 years (range 35-54 years); 97 patients received antiretroviral treatment (ART); 81 (75.7%) had undetectable HIV-RNA; median CD4-lymphocyte count was 746 cell/mm3; 70 (65.4%) participants had a previous STI. Genitalia HPV-DNA was detected in n=37 (34.6%) subjects and oral HPV-DNA was detected in 26 (24.3%). In 12 (11.2%) patients, HPV-DNA was detected in both locations. High risk HPV (hrHPV) genotypes were detected in 24 (22.4%) and 15 (14%) patients in genitalia and oral samples respectively. Genitalia HPV-DNA isolation was more common in HIV virologically non-suppressed patients (65.4% vs 24.7%; p

Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) is a global concern due to its wide distribution and the wide range of benign and malignant diseases it can induce. Papillomas appear with high frequency in cattle, being discovered, in this species, 13 types of papillomavirus to date. It affects all age groups, but the highest incidence is in youth. Papillomas can appear on any region of the body, lesions on the nipples leading to impaired milking and reduced milk yield, with significant effects on production and economics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O papiloma é uma neoplasia comumente benigna de etiologia viral, com aspecto de couve-flor, frequentemente encontrada na espécie canina. Pode apresentar na forma cutânea, oral ou ocular, sendo a última menos comum entre os animais. O diagnóstico clínico é comumente empregado pelas suas características morfológicas comuns. No entanto, o diagnóstico definitivo dá-se por meio do exame histopatológico e imuno-histoquímica. Na maioria das vezes, os papilomas regridem espontaneamente. No entanto, em alguns casos são persistentes e necessitam de tratamento. O objetivo desse trabalho é relatar um caso clínico de um cão com papilomavírus em conjuntiva bulbar da terceira pálpebra. Nesse caso as diferentes técnicas de tratamento, a associação das terapias de conjuntivectomia, auto-hemoterapia e estimulação da imunidade do animal, culminaram em uma boa resposta do paciente e até seis meses de acompanhamento, não foi observado recidiva da neoplasia no cão.

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Introduction: The recurrent respiratory papillomatosis is an uncommon disease of the airways that affects children and adults, caused by the papillomavirus. Objective: To characterize children with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis from the clinical, epidemiologic and therapeutic points of view, as well as to evaluate their clinical course at short and mid terms. Methods: An observational, longitudinal and prospective investigation of 40 children with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis was carried out, they were assisted in the Otolaryngology Service of Dr. Antonio María Béguez Cesar Teaching Southern Children Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, from January, 2010 to December, 2016. Results: The patients included in the study represented 3.2 % of the total of admissions. The male sex prevailed (60.0 %); the average age was 8.6 ± 4 years. Statistical association existed between the anatomical localization of the lesions and the male sex; however, there was no such association with the age. The oropharyngeal (50.0 %) and laryngeal (42.5 %) localizations were those of more observance. The transvaginal childbirth was associated with the higher number of patients that presented the mentioned disorder (85.0 %) and the treatment with exeresis and Interferon was associated with the satisfactory clinical course in 95.8 % of those affected. Conclusions: The clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis of this case material don't differ from the world epidemiological context, being an unusual observation entity, but not strange in the pediatrics services.

Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are small icosahedral DNA non-enveloped viruses, adapted to human beings from the very beginning, since the apparition of the first humanoids. They are part of the large papillomaviruses group, which co-evolved with the first reptile species, around 350 million years ago. These viruses persist for years and even decades together with their animal or human hosts, in epithelial cells and/or mucosae, being considered rather commensal or producing chronic unapparent “infections” in most cases. There are described more than 150 HPV species, included in Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and some in Miu and Niu genera. The mechanisms of co-evolution between the human host and HPV are complex and depend on the host immune tolerance (with unknown advantages from HPV, to be tolerated) and HPV replication, with the promotion of host epithelial cell persistence, which in the case of HPV species with malignant risk could cause an “immortality” of the host-cell and consequently malignancy. The mucosalassociated HPV lesions, condyloma acuminatum and focal epithelial hyperplasia, are benign lesions caused by types of HPV with mucosal affinities. Other lesions are malignant, such as cervical or other anogenital cancers (of vulva, vagina, penis and anus) and head and neck cancers. The HPV species associated with cancers are included mostly in Alpha HPV genus. Cutaneous associated HPV lesions – common warts, plantar warts, flat warts, filiform warts, pigmented warts, epidermoid cysts – are benign lesions associated with cutaneous HPV strains, but Bowen disease is a type of skin cancer associated with alpha HPV. There are also suggestions that some of non-melanoma skin cancers could be associated with some beta HPVs. Curative measures include topical cytotoxic and antiviral agents, topical immunomodulatory agents, intralesional immunotherapy, destructive methods and surgery. Vaccination is the only way to decrease the incidence of HPV-induced cancers and should be indicated for both boys and girls before natural infection occurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Cervical-uterine cancer (CaCu) is a public health problem. Epidemiological studies have identified a close relationship between CaCu and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The purpose of this study was to perform the molecular detection of HPV, identification of mixed infections and the screening of CaCu through conventional cytology in an indigenous population of the high Andean highlands of Ecuador in order to correlate the data obtained with the presence of lesions. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was carried out on 189 women between the ages of 21 and 65; who belonged to the community of Pilahuin in the province of Tungurahua, who assisted to gynecological check-ups. Data were analyzed with the EPI-INFO and SPSS statistical programs. Results: the average age of the participants was 35.2 years, most of the participants identified themselves as indigenous, in a stable relationship, multiparous, with a medium to low level of education and no paid work. The participants showed a favorable attitude towards the cervico-uterine cytology in 100% of the cases without showing a relation with age, level of education or civil status. HPV infection was positive in 10.5% of the participants, 70% of the patients had severe inflammation with a positive association with mixed bacterial infection. Resumen: El cáncer cervico-uterino (CaCu) constituye un problema de salud pública. Estudios epidemiológicos han identificado una estrecha relación entre el CaCu y la infección por el virus del papiloma humano (VPH). El objetivo del estudio fue realizar la detección molecular de VPH, identificación de infecciones mixtas y el tamizaje de CaCu a través de un estudio transversal a 189 mujeres entre 21 a 65 años pertenecientes a la comunidad de Pilahuin- Provincia del Tungurahua a las cuales se les realizó detección molecular de VPH y citología convencional. Los resultados fueron analizados con los programas EPI INFO y SPSS. Resultados: La edad promedio de las participantes fue de 35,2 años, en relación estable, multíparas, con un nivel medio, bajo de instrucción, sin trabajo remunerado. El 100% de las participantes presentó una actitud favorable frente a la citología cervico-uterina sin mostrar relación con la edad, nivel de instrucción o estado civil. El 10,5% de las participantes presentaron infección por VPH y un 70% de las pacientes presentaron inflamación severa con una asociación positiva a infección bacteriana mixta.

Objective: to demonstrate the HPV vaccination data in boys in the city of Palmital - São Paulo, Brazil, year 2017, and to demonstrate the view of the professionals of the vaccination room in relation to the data. Methodology: this is a field research with a qualitative-descriptive approach, carried out in the basic health unit of the municipality, with two employees of the vaccination room. In the workplace of the participants, the information was collected through an individual questionnaire, in the June 2019, to collect data on HPV vaccination, it was necessary to access the health information database in the DATASUS database in 2017, after all the collection, the researchers submitted the results to content analysis. Results: It was observed that the professionals are unaware of the total number of boys vaccinated in 2017, but know where the data are available, and that the number of adolescents who completed this year's HPV vaccination schedule was unsatisfactory. Conclusion: In this research, it was possible to observe that professionals do not have knowledge about the sources of health information, in addition, it was identified that professionals have a perception of the need for investments to spread knowledge, information and awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The recurrent respiratory papillomatosis is an uncommon disease of the airways that affects children and adults, caused by the papillomavirus. Objective: To characterize children with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis from the clinical, epidemiologic and therapeutic points of view, as well as to evaluate their clinical course at short and mid terms. Methods: An observational, longitudinal and prospective investigation of 40 children with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis was carried out, they were assisted in the Otolaryngology Service of Dr. Antonio María Béguez Cesar Teaching Southern Children Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, from January, 2010 to December, 2016. Results: The patients included in the study represented 3.2% of the total of admissions. The male sex prevailed (60.0%); the average age was 8.6 ± 4 years. Statistical association existed between the anatomical localization of the lesions and the male sex; however, there was no such association with the age. The oropharyngeal (50.0%) and laryngeal (42.5%) localizations were those of more observance. The transvaginal childbirth was associated with the higher number of patients that presented the mentioned disorder (85.0%) and the treatment with exeresis and Interferon was associated with the satisfactory clinical course in 95.8% of those affected. Conclusions: The clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis of this case material don't differ from the world epidemiological context, being an unusual observation entity, but not strange in the pediatrics services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar los aspectos clínicos, histopatológicos e histoquímicos de la papilomatosis cutánea (PC) en bovinos (Bos taurus), del departamento de Córdoba, Colombia. Dicho estudio fue de tipo descriptivo, no probabilístico, en animales de conveniencia. Se utilizaron 24 bovinos con PCB, diagnosticados clínica e histopatológicamente. Las lesiones, se observaron a modo de masas exofíticas e hiperpigmentadas; en algunos casos, pediculadas o en forma de coliflor; en otros e inclusive en los papilomas planos, se evidenciaron los pedículos a la compresión . De igual forma, los papilomas de gran tamaño pendulantes fueron extraídos quirúrgicamente que, al ser diseccionados, se evidenció la hiperplasia epitelial, la hiperqueratosis y la pro- yección de la epidermis hacia la dermis. A nivel de cabeza, la mayor presentación se dio en boca, en orejas, en frente y en párpados . Histopatológicamente, en la coloración de H-E, se observó hiperplasia epitelial, acantosis, proyecciones digitales hacía la dermis e hiperqueratosis. En la coloración de T-G, se observó marcada proliferación dérmica de colágeno desorganizado, con escasa presencia de tejido conjuntivo difuso y en la coloración de P-R/P, se observaron marcadas áreas de birrefringencia rojiza y escasa birrefringencia verde amarillenta . El diagnóstico definitivo de la enfermedad, se fundamentó en las características clínicas, diagnóstico diferencial y en los hallazgos histopatológicos, siendo concluyentes, como métodos de diagnóstico de la PC en bovinos, del Departamento de Córdoba.

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A placa aural é uma dermatopatia associada à quatro Equus caballus papillomavirus (EcPVs). Até o momento, o DNA de EcPVs não foi identificado em amostras de placa aural fixadas em formalina e embebidas em parafina (FFPE). O objetivo deste estudo foi otimizar um método para a detecção dos quatro tipos de EcPVs em 21 amostras FFPE usando a PCR. O DNA dos EcPVs foram detectados em 11 amostras (52.4%). O DNA do EcPV4 foi detectado em 38.1% (8/21) e do EcPV3 em 4.8% (1/21) das amostras. Coinfecção foi identificada em duas amostras (9.5%); EcPV4 e 5 foram detectados simultaneamente em uma amostra, enquanto o DNA dos EcPV4 e 6 foi detectado em outra. A especificidade do DNA dos papilomavírus equinos foi avaliada por sequenciamento gênico direto, que confirmou a especificidade dos produtos. A metodologia de PCR proposta possibilita o diagnóstico dos EcPV3, 4, 5 e 6 em amostras FFPE de placa aural equina.

Resumo:Sarcoides são tumores fibroblásticos, considerados os tumores de pele mais comuns em pele de equinos e que raramente apresentam regressão espontânea. Papilomavírus bovino (BPV) tipos 1 e 2 são relacionados com a patogenia do sarcoide e, provavelmente, o BPV tipo 13 (BPV13), recentemente descrito, também pode estar associado com a formação dessa lesão. Neste estudo, 20 amostras de lesões cutâneas, sendo 12 constituídas por tecidos frescos e 8 amostras de tecido fixado em formalina e embebido em parafina, provenientes de 15 cavalos foram utilizadas para a identificação do DNA de BPV. A análise histopatológica (HE) confirmou todas as lesões como sarcoide. Para a amplificação do DNA de papilomavírus (PV) foram realizadas três reações de PCR. Como triagem, os primers IFNR2/IDNT2 foram utilizados para amplificar um fragmento da ORF L1 do PV. O segundo par de primersutilizado é complementar a sequência dos genes E5 e L2 de BPVs 1, 2 e 13. O terceiro par de primers(FAP59/FAP64) utilizado tem o gene L1 como alvo. A primeira e a segunda PCRs permitiram amplificar produtos em todas as amostras avaliadas. Entretanto, na terceira reação, na qual foram utilizados os primers FAP, foi possível amplificar produtos com tamanho molecular esperado somente nas amostras constituídas por tecidos frescos. O sequenciamento de nucleotídeos e as análises filogenéticas realizadas nos fragmentos E5L2 resultaram na identificação de BPV1, 2 e 13 em 14 (70%), 2 (10%) e em 4 (20%) amostras de sarcoides, respectivamente. As amostras de sarcoides de um dos animais continha somente o DNA de BPV1. Entretanto, nas amostras provenientes do segundo cavalo foi possível identificar o DNA de três tipos de Deltapapillomavirus bovino (BPV1, 2 e 13) em lesões distintas. Este estudo ratifica a presença do DNA de BPV1, 2 e 13 em lesões de sarcoides em equinos, além de identificar três tipos de BPVs em um mesmo animal e descrever pela primeira vez no Brasil a presença de BPV1 e 2 nesse tipo de lesão.

Introducción: el cáncer de cérvix es un problema mundial de salud pública, con cerca de 500.000 casos diagnosticados anualmente, 68.000 de ellos en América Latina. En Colombia es la neoplasia maligna ginecológica más mortal y la segunda en incidencia después del cáncer de mama. La tasa de falsos negativos de la citología de cérvix es de 20-40%, lo que explica los casos presentes en la población oportunamente tamizada; la tipificación del virus del papiloma humano (VPH) y la actividad de la telomerasa son estudios promisorios en el diagnóstico temprano. Objetivo: determinar la exactitud de la actividad de telomerasa al compararla con la PCR para el VPH 16 o 18 en cérvix de mujeres con patología cervical. Materiales y métodos: estudio de exactitud diagnóstica ensamblado en un corte transversal, en 102 mujeres con sospecha de patología cervical que consultaron al Centro de Salud de primer nivel de atención de la Universidad del Quindío en 2007. Se evaluó la sensibilidad y especificidad de la telomerasa y la sensibilidad y especificidad de la PCR del VPH para lesión preneoplásica del cérvix. Resultados: la prevalencia de VPH 16 y 18 fue del 23,5 y 29% respectivamente. La sensibilidad de la telomerasa para el virus 16 fue del 93% con una especificidad del 39%. La sensibilidad de la telomerasa para el virus 18 fue del 96% con una especificidad del 37%. Conclusiones: la telomerasa surge como una prueba diagnóstica promisoria para la detección de los virus VPH 16 y 18.

Objetivo: genotipificar el VPH en muestras de pacientes con diferentes grados histopatológicos de lesión cervical. Materiales y métodos: estudio de corte transversal en muestras de cepillado cervical de mujeres con diferentes grados de lesiones cervicales histopatológicas en la ciudad de Bogotá en el año 2009. Se utilizó Luminex® xMAP® una técnica altamente sensible, reproducible y automatizada, y Reverse Line Blot (RLB). Resultados: las infecciones por los tipos de VPH de 16 y 18 fueron las más frecuentes en todos los tipos de patología del cérvix. Las infecciones mixtas predominaron con un 78,04% de los casos con patología negativa, 85,7% NIC I, 81,25% NIC II, 78,78% NIC III y 71,42% cáncer cervical. La concordancia entre los dos métodos fue del 67%. Conclusión: las infecciones por los tipos de VPH 16 y 18 predominan en la población estudiada.Objective: genotyping HPV in samples taken from patients having different histopathological degrees of cervical injury. Materials and methods: this was a cross-sectional study of cervical scrape samples taken from females having different degrees of histopathological cervical injury in Bogotá during 2009. Luminex® xMAP® was used, which is a highly sensitive, reproducible and automated technique, as well as reverse line blot (RLB). Results: infections caused by HPV types 16 and 18 were the most frequently found types of pathology of the cervix. Mixed infections predominated (78.04%); amongst cases having negative pathology, 85.7% was found for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) I, 81.25% for CIN II, 78.78% for CIN III and 71.42% for cervical cancer. Agreement between both methods was 67%. Conclusion: infection by VPH types 16 and 18 predominated in the population being studied.

FUNDAMENTOS: O queratoacantoma é neoplasia cutânea benigna que incide preferencialmente em indivíduos de pele clara, faixa etária elevada, acometendo áreas fotoexpostas. Além da exposição à radiação ultravioleta, sua etiologia é relacionada a diversos carcinógenos, entre eles a infecção pelo papilomavírus humano (HPV). OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a prevalência do DNA do HPV, bem como seus genótipos, em lesões de queratoacantoma solitário de pacientes imunocompetentes. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados queratoacantomas de pacientes sem evidências de imunocomprometimento, excisados entre 1996 e 2000 em hospital universitário. Realizaram-se cortes histológicos, desparafinização e extração de DNA desses fragmentos. Os espécimes positivos para DNA de HPV foram submetidos ao seqüenciamento gênico, para determinação do genótipo. RESULTADOS: Foram estudados 58 pacientes com idade média de 64,5±13,8 anos. A proporção entre os sexos foi semelhante, e as localizações mais comuns foram os membros superiores (50%) e a face (27,6%). Detectou-se DNA de HPV em 48 (82,7%) fragmentos de queratoacantomas, sendo os genótipos 6, 11 e 16 os prevalentes. CONCLUSÕES: A alta prevalência do achado de DNA de HPV em lesões de queratoacantoma solitário pode sugerir a participação viral em sua oncogênese.BACKGROUND - Keratoacanthoma is a benign cutaneous neoplasm that preferentially affects fair skin individuals of older age groups and involves sun-exposed areas. Apart from ultraviolet radiation exposure, its etiology is related to several carcinogens, including human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence of HPV DNA and its genotypes in solitary keratoacanthoma lesions of immunocompetent patients. Methods: Keratoacanthoma lesions of patients with no evidence of immunological involvement, excised from 1996 to 2000, at a university hospital, were assessed. Histological aspects, deparafinization and DNA extraction of these lesions were evaluated. The specimens positive for HPV DNA were submitted to gene sequencing to determine the genotype. RESULTS: Fifty-eight patients were studied, mean age of 64.5±13.8 years. Both sexes were similarly affected, and the most common sites were upper limbs (50%) and face (27.6%). HPV DNA was detected in 48 (82.7%) keratoacanthoma fragments, and the genotypes 6, 11 and 16 were the most prevalent. CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of HPV DNA in solitary keratoacanthoma lesions may suggest viral participation in its oncogenesis.

Introducción. En 2000 se diagnosticaron 3.400 casos nuevos de cáncer anal en Estados Unidos; es el cuarto cáncer más común en VIH positivos. Objetivo. Determinar la prevalencia de cambios citológicos anales en una población de pacientes de Medellín, positivos para VIH, buscando la relación con distintas variables. Materiales y métodos. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo con exploración de variables, que incluyó pacientes de Medellín positivos para VIH. Se les aplicó una encuesta epidemiológica y se les realizó la citología anal según Bethesda. Resultados. Se estudiaron 91 pacientes, 66 de ellos con información completa. El 45,5% presentó alguna alteración en la citología anal. Se encontró que en aquellos con antecedentes de otras infecciones de transmisión sexual, 44,7% presentaba cambios citológicos (p = 0,8426); en aquéllos con más de 21 parejas, 60,9% presentaba cambios citológicos (p = 0,1791); en aquéllos que habían iniciado la vida sexual entre los 9 y 20 años, 43,3% presentaba cambios citológicos (p = 0,8125); en aquéllos con CD4Background. In the year 2000, around 3,400 new cases of anal cancer were diagnosed in the USA, and now is the fourth most common cancer in HIVpositive population. Objectives. To determinate the prevalence of anal cytological changes, in an HIV-positive population from Medellín; and its relationship with different variables. Methods. This is a descriptive variable exploration study, which included HIV-positive patients from Medellín. We used an epidemiological survey and an anal cytology was done according to Bethesda recommendations. Results. We included 91 patients, 66 with the whole information. The 45,5% showed abnormal anal cytology. We found that in patients with past history of sexual transmitted diseases, 44,7% showed cytological changes (p = 0,8426); in patients with more than 21 sexual partners, 60,9% showed cytological changes (p = 0,1791); in those who started his active sexual life between 9 and 20 years of age, 43,3% showed cytological changes (p = 0,8125); in those with CD4>200 cells/ mL, 50% showed cytological changes (p = 0,8832). Besides, we found a tendency for increasing risk of abnormal anal cytology in patients who used preservatives sometimes or never, compared with those who said that always used it (p = 0,1665). Conclusions. Anal cytology is a simple and cost-effective test, which allows to screen populations at risk, preventing the development of anal cancer. We did not found any statistical association between cytology changes and the variables evaluated. We suggest including anal cytology as one of the Plan Obligatorio de Salud tests for HIV-positive patients whith anal intercourse practices.

Os papilomavírus humano (HPV) são classificados na família Papillomaviridae, gênero Papillomavirus, constituindo um grupo de vírus os quais infectam a pele e mucosas de vários animais vertebrados, incluindo o homem. Até o presente momento, existem 150 tipos distintos de HPV, dos quais 40 são encontrados regularmente no trato genital. A infecção genital pelo HPV é considerada uma das doenças sexualmente transmissíveis mais freqüentes entre as mulheres com vida sexual ativa, sendo o maior índice em países em desenvolvimento. No estado da Paraíba foram diagnosticados 1576 novos casos, no período de janeiro de 2001 a dezembro de 2004. O principal método de prevenção contra esse vírus é o uso de preservativos.

OBJETIVO: avaliar a associação entre vaginose bacteriana (VB), DNA de papilomavírus humano (HPV) de alto risco e anormalidades citopatológicas cervicais em mulheres submetidas a conização diatérmica devido a neoplasia intra-epitelial cervical de alto grau (NIC 2 ou 3). MÉTODOS: estudo clínico descritivo, no qual foram incluídas 81 mulheres submetidas a conização diatérmica devido a NIC 2 ou 3. A citologia (CO) inicial foi colhida na época da realização da biópsia dos casos suspeitos e também foi utilizada para verificar a presença de VB. Antes da conização diatérmica foi coletado material para a detecção de DNA de HPV de alto risco, por meio da captura de híbridos II (CH II). Após a conização diatérmica foi agendado retorno em 4 meses, no qual eram realizadas novas coletas de CO e de CH II. Vinte e sete mulheres apresentaram VB e 54 não apresentaram esta alteração. A análise estatística foi realizada por meio do cálculo dos odds ratios (OR) para as relações entre a detecção do HPV e a presença de anormalidades citológicas com a presença de VB, antes e após a conização, considerando-se intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC 95%). RESULTADOS: a detecção de DNA de HPV de alto risco antes da conização foi semelhante nos dois grupos (89%). Após a conização, esta detecção foi igual a 26 e 18%, respectivamente, nos grupos com e sem VB (OR=1,5 IC 95% 0,5 a 4,6). Ainda após a conização, 41% das pacientes com VB e 20% das sem VB apresentaram anormalidades citológicas (OR=2,7; IC 95% 1,0 a 7,4). Analisando-se exclusivamente as 22 mulheres com anormalidades citológicas em seus exames realizados aproximadamente quatro meses após a conização diatérmica, 83% daquelas com VB também apresentaram testes positivos para DNA de HPV, comparadas a 50% daquelas sem VB (OR=5,0; IC 95% 0,5 a 52,9). CONCLUSÃO: mulheres com VB apresentaram maior proporção de anormalidades citopatológicas depois da conização em relação às mulheres sem VB, ainda que estatisticamente não significativa. Esta associação não foi relacionada à presença do DNA de HPV de alto risco.PURPOSE: to analyze the association between bacterial vaginosis (BV), high-risk HPV DNA, and Pap smear abnormalities in women submitted to diathermic conization for the treatment of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN 2 or 3). METHODS: a descriptive clinical study with 81 women submitted to diathermic conization for the treatment of CIN 2 or 3. Initial Pap smear was performed by the time of the biopsy and was also used to verify the presence of BV. Prior to conization, samples for the detection of high-risk HPV DNA through hybrid capture II (HC II) were collected. A control visit was scheduled for four months after the conization to repeat these tests. Twenty-seven women were found to have BV and 54 were not. Statistical analysis comprised odds ratios (OR) to assess the correlations between BV and HPV detection before and after diathermic conization and cytological abnormalities. All analyses were performed with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI). RESULTS: high-risk HPV DNA detection before conization was identical in both groups (89%). After conization, HPV DNA detection decreased to 26 and 18% in the groups with and without BV, respectively (OR=1.5; 95% CI 0.5 to 4.6). In addition, 41% of the women with BV and 20% without BV showed Pap smear abnormalities (OR=2.7; 95% CI 1.0 to 7.4). Regarding these 22 women with Pap smear abnormalities approximately four months after the diathermic conization, 83% of the BV group tested positive for HPV DNA compared with 50% in the group without BV (OR=5.0; IC 95% 0.5 a 52.9). CONCLUSION: women with BV presented more Pap smear abnormalities after conization when compared to the women without BV, although this was not statistically significant. This association was not related to high-risk HPV DNA.

Para avaliar o desempenho da colpocitologia (CO) de encaminhamento e daquela coletada no serviço de referência, com revisão por diferentes técnicas e observadores, e da captura híbrida II (CH II) no diagnóstico da neoplasia intra-epitelial cervical (NIC) de alto grau, foram incluídas 105 mulheres atendidas entre agosto de 2000 e junho de 2001 por atipias pré-neoplásicas na CO. Todas foram submetidas à coleta de nova CO e CH II para detecção do DNA-HPV. Foi realizada biópsia cervical em 91, sendo o diagnóstico histológico considerado padrão ouro. Foram descritas a sensibilidade, especificidade e razão de verossimilhança positiva (RVP) dos métodos propedêuticos com intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%). A sensibilidade e especificidade da CO de encaminhamento foi de 57% e 82% para o diagnóstico de NIC 2 e 3, e a RVP de 3,2 (IC95%: 1,5-6,8). A CO do serviço mostrou uma sensibilidade e especificidade 79% e 84%, respectivamente e RVP de 5,0 (IC95%: 2,5-10,0). A sensibilidade (86%), especificidade (80%) e RVP (4,3) foram semelhantes com a revisão lenta realizada pelo segundo observador, havendo uma queda significativa da sensibilidade (64%) à revisão rápida pelo terceiro observador. A CH II mostrou alta sensibilidade (100%), baixa especificidade (43%) e baixa RVP (1,7, IC95%: 1,4-2,2).To evaluate the performance of initial cervical cytology and that collected at the reference service with a review conducted by different observers and techniques, as well as hybrid capture II, in the diagnosis of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), 105 women attended from August 2000 to June 2001 for preneoplastic atypia upon cervical cytology were included. A new cervical cytology and hybrid capture II for DNA-HPV were conducted in all the patients. Cervical biopsies were taken in 91 women. Performance of the investigative procedures was described by estimating the sensitivity, specificity, and positive likelihood ratio (PLR), with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI), considering histological diagnosis the gold standard. Results: initial cervical cytology showed sensitivity and specificity of 57% and 82% for diagnosis of CIN grades 2 and 3, with a PLR of 3.2 (95% CI: 1.5-6.8). Referral cervical cytology showed a sensitivity and specificity for CIN 2 and 3 of 79% and 84%, respectively, with a PLR of 5.0 (95% CI: 2.5-10.0). Sensitivity (86%), specificity (80%), and PLR (4.3) were similar when a second observer (using a routine technique) reviewed the slide. Using rapid revision by a third observer, the sensitivity was significantly lower (64%). Hybrid capture II showed a high sensitivity (100%), low specificity (43%), and low PLR (1.7, 95% CI: 1.4-2.2).

La infección por el papilomavirus humano (pvh), es la enfermedad de transmisión sexual más común en el mundo. El pvh es causa necesaria para el desarrollo de cáncer de cérvix, pero no es suficiente ya que otros factores están involucrados en la progresión de infección a cáncer. El pvh pertenece a la familia Papovaviridae y es un virus DNA, se clasifica en cutáneo y mucoso. Se discute la evidencia epidemiológica de la causalidad entre el PVH y el cáncer de cérvix y los mecanismos de oncogénesis del virus.The human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common sexually transmitted disease in the world. The HPV is a necessary cause for the cervical cancer development, but is not enough, because other factors are involved in the infection to cancer progression. The HPV belongs to the Papovaviridae family, it is a DNA virus and is classified as a cutaneous and mucous virus.

Para avaliar o desempenho da colpocitologia (CO) de encaminhamento e daquela coletada no serviço de referência, com revisão por diferentes técnicas e observadores, e da captura híbrida II (CH II) no diagnóstico da neoplasia intra-epitelial cervical (NIC) de alto grau, foram incluídas 105 mulheres atendidas entre agosto de 2000 e junho de 2001 por atipias pré-neoplásicas na CO. Todas foram submetidas à coleta de nova CO e CH II para detecção do DNA-HPV. Foi realizada biópsia cervical em 91, sendo o diagnóstico histológico considerado padrão ouro. Foram descritas a sensibilidade, especificidade e razão de verossimilhança positiva (RVP) dos métodos propedêuticos com intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%). A sensibilidade e especificidade da CO de encaminhamento foi de 57% e 82% para o diagnóstico de NIC 2 e 3, e a RVP de 3,2 (IC95%: 1,5-6,8). A CO do serviço mostrou uma sensibilidade e especificidade 79% e 84%, respectivamente e RVP de 5,0 (IC95%: 2,5-10,0). A sensibilidade (86%), especificidade (80%) e RVP (4,3) foram semelhantes com a revisão lenta realizada pelo segundo observador, havendo uma queda significativa da sensibilidade (64%) à revisão rápida pelo terceiro observador. A CH II mostrou alta sensibilidade (100%), baixa especificidade (43%) e baixa RVP (1,7, IC95%: 1,4-2,2).

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Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) is the main factor associated with the development of cervical cancer (CC). Knowing about the prevalence of HPVs at different stages in the development of CC is important for determining the HPV oncogenic risk, the development of screening strategies, the evaluation of prevention programs, and also for vaccine designing. This paper is a meta-analysis of HPV prevalence worldwide and in Mexico from studies using the Linear Array® HPV Genotyping Test as a diagnostic test (it is the commercial test that, up to date, identifies the largest number of HPV genotypes in a single sample) in DNA of cervical samples from women with normal cytology, with low grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LGSIL), with high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HGSIL) and with CC. The most prevalent genotypes after HPV-16 and -18 in women with CC varies depending on geographic region, which supports the need to develop detection and prevention strategies according to the characteristics of the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human papillomavirus (HPV) genome codifies proteins with oncogenic activity, such as E7. Due to its structural characteristics, the E7 protein may interact with a great variety of cellular proteins. Some of these proteins act as cell-cycle regulators and other proteins function as transcription factors. These interactions play an important role in the induction of mitogenic pathways, in G1/S progression, and the inhibition of cellular differentiation, which increases chromosomal instability. The aim of this study is to describe the interactions of HPV E7 protein with different cellular proteins, and their contribution in the development of cervical cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira is the property of Colegio Brasileiro de Patologia Animal - CBPA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Papillomaviruses, belonging to the Papillomaviridae family, are small oncogenic viruses, causing papillomas and fibropapillomas in the mucosal and cutaneous epithelia of several animals. In bovine species, thirteen types (BPV 1-13) were characterized to date. In this study, the occurrence of papillomatosis in four outbreaks in cattle herds, coming from Brazilian states were registered. The papillomatous lesions were found located in the teats, udders, head and neck. Under the transmission electron microscope, by the negative staining technique, it was possible to visualized rounded-format papillomavirus, with icosahedral symmetry, characterized as "full" and "empty" particles, measuring on average 60 nm in diameter, in all the 40 samples observed of skin lesion fragments. The ultrathin sections revealed the presence of groups of viral, intranuclear, rounded particles measuring 35 nm in diameter and tubular particles with a diameter of 35-39 nm. At immunoelectron microscopy technique, positivity obtained was marked by the presence of aggregates of viral particles formed by the antigen-antibody interaction. In the immunocytochemistry technique, the antigen-antibody reaction showed colloidal gold particles evenly distributed over the surface of the virus. These results showed the importance of the transmission electron microscopy techniques in the diagnosis of bovine papillomatosis that can be used in routine procedures to identify viral agent of this important disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To identify the incidence and risk factors of cervical cancer in a Colombian university. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional, quantitative descriptive study was carried out. The sample consisted of 328 women of a university in the city of Santa Marta, aged between 16 and 50 years, who had initiated their sexual life and volunteered to take two tests, a Pap smear and a frotis vaginal, which were taken and interpreted between February and July 2011. Results: Thirteen (13) cases of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade I were found for an incidence of 6.9 new cases per thousand women in reproductive age. High correlation was found between neoplastic lesions and number of sexual partners (C.A. = 69.73%). Conclusions: The incidence found was high in relation to the national average (21.5 per 100,000 women) and associated factors correspond to those found in other studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introdução: desde 1995 o papilomavírus tem sido associado ao desenvolvimento de neoplasia cervical. No mundo todo, aproximadamente 37 milmortes aconteceram devido a este agravo, sendo o vírus prevalente em 99,7% das mulheres. Colômbia, Argentina e Jamaica são os países da AméricaLatina e do Caribe com maior prevalência. Objetivo:descrever a produção científica, dos países da América Latina e do Caribe, que tratam da asso-ciação do papilomavírus e de neoplasia cervical no intuito de identificar as lacunas do conhecimento nesta produção. Métodos:fez-se uma revisãobibliográfica de 1995 a 2005, no banco de dados LILACS, utilizando os descritores Neoplasia do Colo Uterino, Papilomavírus e Infecções por Papi-lomavírus. Os resumos foram analisados e organizados segundo o ano e o idioma de publicação, o país de origem dos autores e o(s) objetivo(s) doestudo. Resultados:analisaram-se 22 resumos; a maior produção foi nos últimos 4 anos; Brasil, México, Cuba e Chile foram os países que maisindexaram artigos, respectivamente. O idioma inglês foi mais prevalente. Os estudos abordaram principalmente os aspectos epidemiológicos e clíni-cos da associação em estudo. Identificaram-se a necessidade de produção científica que faça uma análise da situação com enfoque de gênero, a vulne-rabilidade, a inserção social e as técnicas para a apropriação do conhecimento fornecido sobre a prevenção do papilomavírus e neoplasia cervical,para que a mulher possa exercer maior autonomia sobre sua saúde. Conclusão: a despeito da produção científica que tem subsidiado os ProgramasPreventivos de Neoplasia Cervical não se têm alcançado o impacto esperado. Mesmo com a produção de vacina contra o papilomavírus é necessárioque se desenvolvam novos estudos que busquem maior autonomia da mulher. Indica-se a necessidade de intensificar a produção científica no sentidode desenvolver teorias e métodos que esclareçam a relação entre a produção da doença nas mulheres e as formas concretas de intervenção.

Introdução: a contaminação pelo HPV aumenta de quatro a seis vezes o risco de transmissão sexual pelo HIV. Objetivo: abordar pacientes comHPV, destacando as diferenças de gênero em relação à exposição ao risco associada à prevenção. Método: o estudo foi conduzido em três centros desaúde de Fortaleza com amostra randomicamente selecionada, usando os seguintes critérios: sujeitos de ambos os sexos, independente de raça e perfil socioeconômico que estivessem submetendo-se a tratamento para HPV. Os sujeitos (100 homens e 100 mulheres) envolvidos no estudo foram entrevistados utilizando um guia previamente desenvolvido pelas autoras, identificando informações demográficas, enfrentamento da doença, risco decontaminação e seguimento dos parceiros. A análise dos dados foi realizada pelo Epi-Info versão 6.0. Resultados:ficou constatado que 75% doshomens e 87% das mulheres conheciam a doença. Homens (90%) e mulheres (81%) sabiam que se usassem o preservativo se preveniriam de contrairuma DST. Conclusão: nossos achados têm confirmado diferenças de gênero no enfrentamento da infecção por HPV. Além disso, nossos dados serão úteis para construir um perfil do problema, podendo contribuir substancialmente para o desenvolvimento de programas de educação sexual direciona-dos às necessidades da população local.

Copyright of Ginecología y Obstetricia de México is the property of Federacion Mexicana de Ginecologia y Obstetricia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Cervical cancer is a worldwide public health problem, around 500,000 cases being diagnosed anually (68,000 in Latin-America). It is the most mortal malign gynaecological neoplasia in Colombia and is the second in terms of incidence after breast cancer. The rate of false negatives for cervical cytology is 20-40%, thereby explaining the cases present in the population undergoing early screening; human papilloma virus (HPV) typing telomerase activity represents a promising study regarding early diagnosis. Objective: Determining the accuracy of telomerase activity by comparing it to PCR for HPV 16 or 18 in the cervix of females having cervical pathology. Materials and methods: This was a diagnostic test design accuracy study assembled using a cross-sectional involving 102 women suspected of having cervical pathology who had consulted the Universidad del Quindío first level Health Centre during 2007. Telomerase sensitivity and specificity were evaluated, as was PCR sensitivity and specificity for HPV for cervical pre-neoplastic lesions. Results: HPV 16 prevalence was 23.5% and 29% for HPV 18. Telomerase sensitivity was 93% for HPV 16 (39% specificity) and 96% for HPV 18 (37% specificity). Conclusions: Telomerase was seen to be a promising diagnostic test for detecting HPV 16 and 18. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Papillomavirus or papilovirus is considered the most prevalent group of viruses that cause tumors of head and neck associated with infection with human papilloma virus (HPV). Purpose: Carry out a systematic review of literature on HPV as causal agent of upper aerodigestive tract neoplasm (UADTN), according to epidemiological and clinical data. Methods: Pertinent biomedical literature was searched in several databases such as Medline, Proquest, Science Direct, Ovid and Cochrane, as well as available information from websites of national journals and organizations. Results: According to systematic reviews that did not show findings in Colombia, the prevalence of HPV in the process of malignant lesions of UADTN is 35.6 %, in the oropharynx, 23.5 %, in oral cavity, and 24 % in larynx. Worldwide, the prevalence of head and neck cancer produced by high-risk HPV, such as HPV 16, is approximately 30.9 % in oropharynx, 16 % in oral cavity and 16.6 % in larynx. This review also highlights that the genotypes of low-risk HPV are HPV 31, 45, 6 and 11. It emphasizes the effectiveness of the PCR-RFLP method as the starting point to monitor the infection and progression into cancer, to understand its virulence, and to contribute to reduce incidence rates because of the inaccuracies of clinical diagnosis by conventional methods that hinder the early detection of UADTN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective: genotyping HPV in samples taken from patients having different histopathological degrees of cervical injury. Materials and methods: this was a cross-sectional study of cervical scrape samples taken from females having different degrees of histopathological cervical injury in Bogotá during 2009. Luminex® xMAP® was used, which is a highly sensitive, reproducible and automated technique, as well as reverse line blot (RLB). Results: infections caused by HPV types 16 and 18 were the most frequently found types of pathology of the cervix. Mixed infections predominated (78.04%); amongst cases having negative pathology, 85.7% was found for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) I, 81.25% for CIN II, 78.78% for CIN III and 71.42% for cervical cancer. Agreement between both methods was 67%. Conclusion: infection by VPH types 16 and 18 predominated in the population being studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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La Hiperplasia Epitelial Focal (HEF) o enfermedad de Heck es una enfermedad de la mucosa oral, con alta prevalencia entre comunidades indígenas. Esta enfermedad ha sido relacionada conPapilomavirus humanos (PVH) genotipos 13 y 32. Anteriormente seencontró una alta prevalencia de esta enfermedad entre la comunidad indígena Embera-Chamí del municipio de Antioquia (1). El objetivo de este estudio fue establecer la asociación entre la infección por PVH y el desarrollo de HEF en esta comunidad.

We conducted a case-control study of the association between SIL and HPV among whites (W), African Americans (AA), and Hispanics (H) in Harris County, Texas. Cases were identified at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Colposcopy Clinic. Controls were identified among women obtaining routine Pap screening at two Harris County Health Department Clinics. HPV was detected by a PCR-based fluorescent assay. Dichotomous and polytomous logistic regression models were used to estimate adjusted odd ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for SIL among racial/ethnic groups and grade of disease. Prevalence of HPV infection was 64% in low grade SIL (LSIL), 84% in high grade SIL (HSIL), and 19% in controls. Risk of SIL was higher in H than in W and AA, AOR 29.5 (12.4-70.5), 15.3 (6.0-33.8), and 5.8 (2.6-12.6), respectively. Similarly, racial/ethnic differences were observed for both LSIL (AOR = 16.6, 7.7, and 4.3, respectively) and HSIL (AOR = 78.6, 34.6, and 14.2, respectively). Findings support the association between SIL and HPV and differences in the strength of the association with LSILs and HSILs. Data also suggest a higher risk for H and a lower risk for AA.Foi realizado um estudo caso-controle para analisar a associação entre lesões intra-epiteliais escamosas do colo uterino (SIL) e HPV entre mulheres brancas, negras e latinas em Harris County, Texas. Os casos foram identificados na M. D. Anderson Cancer Center Colposcopy Clinic, e os controles foram obtidos realizando-se exame de Papanicolau em duas clínicas do Departamento de Saúde. O HPV foi detectado por meio de ensaio de PCR (primer MY09/MY11). Foram construídos modelos de regressão logística para estimar as odds ratios ajustadas (AOR), e seus intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC) de SIL entre os grupos étnicos e graus da doença. A prevalência de HPV nas SIL de baixo grau (LSIL) foi de 64%; nas de alto grau (HSIL), 84%; e 19% nos controles. O risco de SIL foi maior em mulheres latinas que em brancas e negras, sendo observadas, respectivamente, as seguintes AOR: 29,5 (12,4-70,5); 15,3 (6,0-33,8); e 5,8 (2,6-12,6). De forma similar, foram observadas diferenças para ambos LSIL (AOR, respectivamente, de 16,6; 7,7 e 4,3) e HSIL (AOR de 78,6; 34,6 e 142). Os resultados apóiam a existência de associação entre SIL e HPV, diferenças na força de associação com SILs e HSILs, e sugerem risco mais elevado para mulheres latinas e menor para mulheres negras.

The genome of the European elk papillomavirus (EEPV) was found to be 8,095 base pairs (bp) long and its genetic organization was similar to that of other papillomaviruses. Ten open reading frames (ORFs), designated E1-E7 and L1-L3, were identified in the genome, all located on one strand. The presence of the L3 ORF is rare among the papillomaviruses and to date has only been identified in the genomes of EEPV, the deer papillomavirus (DPV) and the Cottontail papillomavirus (CRPV). The ORF is well conserved beteeen DPV and EEPV with regard to both length and sequence. Potential promoter regions were identified at the 5′-end of the E6 ORF, at the 3′-end of the E1 ORF and downstream of the L1 ORF. Furthermore, two potential polyadenylation signals were found, one located in the long control region (LCR), downstream of the L1 ORF, and another preceding the L2 ORF. The EEVP genome is closely related to the genome of the DPV, the most highly conserved regions being ORFs E1 (70%), E5 (69%), and L1 (74%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are small icosahedral DNA viruses, without an envelope, adapted to human beings from the very beginning, from the apparition of the first humanoids. They are part of the large papillomaviruses’ group, which co-evolved with the first reptile species, approximatively 350 million years ago. These viruses persist for years/decades/along the life of their animal or human hosts, in epithelial cells and/ or mucosae, being considered rather commensals or producing chronic inapparent ‘infections’ in most cases. There are described more than 150 HPV species, included in alpha, beta, gamma, and some in mu and nu genera. The mucosal-associated HPV lesions – condyloma acuminatum and focal epithelial hyperplasia – are benign lesions provoked by mucosal HPV. But other are malignant, such as cervical cancer, other anogenital cancers (of vulva, vagina, penis and anus) and head and neck cancers. The HPV species associated with cancers are included mostly in alpha-HPV genus. Cutaneous-associated HPV lesions – common warts, plantar warts, flat warts, filiform warts, pigmented warts, epidermoid cysts – are benign lesions associated with cutaneous HPVs, but Bowen disease is a skin cancer associated with beta-HPVs. There are also suggestions that some of non-melanoma skin cancers could be associated with some beta-HPVs. The mechanisms of co-evolution between the human host and HPV are complex and imply the immune tolerance of the host (with unknown ‘advantages’ from HPV, in order to be tolerated) and HPV replication, with the promotion of host epithelial cell ‘persistence’, which in the case of HPV species with malignant risk could provoke an ‘immortality’ of the host-cell and consequently a malignancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The treatment of condyloma is generally a challenge in clinical practice. Although the spontaneous resolution rate is high, a significant proportion of patients seek treatment, not because of symptomatology, but mainly for aesthetic issues and concerns related to the transmission or worsening of existing lesions. The available treatments should be applied only for clinically evident macroscopic lesions. Ideally, available therapies should have rapid action onset and clearance, resolve symptoms, reduce recurrence rate and viral load, be effective in treating small lesions, and be well tolerated. However, none of the currently available treatments is clearly more effective than the others and there is no ideal treatment for all patients or for all condyloma. Therefore, the therapeutic decision should be based on the clinician's experience, available resources, lesion morphology, size, number and location, primary or recurrent lesions, disease severity, patient preference and expectations, patient's immune competence, convenience, tolerance, cost of treatment and results of previous therapies. The available treatments are divided into three groups: applied by the patient himself (imiquimod 3.75 or 5%, podophyllotoxin .5%, synecatekines 10% or 15%), applied by the health care provider (bi- and tricloacetic acids 80%-90%, intralesional interferon alpha, cryotherapy, surgical removal, electrofulguration, laser ablation) and experimental or alternative therapies (topical cidofovir, intralesional bleomycin, photodynamic therapy). Treatment methodologies can be further divided into their action - ablative or destructive treatment (cryotherapy, electrofulguration, laser ablation, surgical excision), cytotoxic or proapoptotic treatments (podophyllotoxin .5%, 5-fluoruracil, bleomycin) and immunomodulatory treatments (imiquimod 3.75% or 5%, synecatekines 10% or 15%, intralesional interferon alpha). The overall success rate of the various treatments available ranges from 23% to 94%. Only treatments that include cryotherapy or surgical excision are suitable in condyloma with any anatomical location and that have the highest success rate in monotherapy. Recurrences are common regardless of the treatment received. In contrast, immunomodulatory therapies despite having lower initial clearance rates appear to have higher probabilities of cure in the medium term, with low recurrence rates. Some treatments may be combined with each other and the effectiveness of combined therapies appears to be superior to monotherapy (proactive sequential treatment). The consensuses for the treatment of HPV also consider special situations: immunocompromised patients, meatus and intraurethral lesions and treatment of the partner., (Copyright © 2020 Asociación Española de Andrología, Medicina Sexual y Reproductiva. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

The prevention of HPV-related diseases is an important healthcare issue due to its increasing incidence. Primary prevention is most important in males as it avoids initial infection and includes the use of condom, circumcision and vaccination. Primary prevention with vaccination is effective in decreasing HPV-related lesions in women up to 45 years old and the existing data for men comes from the experience from vaccinating women. Although it is the only vaccine that prevents cancer, the worldwide rates of vaccination in males is very low due to lack of information related to efficacy and side effects, lack of recommendation from the treating doctor, price and concern about encouragement of sexual promiscuity., (Copyright © 2020 Asociación Española de Andrología, Medicina Sexual y Reproductiva. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

El carcinoma epidermoide de células escamosas de la conjuntiva ocupa el segundo lugar en frecuencia de los tumores malignos oculares. Este tumor puede tener una evolución letal si no es diagnosticado y tratado en etapas tempranas. Recientes reportes de la literatura, muestran la presencia del papilomavirus humano 16 (PVH 16) en displasias epiteliales conjuntivales y carcinoma escamoso, este virus puede desempeñar un papel importante en el desarrollo de lesiones benignas y malignas de la conjuntiva. Sin embargo, la información es escasa y contradictoria, por lo que es interés nuestro estudiar un grupo de ellas. Se determinó la presencia de los PVH 16 y 18 por la técnica de PCR, se halló la presencia de los tipos 16 (66,6 %) y 18 (66,6 %) en lesiones premalignas mientras que en las malignas fue del 50 % para el tipo 16 y del 25 % para el tipo 18. Se demostró la existencia de infección viral por papiloma en lesiones de la conjuntiva, con una mayor carga viral en las lesiones premalignas lo que pudiera ser un factor necesario para la transformación maligna en esta localización.The epidermoid squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva occupies the second place in frequency among the occular malignant tumors. This tumor may have a lethal evolution if it is not diagnosed and treated early. Recent reports of literature show the presence of human papillomavirus 16 (HPV) in conjunctival epithelial displasias and squamous cell carcinoma. This virus may play an important role in the development of bening and malignant lesions of the conjunctiva. However, the information is scarce and contradictory and that´s why we are interested in studying a group of them. The presence of HPV16 and 18 was determined by using the PCR technique. Types 16 (66.6 %) and 18 (66.6 %) were found in premalignant lesions, whereas 50% of type 16 and 25 % of type 18 were observed in malignant lesions. It was proved the existance of viral infection due to papilloma in conjunctiva lesions, with a higher viral burden in the premalignant lesions, which may be a necessary factor for the malignant transformation in this localization.

The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a double-stranded DNA virus, with more than 200 different genotypes having been identified. This infection is considered the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI), and it is the cause of a significant number of diseases, both benign lesions (anogenital condylomas) and pre-malignant lesions and different cancers. The diagnosis of the infection is performed by molecular techniques based on the detection of viral DNA, the mRNA of oncogenic proteins and cellular alteration caused by the infection. Although there is no consensus regarding the best treatment, this should be individualised, and there are different options with ablative treatments being more effective but with greater recurrences, and immunomodulatory treatments being less effective in the short term but with fewer recurrences. Among the preventive strategies, vaccination against HPV is the best strategy against anogenital neoplasms and warts, its maximum effectiveness being when it is administered prior to exposure to HPV., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier España, S.L.U. and Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica. All rights reserved.)