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The paper looks into the derivation of nominals in Biate at the word and sentence levels.  The derivational process at the word level is productive compared to the nominalized clauses in the language.Nominalization process is a key phenomenon in Kuki-Chin syntax. Most of the Kuki-Chin languages spoken in Assam, India, seem to follow the similar pattern of nominalization. Languages like Hrangkhol, Khelma, Hmar and others mainly has open syllabic structure like –pa, -na, -tu etc as a nominalizer to derive nominals both at the word and clausal level. Biate, has three morphological nominalizers: -tu, -na, -a and a zero morpheme which derives nominals at the word level. At the clausal level, the nominalizer –a and the zero morphemes is used.Kuki-Chin languages like Hrangkhol and Khelma use gender markers –pa (masculine) and –nu (famine) to derive nominal at word level. However, the use of gender marker is not seen in case of Biate. Normally, distal and proximal demonstratives also play an important role in the nominalization processes in Kuki-Chin languages. Βiate does have this feature. The relative clause markers in the Tibeto Burman languages behave as the nominalizer, Biate has a null relativizer.Nominalization process in Βiate differ from Khelma, Hrangkhol, Hmar and others. This paper will provide a detailed account of the nominalization process in Biate.

The parts of speech system and lexical flexibility in Mandarin Chinese (henceforth Chinese) has long been subjects of debate due to the pervasive zero coding of action reference constructions. In this article, we analyze properties of the Chinese Action Reference Construction from the perspective of Radical Construction Grammar (Croft 2001, 2022), focusing on its structural coding, behavioral potential, productivity, and semantic shifts. We also discuss typological features that potentially reinforce lexical flexibility in Chinese, and the implications that the language-specific properties of Chinese present for cross-linguistic discussions of parts of speech. Specifically, reference, instead of predication, is the most flexible information-packaging function in Chinese, challenging the privileged status of predication established in previous studies on parts of speech and lexical flexibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Derivational affixes are not always automatically classified into functional or lexical categories. Although they are treated differently in various approaches, a shared view contends that the status of a suffix is controversial when it forms categorially incoherent words. However, it is debatable even when it forms words of a single category. This study argues that the Bifurcated Lexical Model proposed by Joseph E. Emonds is promising in this respect. With two subcomponents of the lexicon that, respectively, store functional and lexical morphemes, the model allows an affix to behave both as a functional and a lexical morpheme. This study demonstrates that the model can successfully account for the properties of the deverbal noun-forming suffix -ment in Present-Day English. The -ment nouns newly retrieved from the Oxford English Dictionary Online include instances in which -ment attaches to non-verbal elements and converted words. While such nouns may pose potential challenges to the perspective of an affix as a functional morpheme, their existence is not surprising but rather predictable within the model that allows for the flexibility of an affix in the dichotomy between functional and lexical categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well known that nominalization represents a component part of a wider linguistic phenomenon, named conversion, and consists in passing of a word from a certain part of speech to that of the noun. Lately, in the act of speaking, there is an intensification of the nominalization process of the adjectives. The fact is caused by the frequent, regular use of the adjective in a close syntactic connection with the noun. Consequently, occurs the compression, the restriction of the syntactic group (noun + adjective), the adjective assuming the meaning of the whole combination. Simultaneously, from a semantic perspective, it becomes more independent, fulfilling in the sentence the syntactic function of subject or complement. The process is so active, so that it also requires a lexicographical re-approach.

Nominalization is an important resource for creating grammatical metaphor (GM). Previous research shows that nominalization is characteristic of academic writing but does not demonstrate discipline sensitivity within the academic genre. The reason might be that some nominalizations have developed into dead GM. This study aims to identify nominalizations that create live GM and explore the discipline sensitivity of live GMs based on a corpus of academic article abstracts across three discipline groups. The findings indicate that a clause construes an event or a status, which is either conveyed by the verbal group or a nominal group functioning as a participant of the verbal group. Verb nominalizations construing events and adjective nominalizations construing statuses are the key factors in identifying live GM. Notably, nominalizations not cooccurring with verbalizations are not necessarily dead GMs. The corpus-based research shows that both verb and adjective nominalizations exhibit discipline sensitivity. Verb nominalizations are more prevalent in natural science texts, whereas adjective nominalizations are more prevalent in the humanities and social science texts. However, live GMs are not inherently discipline sensitive; rather, it is those GMs contributing to the lexical density of the text that are discipline sensitive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I address the directionality issue posed by conversion in English through an investigation of category mismatch under VP-ellipsis, a less-studied type of ellipsis mismatch. For example, certain nouns, such as graduateN and sneezeN, allow the ellipsis of the VP headed by their morphologically related verbal counterparts, graduateV and sneezeV, but not vice versa. I argue that this kind of directional asymmetry, which would be mysterious under a purely semantic identity approach to ellipsis, based on truth-conditional equivalence and mutual entailment, is accounted for in terms of the syntactic identity condition to the effect that the structure of an ellipsis site must be properly contained within the structure of its intended antecedent expression. I will then use this syntactic account of category-mismatched VP-ellipsis as a critical probe into the internal syntax of zero-related N-V pairs and show that both N→V and V→N word-based derivations, in addition to the root-based derivation, must be admitted to account for conversion in English. To the extent that my proposed analysis is on the right track, the kind of asymmetries observed in N-V conversion furnishes an excellent testing ground for an abstract syntactic derivation for these morphologically related word pairs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Turkish nominalizer -(y)Iş demonstrates a broad spectrum of functions ranging from a deverbal word-formation device that forms lexicalized nouns with concrete and abstract meanings to an inflectional marker used in nominal clauses, especially in clausal complementation. In some uses, the item conveys manner semantics. While the item itself has been variously investigated and forms an established part of any Turkish grammar description, there is still a lack of consensus on its functional and semantic properties. This article investigates the morphosyntactic functions and the semantic features of the nominalizer -(y)Iş in light of the claims in the linguistic literature on the one hand, which include manner, countable events, factive imperfective, single instance of an event, direct reference to the inner process of an action, etc., and of examples from primary sources on the other, and evaluates the findings from the perspective of grammaticalization. It will be argued that the range of functions of this item and the fact that it seems to resist any straightforward analysis result from its transition from a derivational marker to an inflectional marker with tasks including complementizer functions, a process in which manner semantics will be argued to play a role.

Patient information leaflets (PILs) inserted in medicine packages constitute a genre written by experts for an audience of laymen, but studies of PILs in Arabic report low readability. According to the lay friendliness framework developed by Jensen (2013) for translated PILs, nominalization is one of the linguistic factors that contribute to PILs’ low readability. Although nominalization has been extensively studied in scientific texts including medical papers, no studies examine its use and effect on lay friendliness in PILs translated into Arabic. This study analyzes a parallel corpus of English PILs and their Arabic translations to examine the frequency and forms of nominalization introduced into the Arabic translations. Considering Givon’s (1993) definition of nominalization, all instances of finite verb phrases in the Source Texts (ST) that are fully or partially nominalized in the Target Texts (TT) were examined. Examples are discussed in terms of the level and function of nominalization in the target language.

Teaching materials are significant items that are unique and specific. Therefore, the selections should be relevant to students’ proficiency. This research aimed (1) to disclose lexical density, readability, nominalizations, and modifiers in pedagogical texts as teaching materials, (2) to reveal the linguistic features functional roles on text for pedagogical demand, and (3) to attempt to suggest consideration for simplification on authentic text. This research employed qualitative content analysis. The data sources were 18 pedagogical texts from senior high school textbooks by the Indonesian Ministry of Education. Human instruments and a text analyser for the automatic computation were utilized for the analysis under Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) pilots. This research disclosed the appropriate text lexical density for senior high school students is a fairly difficult construction. Then, nominalizations within the texts are unpreventable and process nominalization is frequently used. The nominalization and the modifiers affect sentence complexities; the nominalizations function to condense information, collocate words, create cohesiveness, interfere with conciseness, and use as trans-categorization while modifiers are to add explicitness to nouns. The simplification considerations are by utilizing lexical density and readability algorithm, de-nominalization, measuring modifiers, and splitting substance of modifiers to increase text accessibility.

Copyright of Athar alrafedain is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Patient information leaflets (PILs) inserted in medicine packages constitute a genre written by experts for an audience of laymen, but studies of PILs in Arabic report low readability. According to the lay friendliness framework developed by Jensen (2013) for translated PILs, nominalization is one of the linguistic factors that contribute to PILs’ low readability. Although nominalization has been extensively studied in scientific texts including medical papers, no studies examine its use and effect on lay friendliness in PILs translated into Arabic. This study analyzes a parallel corpus of English PILs and their Arabic translations to examine the frequency and forms of nominalization introduced into the Arabic translations. Considering Givon’s (1993) definition of nominalization, all instances of finite verb phrases in the Source Texts (ST) that are fully or partially nominalized in the Target Texts (TT) were examined. Examples are discussed in terms of the level and function of nominalization in the target language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addition to canonical noun incorporation, Chukchi exhibits other kinds of incorporating morphology that are consistent with polysynthesis but have seldom been considered as part of a unified morphological phenomenon. This paper examines different patterns of incorporation in Chukchi across time and asks: what are the useful loci of variation for typological comparison, how do these distinct patterns emerge diachronically, and how do these features spread in contact? I consider the existing documentation of Chukchi from the early 20th century through the present, including modern data which exhibits some novel patterns. Consistent with previous investigations of Chukchi in contact (Bogoras, 1922; de Reuse, 1994; Pupynina and Aralova, 2021), I demonstrate that the effects Chukchi has had on other languages is greater than the reverse: many morphological phenomena in Chukchi are internally-motivated and emerge from speakers' reliance on incorporation as a discourse strategy. Specifically, I provide a unified analysis of incorporation across the nominal and verbal domains, valency-changing derivational morphology, and inflectional morphology built on the morpheme - in(e) , which I argue functions as a generic underspecified noun in the language. In the realm of language contact, I propose a cline to model patterns in the borrowing of derivational phenomena like incorporation, and present shared patterns in Chukchi, Central Siberian Yupik, and Even which support this cline. Finally, I examine data from Chukchi as it is spoken today and argue that the historical linguistic ecology of northeastern Siberia has made it possible for incorporation to remain highly productive even with significant shift to Russian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Argentinian Journal of Applied Linguistics is the property of Federacion Argentina de Asociaciones de Profesores de Ingles and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Attitude verbs describe mental states of their subject in relation to a proposition codified by their clausal complement. In this paper, we describe the behavior of such verbs in Karitiana, a Tupian language spoken in Brazil. Recently, it has been noted in the literature that embedded clauses with nominal features seem to lead to a factive reading of these verbs. In Karitiana, all embedded clauses are nominalized since they lack many clausal features, and conversely exhibit nominal distribution and behavior. We propose a structure with an N head for embedded clauses in Karitiana, which accounts for their morphological behavior and also explains why these constructions behave as strong islands. Judgments of contradiction with attitude verbs of Karitiana were collected and the results show that they fall into two categories: one that obligatorily entails the truth of the embedded clause and another that favors it, but that does not require it obligatorily. This shows that nominalization of embedded clauses seems to be tied to the presence of factive entailments, but this alone is not a sufficient condition to force a factive reading of the matrix attitude verb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Derivational affixes are not always automatically classified into functional or lexical categories. Although they are treated differently in various approaches, a shared view contends that the status of a suffix is controversial when it forms categorially incoherent words. However, it is debatable even when it forms words of a single category. This study argues that the Bifurcated Lexical Model proposed by Joseph E. Emonds is promising in this respect. With two subcomponents of the lexicon that, respectively, store functional and lexical morphemes, the model allows an affix to behave both as a functional and a lexical morpheme. This study demonstrates that the model can successfully account for the properties of the deverbal noun-forming suffix -ment in Present-Day English. The -ment nouns newly retrieved from the Oxford English Dictionary Online include instances in which -ment attaches to non-verbal elements and converted words. While such nouns may pose potential challenges to the perspective of an affix as a functional morpheme, their existence is not surprising but rather predictable within the model that allows for the flexibility of an affix in the dichotomy between functional and lexical categories.

The article deals with how English deverbal nouns with the suffix -ing have been imported into Italian. The focus is on the semantic characteristics of these borrowed nouns in Italian and, in particular, on the question of whether they have been borrowed not as simple sign-concept pairings but with argument and event structure. In previous research, it has been claimed that argument and event structure need to be licensed by some overt functional element. Hence, borrowed deverbal nouns should have argument structure and event structure only if they have an overt affix, in other words, only if the forms are not borrowed holistically as unsegmented words but retain internal morphological structure, implying that morphological borrowing of the affix has occurred. When a foreign affix combines with native bases of the recipient language, this is often considered an important criterion for morphological borrowing, which is clearly not the case for the suffix -ing in Italian. Here, it will be shown that contrary to expectation, numerous occurrences with argument and event structure may be found in a large Italian web corpus for a sample of English deverbal nouns ending in -ing, borrowed into (certain registers) of Italian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discussion in this paper is related to extracting a single lemma from different morphological variants related to a particular dictionary root word. The existing popular online lemmatizers like the Stanford LemmaProcessor, Spacy Lemmatizer, LemmaGen, MorphAdorner, etc. generate the correct lemmas for all singular-plural nouns and all verbal words existing in different tenses, but all these lemmatizers are not able to derive the correct lemma for any type of derived words; specially for nominalized derived words. The proposed lemmatizer – 'LemmaQuest' is designed and implemented to overcome these limitations. LemmaQuest first creates distinct groups for all allied morphed words like singular-plural nouns, verbs in all tenses, and nominalized words. These groups are created based on a combination of different statistical distance measures considering all possible pairs of input words. After that, lemmas are generated for each group. The main objective of this proposed model is to extract the correct lemma for a set of a large number of input words in an optimized time, which leads to a vast improvement in text simplification, keyword extraction, text summarization and other text mining applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linguistic ontologists and antilinguistic, 'serious' ontologists both accept the inference from 'Fido is a dog' to 'Fido has the property of being a dog' but disagree about its ontological consequences. In arguing that we are committed to properties on the basis of these transformations, linguistic ontologists employ a neo-Fregean meta-ontological principle, on which the function of singular terms is to refer. To reject this, serious ontologists must defend an alternative. This paper defends an alternative on which the function of singular terms is not generally to refer and on which they are generally ontologically noncommittal. This is the best way to reject linguistic, 'easy' arguments for the existence of properties. The account recommends neutralism about quantification (drawing on Barcan Marcus and Meinongianism), coherently bringing together two important yet uncombined meta-ontological movements. Moreover, it employs Ramseyan insights about the transformations to provide a nonreductionist, non-error-theoretic redundancy approach to explicit talk about properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers an overview of the variety of phenomena that can be subsumed by conversion and introduces diagnostic criteria to distinguish between theoreticallymotivated subtypes and corresponding analytical means to model them. By taking a syntactic approach to these formations and focusing on deverbal and deadjectival conversion nouns and nominalizations, I will argue for three types of conversions, determined by the complexity of their internal structure: root-based conversions, which deserve an underspecified analysis; morphological conversions, which resemble suffixed nominalizations; and syntactic conversions, which show no internal nominal properties, just the external distribution of nouns. The broader point I aim to make is that a purely word-based morphological approach to conversion will miss important distinctions between morphological and syntactic conversion, which can only be detected if the syntactic behavior of these formations is also closely examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkbilig/Turkoloji Arastirmalari Dergisi is the property of Turkbilig/Turkoloji Arastirmalari Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present study addresses a topic on the crossroads between contrastive linguistics and translation studies as we seek to investigate how the English verbal gerund is used in translated and non-translated English, as well as how it is translated into German and Dutch. Instead of merely analysing frequencies throughout a corpus, we aim to map out usage profiles and translation strategies through a multi-methodological and multifactorial approach, thereby offering a more contextualized approach to the English verbal gerund. On the basis of data from CroCo and DPC, two parallel and comparable corpora for the language pairs English-German and English-Dutch, a set of over 6,000 verbal gerunds was annotated. A hierarchical configural frequency analysis was conducted to uncover different usage profiles or 'types' of verbal gerunds. Second, a conditional inference tree and a random forest analysis were modelled to select the best predictors to help distinguish between a nominal or a clausal translation solution. In addition to providing more insight into the status of English verbal gerunds in translation, this paper offers new perspectives on two broader debates in contrastive linguistics and translation studies, viz. the 'loose-fit' or 'tight-fit' status of constructions and the treatment of unique items respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morphological productivity represents an essential property for human language and, as such, it lies at the core of any thorough word-formation theory. Studies in productivity have traditionally focused on areas of high profitability, that is, on the quantification and ranking of processes which show the capacity for lexical creation (e. g. ‑able, ‑ness, ‑ity). In other cases, however, morphological processes can no longer be used productively, or they can be used minimally (e. g. ‑th, ‑hood). These processes have received considerably less attention in the literature, partly due to their complex theoretical definition, partly due to their difficult practical assessment. In view of the shortage of specific research, this paper revolves around the current status of the nominalizing suffix ‑ment, which enjoyed a high profitability index between the 12th and 17th centuries, and is today taken to embody marginal productivity in synchronic terms. The suffix is explored in the light of lexicographic and corpus data for an inspection of its role in nominalizations with the meaning action/process, specifically concerning recent coinages that suggest some degree of morphological activity. This up-to-date picture of ‑ment shows that it is risky to present it as unproductive, and it leads to the consideration of related notions like the availability-unavailability divide or the measurement of low productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well-known that South Central Tibeto-Burman (=Kuki-Chin) languages may exhibit a morphosyntactically-conditioned verbal stem alternation. This paper provides an exhaustive account of the stem alternation in Rengmitca, a highly endangered SC language of Bangladesh, based on a naturalistic text corpus. Compared to systems present in other languages, Rengmitca’s stem alternation is formally quite limited. The distribution of stem alternants involves similar parameters to those seen for other SC languages, but there are some deviations from more commonly attested patterns, as well. The finding that the stem alternation is present in Rengmitca is noteworthy because evidence for it in the Southwestern SC subgroup up to this point has only been minimal. The paper also considers additional issues in the diachrony of the stem alternation in SC.

Discussion forums, as a form of asynchronous communication, represent an auxiliary tool in teaching that helps students to be involved in a discussion on a given topic, regardless their obligations, level of knowledge of a foreign language, or inhibitions when expressing themselves in a foreign language. The aim of the paper is to analyze two relationships in asynchronous communication: student-student (interpersonal register) and student-content (subject register), as well as the linguistic characteristics of discussion forums (media register). The paper will analyze the frequency of personal forms (first and second person singular and plural), shorter forms of auxiliary verbs and negation, passive, nominalization, as well as the sentence structure complexity in discussion forums created during the course in English for Professional Purposes, in the field of computing, at the Faculty of Technical Sciences in Novi Sad. Additionally, the analysis will be supplemented by the analysis of emoticons and abbreviations, since they form an indispensable part of the Internet language. All analyzed elements were present in two analyzed corpora, although with significant differences in frequency. In the corpus related to the student-student relationship, a greater use of personal forms, a greater degree of interactivity in the text, a large representation of shorter forms of auxiliary verbs and negation, a simpler sentence structure, as well as a greater use of abbreviations and emoticons were observed. It can be concluded that the analyzed corpus in the student-student relationship is more similar to oral discourse - it has the characteristics of everyday speech. In the student-content corpus, on the other hand, the sentences are longer and more complex with a large number of nominalizations and a smaller number of personal forms, while the use of the passive voice is very frequent, which indicates a focus on the text, but also distancing from the text and the object of communication. These features make the analyzed corpus in the student-content relationship more similar to a written discourse, i.e., a more scientific text. Finally, the paper concludes that the language of discussion forums depends on the very context in which communication takes place.

Purpose: The presented research is aimed at clarifying the definition of the concept of «Poster busting». The article presents the characteristics of protest communication, highlights and describes the main components of the political poster as an ultimate element of the election campaign as well as it shows the results of the analysis of poster busting as a practice of modern protest communication in Germany. The article considers the fundamental features of this polycode phenomenon, gives the classification of material practices of transformation of the initial poster and the mechanism of its resemiotization. The purpose of this article is determined by its inclusion in the circle of interests of the study of the protest communication. Method or methodology of the study. The study was conducted with the method of overall selection of empirical material from the official internet platforms. Research methods include general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, an interpretive method, content analysis. The research material was election posters. Results. The main practices of poster busting used as a result of resemiotization in relation to election posters are considered, the correlation between the trans-aggressive way of using practices and the formation of both a new reactive space and new discursive practices is determined, the main differential features of an election poster as a polycode text are described. Practical implications. The obtained results contribute to the further development of research on protest communication. The research results can be used in the basic course of applied linguistics, linguoculturology and sociolinguistics.

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to investigate the argument structure of deverbal nouns, and the restrictions on the mapping of arguments in Sanandaji Kurdish. Due to the syntactic-space limitations of the DP in the language (i.e, the Ezafe construction), the issue concerning how to map the arguments of a deverbal noun and the limitations governing its argument structure are important. This is mainly because achieving a comprehensive mapping space that covers different syntactic projections is a desirable theoretical goal in generative approaches to argument structure. In this research, first, deverbal nouns are divided into four categories: unergative, unaccusative, two-place predicate, and three-place predicate. In unergative deverbal nouns, the external argument is instantiated as Ezafe to the deverbal noun and it cannot be incorporated into the deverbal noun. Regarding the unaccusative deverbal nouns, the internal argument can be present both as Ezafe and as being incorporated into the deverbal noun. There are two forms regarding transitive deverbal nouns: the internal argument can be instantiated as Ezafe and the external argument cannot be present, or the external argument is instantiated as Ezafe, and the internal argument is incorporated into the deverbal noun. In the last category of Sanandaji Kurdish deverbal nouns, the Goal is in the form of a Preposition Phrase (PP) and cannot check the EPP feature and be raised to the subject position. Keywords: Argument Structure, Deverbal Nouns, Nominalization, Incorporation, Ezafe Construction Introduction Research on argument structure of predicates traditionally focuses on verbs and pays less attention to nominal, adjectival, and prepositional predicates. In this study, we will analyze the argument structure of nouns in Kurdish, the Sanandaji variety. Deverbal nouns are represented syntactically in the Determiner Phrase, and this is different from the syntactic representation of the arguments of their verbal counterparts. In this study, we investigate the interaction of deverbal noun argument structure and Ezafe construction, as well as the limitations governing it. In particular, we will examine how the argument structure of nouns in Kurdish should be represented from a descriptive perspective. From a theoretical standpoint, we will also examine whether predictions of the adopted theoretical approach to the argument structure of nouns and its relationship to the argument structure of verbal predicates is confirmed. Materials and Methods This is a theoretical study using the qualitative approach. In order to analyze the data, we adopted a generative framework, especially its latest form, the Minimalist Program. Researchers are native Kurdish speakers, one of them is Sanandaji. In addition to using linguistic intuition, the researchers also used the linguistic judgment of other native speakers of Sanandaji Kurdish to ensure the accuracy of data. Discussion and Conclusions In so doing, deverbal nouns are divided into four categories, corresponding to their verbal counterparts: unergative, unaccusative, two-place predicate, and three-place predicate. As it concerns the derivation of unergative deverbal nouns, it is argued that the only argument in the argument structure (external argument) agrees with the head D, and finally checks its case as a genitive. The EPP on D raises the external argument to Spec DP that is the final possessor position. This movement explains the genitive case as well as the placement of the external argument in Ezafe construction. Also, granted with this analysis, the external argument is not capable of being incorporated into the deverbal noun because such a movement is contrary to the Extension Principle whereby all movements must target the root node. In the derivation of unaccusative deverbal nouns, in the absence of an external argument, the head D would agree with the internal argument, checking its case as genitive. The EPP on D, then, raise the internal argument to Spec DP, with the internal argument ending up in the possessor position. As concerns the derivation of two-place predicate deverbal nouns, it was argued that due to the presence of only one case-assigner, i.e., D, only the closest argument, that is, the external argument, c-commanded by D has its case check as genitive. Then, to check the EPP, the external argument is raised to the possessor position. Thus viewed, the only option left for licensing the internal argument is the its incorporation into the deverbal noun head. Finally, in the derivation of the argument structure of three-place predicate deverbal nouns, it was argued that all three arguments could potentially appear with the deverbal noun, only if the internal argument is incorporated into the deverbal noun, the external argument raised into spec, DP, the possessor position in Ezafe construction, with the Goal argument appearing in as PP. According to the analysis presented above, the representation of argument structure for deverbal nouns follows the principles assumed in the Minimalist Program. Argument licensing is accomplished by independently motivated mechanisms of case-checking and incorporation within the DP configuration.

The present research investigates the productivity of nounmaker derivational suffixes in modern Persian language based on the theoretical framework of Plag(2003). For this purpose, the authors have selected 63 sources existing in the Persian Language databese (PLDB) which included 2/260/868 words and have extracted 3907derivative nouns with token frequency of 45779 derivative nouns. The method of the present research is descriptive-analytic and data collecting is corpus base. After the study of collected data of research, the authors have concluded that the quantitative method for measuring the productivity of word formation processes introduced by Plag (2003) is to count the outputs of a word formation process. Also, different methods of measuring the productivity rate of noun maker derivational suffixes offer different results. Analysis of the extracted data from the research corpus shows that among the noun maker derivational suffixes in Persian, (/-i/) has the highest productivity and these suffixes (/-ān/,/-ine/,/-iƷe/,/-un/,/-?orænʤǝn/,/-rænʤǝn/,/-ʃǝn/,/-gāle/) have the lowest productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Balkan varieties of Turkic, particularly those on the periphery of the Turkic spread area in the region, such as Gagauz and West Rumelian Turkish, are commonly observed to have head-initial verb phrases. Based on a wide survey, this paper attempts a more precise description of the pattern of VP directionality across Balkan Turkic and shows that there is considerable variation in how prevalent VX order is, a pattern that turns out to be more complex than the previous descriptions suggest: Two spectrums of directionality can be discerned between XV and VX orders, contingent upon type of the dependent of the verb and dialect locale. The paper also explores the grammatical causes underlying this shift in constituent order. First, VX order seems to be dependent upon whether a clause is nominal or not. Nonfinite clauses of the nominal type have XV order across Balkan Turkic, while finite clauses and nonfinite clauses of the converbial type show differing degrees of VX order depending on type of dependent and geographical location. Second, VX order appears to be an outcome of verb movement to the left of the dependent in finite clauses and nonfinite clauses of the converbial type, rather than head parameter shift. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the semantic polyfunctionality of affixes, i.e. their ability to serve a variety of distinct semantic functions. Based on the analysis of a sample of 3,091 deverbal nouns ending with 46 different suffixes in French, the study examines the diversity of semantic functions realized by deverbal suffixes, the distribution of these functions across suffixes and the relationships that may exist between different functions. It appears that polyfunctionality is widespread among French deverbal suffixes and involves a large number of semantic functions, with highly variable realization frequency. Several fundamental aspects of affix polyfunctionality are further highlighted. A probabilistic analysis shows that polyfunctionality can be driven by non-arbitrary semantic associations between functions. A hierarchy of functions can also be postulated depending on whether they can be instantiated by monosemous or only polysemous derivatives. In addition, polyfunctionality appears to be inseparable from rivalry relationships and to determine the degree of rivalry between affixes. Overall, the study illustrates that affix polyfunctionality is governed by systematic organizing principles whose ramifications touch on lexical ambiguity and morphological competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Terminologies’ Conceptual Normalization (P. I. Coulibaly, 2018, p. 429), a linguistic approach of terminology normalization within the theoretical framework of optimal terminology (P. I. Coulibaly, 2016) is based on the morphological (K. O. Yéo, 2012) and syntactic rules (A. D. Assanvo, 2010) of the language to be enriched with specific terminologies for a given terminological domain. In fact, the conceptual normalization is applied to the education domain in order to formalize into orthographic scripture the educational concepts’ denominations in senar language for teaching/learning senar language in Côte d’Ivoire modern educational system. The objective of Optimal Terminology Conceptual Normalization is the adaptation of the «mental lexicon» (I. Plag, 2003) collected from senar speaking community to the senar specialized lexicon of teaching/learning domain.

This paper explores the role played by nominalization in enhancing the persuasive potential of texts by allowing a larger and more effective use of linguistic implicit strategies. The analysis starts from the premise that linguistic implicitness has been proven to help persuade addressees, and adopts the taxonomy of linguistic implicitness proposed in Lombardi Vallauri (2019), including four categories of implicit strategies (presupposition, topicalization, implicature, and vagueness). Data are extracted from the IMPAQTS corpus of Italian political discourse and qualitatively analyzed. The analysis shows that nominalized forms, quite frequent in political discourse, ease the presence of three different implicit strategies: presupposition, obtained through the packaging of nominalized forms as definite descriptions; vagueness, obtained through the omission of one of the participants in the action, typically the agent; topicalization, obtained through syntactic and prosodic means. All in all, nominalized forms seem to be able to increase the manipulative power of texts in political discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following research presents a systematic grammar of the English phrasal verb or verb with particle(s). It comprises the following sections: a) An introduction, in which we familiarize the reader with the most important aspects of seven types of this grammatical form: 1) verb + adverb; 2) verb + preposition; 3) verb + compound preposition (i.e. adverb + preposition); 4) verb + adjective; 5) verb + infinitive; 6) verb + more than one particle; 7) verb + adprep (i.e. adverb/preposition). b) A section (§1) in which we describe a systematic grammar (basic and complex morphology, syntax and semantics) of the English phrasal verb organized in 9 chapters: the first 7 chapters are grouped in accordance with the seven types mentioned above; chapter 8 focuses on interrogative forms; chapter 9 focuses on the nominalization of the phrasal verb. c) A section (§2) in which we present a systematic vocabulary (an advanced lexis) of the English phrasal verb, organized in two large subsections, one listing the particles, the other listing the phrasal verbs themselves, grouped again in accordance with the seven types mentioned above, but also including a subsection ("Phrasal verbs with one or more than one particle: complex phrasal constructions"), in which are listed phrasal verbs having more or less an idiomatic nature. The present systematic and synthetic research can be thus useful as an in-depth introduction to the most fundamental questions related to the English verb with particle(s). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, I revisit the claim that nominals denoting complex events must derive from discernible verbal stems and must be headed by an overt nominalizer. I show that Turkish has a set of nominals, crucially of foreign origin, which provides counter-evidence to both claims. From the perspective of Turkish grammar, they are morphologically noncompositional, manifesting neither a detectable verbal basis nor an overt nominalizer although they are categorically complex event nominals. Since (zero-)derived nominals of Turkic origin do not allow argument structure, the puzzling makeup of underived complex event nominals in question boils down to their loan word nature. I show that their behavior is different from both derived nominals as well as gerundive nominals in important ways. I claim that they are defective nominalizations lacking an nP representation. After reviewing previous accounts of these nominals, I consider three syntactic approaches to word derivation, which differ in their theoretical assumptions only in granularity, and conclude that the Spanning approach of Bye and Svenonius provides us with a conceptually superior account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractCould the way an event is encoded in language affect people’s perception of the responsibility attributed to the agent of the event? This article aimed to empirically investigate the effect of nominalization on the participants’ perception of the responsibility attributed to an agent in discourse. To answer the research question, two tasks were designed. In the first task, 331 participants read two scenarios, namely “An Accident in the Restaurant” and “Environmental Pollution”, in two nominalized and non-nominalized versions. Then, they answered two questions regarding the responsibility of the agent in bringing about the accident and the amount of damage on a Likert scale. The results showed that the nominalized version of the Restaurant scenario had caused participants to rate the responsibility of the agent in the accident significantly lower than in the non-nominalized version. No effect of nominalization was found for either question in the Environment scenario, nor for the question asking about the amount of damage in the Restaurant scenario. In order to test the reliability of the observed effect, a second task was designed in which an accident happened in an interview session. One hundred forty-six new participants participated in the second task. The results of the second task showed the same patterns as in the first task. Participants had rated the responsibility of the agent in the nominalized version of the scenario significantly lower compared to their responsibility in the non-nominalized version. The findings confirm the role of nominalization in concealing agency in discourse.Keywords: Nominalization, Agency, Causation, Discourse Comprehension, Language and Thought IntroductionNominalization is a process that converts a verb or an adjective into a noun. This conversion (in the case of verbs) usually results in the removal or concealment of agency and temporal information of the event (Machin & Mayr, 2012). The removal of agency in nominalizations leads to one of its important and ideological functions in discourse: hiding responsibility in causal events. Critical linguists have long been interested in the ideological effects of nominalization in analyzing texts and discourse (e.g., Dunmire, 2011; Fairclough, 2003; Fowler, 1991). Yet, the cognitive effects of nominalization in obscuring responsibility of agents are not sufficiently explored. In this article, we empirically tested the hypothesis that nominalization lowers the perception of responsibility attributed to the agent of an event. Materials and MethodsTo test the research hypothesis, two tasks were designed following in part the method used by Fausey & Boroditsky (2010). In the first task, 331 participants read two scenarios, namely “An Accident in the Restaurant” and “Environmental Pollution”, one in the nominalized and the other in the non-nominalized form. In each scenario, an agent accidentally causes some damage to objects. After the participants read the scenario, they answered two questions regarding the responsibility of the agent in bringing about the accident and the amount of damage on a 9-point Likert scale. The second task was designed to test the reliability of the observed effects in the first task. In the second task, the scale points of the “amount of damage” question were converted to quantitative monetary units and also a new scenario called “Interview” was constructed. One hundred forty-six new participants participated in the second task. In the non-nominalized versions of the scenarios, 6 active verbs were used. In the nominalized versions of the scenarios, the active verbs used in the non-nominalized group were converted into nominalized verbs. All the remaining words were identical in the nominalized and non-nominalized versions. Four lists were created and participants were assigned to one of the lists. In the first list, participants saw one of the scenarios in the nominalized and the other scenario in the non-nominalized from. In the second list, they saw the same scenarios as in the first list but with the order of scenarios and questions reversed. The order of scenarios and questions were reversed to control the possible order effect. In the third list, the scenarios of the first list that were in the nominalized form were changed to non-nominalized form and vice versa. The fourth list reversed the order of scenarios and questions of the third list. Participants were told to read the scenarios and mark any point on the scale they find appropriate. They were told there were no correct and incorrect answers. The task took approximately 5 minutes to complete. Discussion of Results and ConclusionsThe collected data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test in R (R Core Team, 2022). The results of the first task showed that the nominalized version of the Restaurant scenario had caused participants to rate the responsibility of the agent in the accident significantly lower than its responsibility in the non-nominalized version (W=16831, p

Attitude verbs describe mental states of their subject in relation to a proposition codified by their clausal complement. In this paper, we describe the behavior of such verbs in Karitiana, a Tupian language spoken in Brazil. Recently, it has been noted in the literature that embedded clauses with nominal features seem to lead to a factive reading of these verbs. In Karitiana, all embedded clauses are nominalized since they lack many clausal features, and conversely exhibit nominal distribution and behavior. We propose a structure with an N head for embedded clauses in Karitiana, which accounts for their morphological behavior and also explains why these constructions behave as strong islands. Judgments of contradiction with attitude verbs of Karitiana were collected and the results show that they fall into two categories: one that obligatorily entails the truth of the embedded clause and another that favors it, but that does not require it obligatorily. This shows that nominalization of embedded clauses seems to be tied to the presence of factive entailments, but this alone is not a sufficient condition to force a factive reading of the matrix attitude verb.

In this paper I examine eleven different processes of deverbal nominalization in Runyankore, a Lacustrine Bantu language spoken in Uganda. After establishing both general and Runyankore-specific properties that distinguish nouns from verbs, I test each of these nominalizations against 13 phonological, morphological, and syntactic criteria. Although all eleven nominalization constructions can take the determiner-like initial vowel “augment”, and all can be derived from verb bases that include derivational suffixes (“extensions”), e.g. causative, applicative, and reciprocal, only some of the nominalizations allow a pronominal object prefix or a following noun phrase object or adverbial. The various properties are tabulated to show that the different nominalizations vary along a cline, meeting all, some, or none of the nine most discriminating criteria in defining “noun” vs. “verb”.

This paper re-examines previous hypotheses claiming the primacy of a perfect(ive) value in certain qusheng (*-s) derivations (in particular nominalization) in Old Chinese. First, it revisits examples previously cited as having been derived from the perfect(ive), and proposes to re-classify them as resulting from three different derivational processes, nominalization, verb argument demotion, and adverbialization. Second, it focuses on Sino-Tibetan comparative data, in particular from Situ Rgyalrong, a language with severe isomorphism across four -s suffixes. Then, on the basis of morphological (especially stem changes) and syntactic criteria, it sorts out the relationship between the different -s suffixes in Situ, while suggesting multiple sources to account for the diverse functions of qusheng (*-s) in Old Chinese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This contribution addresses the general theme of Multifunctionality and syncretism in non-finite forms. When we see a particular form in a number of different environments yielding different effects, what does it mean to say that this reflects multifunctionality rather than syncretism? As a refinement of multifunctionality the notion of 'multi-effectuality' is introduced: one element participates in different derivations, performing one and the same operation, but yields different interpretive effects depending on the environment. The analysis takes as a starting point the role of the affix -en in Dutch. The canonical view is that when attached to a verb stem, -en functions either as an infinitival marker or as a nominalizing affix. It is shown that this view cannot be maintained. The "functions" of -en are unified by analyzing it as projecting an 'eventuality expression', with different effects depending on the syntactic environment. The analysis is extended to English, focusing on the contrasts between Dutch and English infinitives and on the role of the English -ing affix in gerunds and participles. The discussion proceeds with an analysis of Frisian with its two forms of the infinitive and concludes with some reflections on the relation between syntactic and semantic categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caregivers typically use a simplified mode of the language - child-directed speech (CDS) - when addressing young children. In this study, we investigate the use of complex morphological structures with a word class change within a single word in Inuktitut CDS. Inuktitut is a polysynthetic agglutinative language of the Inuit-Yupik-Unangan language family spoken in arctic Quebec, which allows more than 10 morphemes per word and in which the meaning of an entire sentence can be expressed in one word. Clearly, such a complex morphological system presents special challenges for young children, which raises the question of whether caregivers shape their CDS in ways that facilitate acquisition. Using the data from mothers addressing eight Inuktitut-speaking children aged 0;11 to 3;6, we investigated whether the frequency and complexity of polysynthetic structures in CDS are dependent on the stage of the children's linguistic development. The results demonstrate that the number and morphological complexity of the structures with a word class change increased as the children developed linguistically. The variety of nominalizers and verbalizers - the key components of such structures - also increased through the stages and were used in variation sets, which help children acquire morphological items by providing examples of use of the same morpheme in morphologically contrasting environments. These results show the presence of morphological simplification in Inuktitut CDS and demonstrate that such simplification is fine-tuned, i.e., that mothers are sensitive to their children's level of linguistic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While sound glosses from the Six Dynasties and early Tang provide direct evidence for morphological alternations in Archaic Chinese, studies on the syntax of this language generally disregard these data. This neglect is due in part to perceived unreliability of these sound glosses. In this paper, I first argue that the arguments against their reliability do not stand scrutiny, and that they are not a simple philological curiosity, but have the potential to enrich studies on Archaic Chinese syntax, and plead for more collaboration between syntacticians and historical phonologists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper addresses the issue of a non-assigned case in Czech. This so-called default case can be found in many languages and its behavior seems to be largely determined by the type of the given language. English, being a poor case language, does not have many options for the default; it is basically the nominative or accusative that are somehow available. Czech, on the other hand, being a rich case language, offers a greater variety. The paper considers special environments where case is not assigned, such as those suggested by Schütze (2001) for English. From these, only the left-dislocation seems to be the right environment for the default case in Czech. Moreover, we consider post copular DPs, which show a competition of the nominative and the instrumental. The former proves to be the default option for Czech. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the argument structure of deverbal nouns, and the restrictions on the mapping of arguments in Sanandaji Kurdish. Due to the syntactic-space limitations of the DP in the language (i.e, the Ezafe construction), the issue concerning how to map the arguments of a deverbal noun and the limitations governing its argument structure are important. This is mainly because achieving a comprehensive mapping space that covers different syntactic projections is a desirable theoretical goal in generative approaches to argument structure. In this research, first, deverbal nouns are divided into four categories: unergative, unaccusative, two-place predicate, and three-place predicate. In unergative deverbal nouns, the external argument is instantiated as Ezafe to the deverbal noun and it cannot be incorporated into the deverbal noun. Regarding the unaccusative deverbal nouns, the internal argument can be present both as Ezafe and as being incorporated into the deverbal noun. There are two forms regarding transitive deverbal nouns: the internal argument can be instantiated as Ezafe and the external argument cannot be present, or the external argument is instantiated as Ezafe, and the internal argument is incorporated into the deverbal noun. In the last category of Sanandaji Kurdish deverbal nouns, the Goal is in the form of a Preposition Phrase (PP) and cannot check the EPP feature and be raised to the subject position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caregivers typically use a simplified mode of the language – child-directed speech (CDS) – when addressing young children. In this study, we investigate the use of complex morphological structures with a word class change within a single word in Inuktitut CDS. Inuktitut is a polysynthetic agglutinative language of the Inuit–Yupik–Unangan language family spoken in arctic Quebec, which allows more than 10 morphemes per word and in which the meaning of an entire sentence can be expressed in one word. Clearly, such a complex morphological system presents special challenges for young children, which raises the question of whether caregivers shape their CDS in ways that facilitate acquisition. Using the data from mothers addressing eight Inuktitut-speaking children aged 0;11 to 3;6, we investigated whether the frequency and complexity of polysynthetic structures in CDS are dependent on the stage of the children’s linguistic development. The results demonstrate that the number and morphological complexity of the structures with a word class change increased as the children developed linguistically. The variety of nominalizers and verbalizers – the key components of such structures – also increased through the stages and were used in variation sets, which help children acquire morphological items by providing examples of use of the same morpheme in morphologically contrasting environments. These results show the presence of morphological simplification in Inuktitut CDS and demonstrate that such simplification is fine-tuned, i.e., that mothers are sensitive to their children’s level of linguistic development.

The Zhuang language employs a system of nominal classification, including numeral classifiers, modifier classifiers, class terms, kin prefixes, gender markers, prefixable morphemes for topographic names, among others. Quite often, the same set of morphemes is used as numeral classifiers and with demonstratives. The numeral classifier system is particularly salient, comprising numeral terms and noun classifiers, with dozens of classifiers featuring fine semantic distinctions. The modifier classifier system involves the use of classifiers in nominal modification of all kinds. The kinship system consists of kinship terms which take prefixes and other human terms as prefixes to personal names. Gender markers are found for human nouns, some kinship terms and animal nouns or plant names. Toponyms or place names are headed by morphemes describing the topographic or geographic features of the places or locations in question. Discourse contexts may also help to differentiate different types of Classifier Phrase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper presents a descriptive and analytical account of the various functions of the morpheme ko in Miluo, a Xiang variety of Chinese. This morpheme is used as a classifier, genitive, possessive, pronominal, relative clause marker, nominalizer and as a sentence-final stance-marking marker. We also illustrate the use of ko as a demonstrative pronoun and prenominal topic marker. We discuss these functions in the light of the diachronic development of nominalizers and topic markers. Our findings provide support for proposals concerning the pathways of grammaticalization that have either been conjectured or attested in various languages, specifically the relation between adnominal markers and nominalization and the relation between demonstratives and topic markers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated the canonical position of instrumental and locative adverbial phrases in both Japanese sentences and noun phrases to determine whether the canonical positions are parallel. A series of sentence/phrase decision tasks were used to compare sentences with different word-orders, including sentences with SAdvOV (S is subject phrase, Adv adverb, O object phrase and V verb), AdvSOV, SAdvOV and SOAdvV word orders. SAdvOV word order was found to be the most quickly processed, for both instrumental adverbial (Experiment 1) and locative adverbial phrases (Experiment 2). Thus, the canonical position for these adverbial phrases is identified as the position immediately preceding the object (Theme argument). This finding was replicated when the same experimental methods were applied to event-denoting noun phrases. Adverbial adjuncts in the initial position (AdvON, N is noun phrase) were processed more quickly and accurately than noun phrases with adverbial phrases in the second position (OAdvN), for both instrumental adverbial (Experiment 3) and locative adverbial phrases (Experiment 4). Therefore, the position immediately preceding the object is the canonical position for both instrumental and locative adverbial phrases in sentences and in noun phrases. In conclusion, this indicates that the base structure of a sentence is shared by its related noun phrase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is devoted to explaining the key cognitive distinctions characteristic to translation process and its teaching. Among them are linguistic interpretation of the input text’s contents, its conceptual adaptation to the accepting culture, etc. To demonstrate them, multiple examples are given to show that translators, particularly not trained enough, often choose for basic translation dominants in the accepting culture those equivalents that are primarily purely linguistic, ignoring conceptual and cultural background of the original and the accepting culture’s notions and forms. Meanwhile, the latter help avoid such translation failures as literal / word by word translation, etc. Special attention in the paper is paid to the translation into the foreign, English, language, its contrastive culture-specific and communicative features as compared to those in the Russian language: to their cognitive dominants in communication and their cross-linguistic asymmetry and in-congruency which generate quite «natural» cross-linguistic interference in Russian-English translation. It is particularly obvious when there are extensive textual nominal ex-pressions, especially terminological, which demonstrate at present an active, extensive and productive usage in English, but present a serious problem in teaching English as a foreign language and translation into it. It is also shown that in Russian their cross-linguistic idiomatic analogues are language specific and show different patterns, but still can be adequately matched with their foreign counter-parts.

The paper presents the results of a study investigating a possible influence of the viewpoint (perfective vs. imperfective) and lexical (telic vs. atelic) aspect of Polish verbs on the countability of eventive nominalizations (substantiva verbalia) derived from these verbs. Polish substantiva verbalia preserve many properties of the base verbs, including the eventive meaning and aspectual morphology. Native speakers of Polish rated the acceptability of nominalizations in count and mass contexts. An effect of both viewpoint and lexical aspect was found in mass contexts, where aspectually delimited (perfective, accomplishment) nominalizations were less acceptable than non-delimited (imperfective, state) nominalizations. In count contexts, only an effect of the lexical aspect was clearly present, with accomplishment nominalizations being more acceptable than state nominalizations. The nominalizations were overall rated as more natural in mass than count constructions, regardless of the aspect. The results indicate that aspect plays a role in establishing the countability of a word, but it does not fully determine it.