Search

This study used land gravity and airborne magnetic data to investigate the depth to the magmatic chamber and map the heat flow distribution beneath the active volcanoes of Hawaii Island using the Curie point depth (CPD) and gravity modeling. Obtaining some of the ground-based geophysical measurements was problematic due to accessibility limitations; therefore, this study used available data. The CPD and magnetic data were used to map the depth to the bottom of the magnetic layer by calculating the depth to the Curie isotherm (540°C) beneath Hawaii Island. The spectral peak method was used to calculate the depths to the shallow and deep magnetic sources for the entire island, and the CPD was calculated using the centroid method. A two-dimensional density model for two Earth layers was constructed using forward modeling of the gravity data. A large plume of dense intrusive material was observed beneath the three adjacent volcanoes of Mauna Loa, Mauna Kea, and Kilauea, and two small chambers were found to be located beneath the Kohala and Hualalai volcanoes. Based on the gravity modeling results, the depth to the magma layer varied from 0.5 to 10 km, and the heat flow was higher close to the volcanic eruption zones. The current study is informative and cost effective for the world’s most active volcanic areas.

The tectonomagmatic evolution of the Sangilen massif has been described in detail in numerous publications, but little attention was given to heat sources related to the HT/LP metamorphism. Modeling of the magma transport to the upper‐crust levels in West Sangilen shows that the NT/LP metamorphism is related to gabbromonodiorite intrusions. This article is focused on the thermo‐mechanical modeling of melting and lifting of melts in the crust, taking into account the density interfaces. The model of the Erzin granitoid massif shows that in case of fractional melting, the magma ascent mechanism is fundamentally different, as opposed to diapir upwelling – percolation take place along a magmatic channel or a system of channels. An estimated rate of diapiric rise in the crust amounts to 0.8 cm/yr, which is more than an order of magnitude lower than the rate of melt migration in case of fractional melting (25 cm/yr). In our models, a metamorphic thermal ‘anticline’ develops in stages that differ, probably, due to the modes of crust melting: batch melting occurs at the first stage, and fractional melting takes place at the second stage. It is probable that the change of melting modes from melting conditions in a ‘closed’ system to fractional melting conditions in ‘open’ systems is determined by tectonic factors. For the Sangilen massif, we have estimated the degrees of melting in the granulite, granite, and sedimentary‐metamorphic layers of the crust (6, 15, and 5 vol. %, respectively).

The factors that trigger explosive eruptions often remain elusive because of the lack of direct data from representative samples. Here, we report the first micro-Raman spectroscopy measurements of fluid and multiphase inclusions trapped in quartz xenocrysts and microlites from andesitic lavas and basaltic enclaves of the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption. Our analyses reveal two-phase HO-CO-S inclusions containing a CO-dominated phase and an aqueous sulfate-bearing liquid phase and, less commonly, anhydrite (CaSO). The two fluid phases are low-temperature products of a supercritical HO-CO-S fluid which was associated with a hydrous silicate melt prior to eruption. The average density of the CO phase is 0.4 ± 0.2 g/cm at room temperature, corresponding to a supercritical fluid density of 0.6 ± 0.1 g/cm at the conditions of entrapment at 760-1000 °C and up to ∼260 MPa. For the first time, a dense CO-bearing fluid is reported in Mount Pinatubo volcanic samples. We suggest that this hybrid HO-CO-S fluid originated from mixing between sulfur-rich basaltic and hydrous dacitic magmas, as the former was intruded into and interacted with the pre-eruptive Mount Pinatubo dacite magma reservoir, at depths of at least 10 km. Thermodynamic modeling demonstrates that part of the SO liberated from the intruded basaltic magma was consumed via interaction with the aqueous fluid-saturated dacitic magma according to the reaction 4SO + 4HO = 3HSO + HS + 3H, yielding early Cu-rich sulfides, late abundant anhydrite, and SO-rich apatites, which are commonly found in the Mount Pinatubo dacites. We suggest that this hybrid HO-CO-S fluid played an important role in triggering the 1991 climactic eruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents data on the major-component, trace-element, and mineralogical composition of plutonic rocks, and the composition of their minerals, from the Sierra Leone region in the crest zone of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between the Strakhov and Bogdanov fracture zones. According to their relations with seafloor structures, the rock associations are subdivided into those of rift valleys and nontransform offset zones. The troctolites and olivine gabbro composing the rift association were produced early in the fractionation course of oceanic tholeiite melt in unstationary and relatively small magmatic chambers. Most rocks beneath the nontransform offset zones crystallized during the long-lasting fractionation of the melt in large chambers hosted in serpentinized peridotites. This part consists of various cumulates, ranging from troctolites to gabbroids. Where deep tectonic detachments entered partly consolidated portions of the chambers, the melt interacted with the wall rocks. Fluid that was generated via the dehydration of serpentine and concentrated hydrophile elements, locally modified the composition of the melt and resulted in amphibole-bearing rocks. Under stress, the intercumulus melts were squeezed into tectonically weakened zones, mixed there, and also interacted with the wall rocks. These mix melts produced (with the participation of fractional crystallization) mineralized Fe-Ti gabbroids. Residual portions of the melts generated most of the diorites and plagiogranites. The high-Na diorites likely crystallized from acid melts that were derived via the partial melting of older gabbroids where aqueous fluids circulated; these fluids were generated by the deserpenitization of the host rocks in tectonized zones cutting through the chambers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allivalites are particularly distinguished by their composition and morphology among the wide spectrum of inclusions in the volcanic rocks of the Kurile-Kamchatka island arc. This work reports new chemical and mineral data of a comparative study of the allivalites and host rocks using modern analytical facilities. On the one hand, it was confirmed that allivalites are genetically related with host volcanics. On the other hand, it was established for the first time that allivalites were formed in several stages: from the deepest stage of their origination at the generation depth of primary melts to the crustal and subsurface conditions of the formation of magmatic chamber. Hence, allivalites (olivine-anorthite inclusions) bear valuable information on the evolution of deep island-arc magmatism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Our aim is to explain the possible bimodality of the compositions of the magmatic rocks of the same province. In order to do so, we present a model for the crystallization of a magmatic chamber, coupling the three phenomena: solidification, sedimentation, chemical reactions between the solid and the liquid. These three phenomena make two independent dimensionless parameters appear: the ratios of the solidification rate to the transport velocity, and of the chemical kinetics to the transport velocity. The model is written for one independent chemical component. It is shown that, for certain values of the dimensionless parameters, the chemical composition of the chamber can present a bimodal distribution, starting from uniform initial conditions. This model shows that the coupling between three elementary phenomena is enough to explain the bimodality, or more generally the appearance of discontinuities of chemical compositions, without making any additional assumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]