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Ilmastonmuutos edesauttaa useiden hyönteislajien leviämistä alueille, joiden ympäristöolosuhteet eivät ole aiemmin olleet niille tarpeeksi suotuisat. Tällaisia luontaisesti, omin voimin levinneitä tulokaslajeja tavataan Suomessakin. Suurin osa niistä on harmittomia, mutta osa on haitallisia maa- ja metsätaloudelle. Tulokaslajeja potentiaalisesti vaarallisempi ryhmä ovat vieraslajit; ihmisten ja kansainvälisen kaupan mukana leviävät lajit. Uudella alueella vieraslajilta puuttuvat juuri siihen erikoistuneet luontaiset viholliset, kuten loiset ja saalistajat, sekä monet muut kannan kasvua rajoittavat tekijät. Lisäksi uuden alueen eliölajeilla ei välttämättä ole vastuskykyä tai puolustusmekanismeja uutta tuholaista kohtaan. Tällöin vieraslaji voi aiheuttaa merkittävää tuhoa, ja tällaisia esimerkkejä on maailmalta useita. Tässä artikkelissa esittelemme kolme Suomen metsätalouden kannalta mahdollisesti erittäin haitallista vieraslajia: Pohjois-Amerikasta kotoisin oleva koivun tuholainen pronssijalosoukko (Agrilus anxius LeConte), mäntyjä ja lehtikuusia uhkaava kehrääjälaji siperian­mäntykehrääjä (Dendrolimus sibiricus Chetverikov) sekä useille puulajeille jo sopeutunut, Venäjällä leviävä kaarnakuoriainen taigamonikirjaaja (Polygraphus proximus Blandford). Käymme näiden lajien osalta läpi niiden biologian ja ekologian sisältäen isäntäpuut, loiset ja saalistajat, tuhohistorian sekä kotiseudullaan että vieraslajina, näiden hyönteisten todennäköiset leviämisreitit Suomeen sekä vaikutukset, jos lajit tänne leviäisivät.

The herein research was carried out in order to identified the presence of bacteria inside prepuce cavity of male caprine in both mature and pubertal age with focusing on Klebsilla and E coli species. Eighty prepuce swabs (fifty form mature and thirty from pubertal age) before slaughtering and cultured on blood agar and nutrient agar, bacterial isolation were identified with biochemical teats and finally by PCR. The present study found a significant difference (p < 0.01) between the prepuce swabs from caprine mature age (64%) and pubertal age (40%). Six various microorganisms were detected in prepuce samples in mature age, while four types were isolated from pubertal age. Positive isolation swabs detected the presence of Staphylococcus aurues, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus faecalis in both ages. Proteus mirabilis and Klebsiella pneumonia was isolated from mature age only. Significant isolation (p < 0.01) was appear of Escherichia coli among all different bacterial types. This research deduce that there was that the presence of bacteria inside prepuce of male genital system in both mature and pubertal age and their where a balance between genital immunity and localization of these bacteria and any stress factor may be lead to infection with such microbes, more over the mature male had more bacterial types due to the male matting behavior, finally the E. coli normally found in prepuce cavity as a normal flora of both ages and the Klebsilla species also found in mature age as a non-specific bacterial types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Historica. Historia Medieval is the property of Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Artnodes is the property of Universitat Oberta de Catalunya and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper presents the phenomenology of European smelt Osmerus eperlanus and microsporidium Glugea hertwigi invasion into a new habitat, Lake Syamozero (Karelia), where neither of the species occurred before. The invasion history falls into four phases. The first, latent, phase started with a spontaneous invasion of the lake by smelt and lasted until the first fish showed up in catches (1968–1970). The second phase (from 1971 to 1980) was characterized by the population explosion of the invader. The smelt became the dominant species in the fish community, while the native plankton feeder, the vendace Coregonus albula, became an endangered species. The third phase (from 1980 to 1991) was marked by the population explosion of the microsporidium Glugea hertwigi and subsequent epizootic development. The fourth phase (from 1991 to present) is distinguished by the decreasing population of the invasive species, the smelt and the microsporidium Glugea hertwigi, and the recovery of the native vendace population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parasite infectivity, virulence and host resistance have been in the centre of the scientific interest when it comes to host–parasite relationships. In addition to resistance, hosts may also vary in their tolerance against parasites. This is important to notice because resistance and tolerance have different consequences in host–parasite co‐evolution. Here, we show that families of farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) show both host defence strategies, resistance, and tolerance, against infectivity and virulence of Diplostomum sp. (Trematoda) parasites. Both strategies have moderate genetic variation and are genetically independent of each other. It is also shown that the families having the highest performance measured as higher weight, better condition factor and lower mortality in absence of the parasites suffer the most when parasitism increases. For practical breeding programmes, this means that both resistance and tolerance can be improved by selection without compromising one of the strategies. These results give new insight into defence strategies against parasites in fish and into processes of fish–parasite co‐evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zoonotic vector-borne parasites Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens have been spreading northwards in Europe. Awareness across sectors is a key factor for preparedness to zoonotic emerging diseases. In this study, an online questionnaire was used to survey the knowledge of medical doctors and veterinarians in Finland on whether D. immitis and D. repens can infect humans and dogs, and whether these infections have been detected in Finland. Participants were recruited via two social media discussion groups, and participation was voluntary. The questionnaire was completed by 198 medical doctors and 61 veterinarians in January 2019. Knowing that D. immitis can infect both humans and dogs was indicated by the answers of 7.1% of the medical doctors and 42.6% of the veterinarians—7.6% of the medical doctors and 42.6% of the veterinarians knew D. immitis can infect humans, 9.6% of the medical doctors and 98.4% of the veterinarians knew it can infect dogs. Knowing that D. repens can infect both humans and dogs was indicated by the answers of 3.0% of the medical doctors and 60.7% of the veterinarians—3.0% of the medical doctors and 60.7% of the veterinarians knew D. repens can infect humans; 8.1% of the medical doctors and 88.5% of the veterinarians knew it can infect dogs. Overall, 4.5% of the medical doctors and 59.0% of the veterinarians selected five or more correct "yes" answers. While the results of this survey should be interpreted with caution due to limited number of participants and participation bias, they not only suggest room for improvement but also show presence of cross-sectoral knowledge. Answering "I do not know" was common. Increasing awareness about these emerging zoonotic vector-borne parasites is needed across the sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses differences in lexical expressions of epistemic modality between Czech and German in the correspondence of Karel Havlíček. The main focus is on modal particles. Many Czech particles do not have an analogical manner of expression in German, i.e. the modality is expressed in another way. For example, in Havlíček's German correspondence, the opinion of others is expressed only using a modal verb and a lexical phrase, and not using a modal particle as in Czech. The article discusses the consequences of these irregularities in the domain of transition between word classes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is evidence of resistance in horses to anthelmintic treatment using ivermectin and pyrantel. However, little information is available about the parasites, treatment practices or anthelmintic resistance in the horse population in Estonia. In the present study, we examined 41 trotting and riding horses aged < 3 years from four stables in Estonia. Faecal samples were collected, and horses were selected for treatment if the nematode egg count per gram faeces exceeded 200. Horses (n= 32) that shed strongyle-type eggs were treated with pyrantel, whereas Parascaris equorum-positive animals received ivermectin. Up to 78% of horses required anthelmintic treatment and the efficiency of the anthelmintics was evaluated using a faecal egg count reduction test. Resistance of P. equorum was observed in 50% of horses treated with ivermectin and of strongyles in 27% of horses treated with pyrantel. Ivermectin treatment resulted in a mean reduction of 100% for strongyle eggs and an 89% reduction in P. equorum, and pyrantel-treated horses exhibited an 88% reduction in strongyle eggs. These results are considered to be the first indication of resistance to pyrantel, but further studies of ivermectin resistance are required. According to questionnaires completed by the owners of horses, resistance might be explained by a lack of evidence-based strategies, a strong preference for using ivermectin and possibly a subjective evaluation of the body weight of horses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pentastomids are a group of peculiar parasitic arthropods, often referred to as tongue worms due to the resemblance of some species to a tongue. Linguatula arctica is the sinus worm of the reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), being the only pentastomid to have a direct life cycle and an ungulate as a definite host. Here, the surface structures and internal anatomy of adult L. arctica are described as seen by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Sinus worms were collected in the winter 1991-92 in Finnish Lapland. Paranasal cavities of about 80 reindeer were examined and 30 sinus worms were found. The sinus worms had typical Linguatula sp. morphology, being paddle-shaped, transparent, pale yellow, dorsoventrally flattened and pseudosegmented with a long tapering end. Present at the anteroventral part of the cephalothorax was an oral opening with a large, conspicuous, head-like papillar structure. Bilaterally, on both sides of this opening, was a pair of strong curved hooks. The cephalothorax and abdomen had a segmented appearance, as they showed distinct annulation. There was a small cup-shaped sensory organ present at the lateral margin on each annula. The posterior edge of each annula was roughened by tiny spines projecting backwards. Throughout the cuticular surface, small, circular depressions that represented the apical portion of chloride cells. The genital opening of the male was located medioventrally between the tips of the posterior pair of hooks, and that of the female posteroventrally and subterminally. In both sexes, the genital opening was bilaterally flanked by papillar (in males) or leaf-like (in females) structures. One copulating couple was present, with the male attached to the posteroventral part of the female with its anteroventral hooks and papillae. Several structures typical of arthropods and other pentastomids were identified. Because SEM allows only surfaces to be studied, the morphology and especially the sense organs of L. arctica remain obscure. Transmission electron microscopy should be employed to gain more information about this fascinating creature and its origin. Abstract in Finnish / Yhteenveto: Elektronimikroskooppinen tutkimus poron kielimadosta (Linguatula arctica) Pentastomida (matoäyriäiset) ovat ryhmä erikoisia parasiitteihin kuuluvia niveljalkaisia. Niitä kutsutaan usein kielimadoiksi, sillä monet ryhmään kuuluvista lajeista ovat muodoltaan kielimäisiä. Linguatula arctica, poron kielimato, on poron nenäonteloon liittyvissä sivuonteloissa elävä loinen. Se on ainoa tunnettu matoäyriäinen, jolla on sorkkaeläin pääisäntänä ja suora (ilman väli-isäntää tapahtuva) elämänkierto. Tässä tutkimuksessa tarkasteltiin L. arctica -loisen pinta- ja sisärakenteita pyyhkäisyelektronimikroskoopin avulla. Loiset kerättiin Suomen lapista talvella 1991–92. Nenän sivuontelot tutkittiin loisten varalta noin 80 porosta, ja niistä löydettiin yhteensä 30 kielimatoa. Kielimatojen ulkonäkö oli tyypillinen Linguatula-suvun loisille. Ne olivat melanmuotoisia, läpikuultavia, vaalean kellertäviä, litteitä, ne vaikuttivat jaokkeisilta ja niillä oli pitkä loppua kohden kapeneva häntä. Suu sijaitsi vatsapuolella lähellä etupäätä, ja suuhun liittyneenä oli selvästi erottuva päämäinen uloke. Suuaukon tuntumassa, suuaukon molemmilla puolilla oli pari voimakkaasti kehittyneitä kynsimäisiä koukkurakenteita. Kielimadon ulkopinta koostui annulaarisista rakenteista, mistä johtuen se vaikutti jaokkeiselta. Loisen sivuissa, kunkin jaokkeen reunassa, oli tuntoelin, joka näkyi pyyhkäisyelektronimikroskoopilla kuppimaisena syvennyksenä. Jaokerenkaiden takareuna oli pienten, taaksepäin suuntautuneiden kitiinipiikkien karhentama. Koko ulkopinnan alueella nähtiin pieniä, pyöreitä painautumia, joiden todettiin olevan loisen pintaan avautuva kärkiosa niin kutsutuista kloridisoluista. Koiraskielimadon sukuaukko sijaitsi vatsapuolella takimmaisen koukkuparin kärkien tasolla, naaraan vastaavasti vatsapuolella lähellä takapäätä. Sekä koiraalla että naaraalla nähtiin sukuaukon molemmissa reunoissa ulokkeet, jotka koiraalla olivat nystymäiset ja naaraalla lehtimäiset. Tutkitussa materiaalissa todettiin yksi paritteleva kielimatopari. Tutkimuksessa voitiin tunnistaa useita niveljalkaisille ja matoäyriäisille tyypillisiä rakenteita. Koska pyyhkäisyelektronimikroskoopin avulla voidaan tutkia ainoastaan pintarakenteita, erityisesti tuntoelimien rakenteista saatu informaatio jäi pinnalliseksi. Läpivalaisu- eli transmissioelektronimikroskoopin avulla tästä kiehtovasta eliöstä ja sen alkuperästä olisi mahdollista saada lisää tietoa. Abstract in Swedish / Sammandrag: En elektronmikropisk studie av renens bihålemask (Linguatula arctica) Pentastomiderna är en grupp egendomliga, parasitiska ledfotingar ofta beskrivna som tungmaskar beroende på att några arter är tunglika. Linguatula arctica är renens (Rangifer tarandus) bihålemask, den enda pentastomid som har en direkt livscykel och ett klövdjur som slutvärd. Nedan beskrivs ytstrukturer och inre morfologi av könsmogna L. arctica sedda med skanningelektronmikroskop (SEM). Bihålemaskarna insamlades vintrarna 1991 och 1992 i Finlands Lappland. De paranasala håligheterna på ca 80 slaktade renar undersöktes och 30 bihålemaskar upptäcktes. Bihålemaskarna hade för Linguatula arterna typisk morfologi. De var paddelformade, delvis genomskinliga, svagt gulaktiga, tillplattade och skenbart segmenterade med en lång smal bakkropp. På framkroppens undre sida fanns en munöppning med ett stort tydligt huvudliknande utskott. På båda sidor om denna öppning fanns ett par starka krökta hakar. Framkroppen och bakkroppen hade ett segmenterat utseende, emedan ytan hade tydlig annulation. Det fanns små koppformade känselorgan på sidan av varje annula. Bakkanten av varje annula var försedd med små bakåt riktade taggar. Hela ytan (kutikulan) var full av små, runda fördjupningar, som var den synliga delen av kloridcellerna. Hanens genitalöppning var på undre sidan mellan det bakre paret av hakarna och honans i spetsen på bakkroppen. Genitalöppningen hos hanen hade lateralt papiller och honans bladlika strukturer. Ett kopulerande par där hanen hade fäst sig med hakar och papiller vid honans bakkropp observerades. Flera strukturer karakteristiska för ledfotingar och pentastomider identifierades. Emedan endast ytor kan studeras med SEM förblir morfologin, speciellt känselorganens, okänd. Undersökningar med transmissionselektronmikroskop borde göras för att få mer information om denna fascinerande varelse och dess ursprung.

Copyright of Martor is the property of Museum of the Romanian Peasant and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article looks at the history of self-made, or vernacular, bicycles in Finland. According to the author, these bicycles had links to rural handicraft traditions and represented rural Finns' engagement with modernization. It is suggested that rather than a substitute for factory-made models, vernacular bicycles were innovations with close ties to the social, cultural, and economic conditions in which their creators lived. Other topics include the geography of vernacular bicycle production, theoretical models of the social construction of technology (SCOT), and technological fossils.

Huggins Island, a Significant Natural Heritage Area in Onslow County, North Carolina, was incorporated into Hammocks Beach State Park in 1999. The 60 ha island has a long history of human activity, exemplified by shell middens, a Civil War earthen fortification, and farm clearings. An inventory of the flora from 2001-2005 found 192 species of vascular plants in 148 genera and 75 families. Thirteen species were new county records, and five species were Significantly Rare in North Carolina. Thirteen species of exotics occurred, 10 of which are invasive in the Southeast. Eleven major plant communities were recognized, including previously recognized, globally rare, maritime swamp forest. The largest community was maritime evergreen forest, and the most species rich was shell midden community. Few signs of human habitation and farming were visible, but most of the upland had storm damage, likely resulting from a series of hurricanes from the mid-1990s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aims: Evaluation of the risk factors, and phenotype-genotype correlation of familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) gene (MEFV) and serum amyloid A1 (SAA1) gene polymorphisms in renal amyloidosis. Methods: We investigated MEFV and SAA1 genotypes (α, β, and γ isoforms) in 50 FMF patients and 50 healthy children. Tel-Hashomer criteria were used for the diagnosis and severity scoring of FMF. Results: The most common MEFV mutation and SAA1 genotype were M694V/M694V (n = 26/50) and SAA1 α/α (n = 26/50), respectively. Positive family history for amyloidosis was significantly higher (p < 0.001) with more severe clinical course (p = 0.006) in the amyloidosis group than the non-amyloid group. In M694V/M694V mutation, erysipelas-like skin erythema (p = 0.029), arthritis (p = 0.004), arthralgia (p < 0.001) were significantly more frequent with higher severity scores (p = 0.008) than the patients with other mutations. Comparison of the SAA1 α/α genotype with other genotypes revealed more frequent arthritis (p = 0.003) in the SAA1 α/α genotype. In amyloidosis group patients having both M694V/M694V and SAA1 α/α genotypes were the largest subgroup (n = 14, p < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis for amyloidosis corrected risk revealed a 1.2 times increase in M694V/M694V, a 2.4 times increase in SAA1 α/α genotypes and a 2.5 times increase when both are together. Conclusion: Positive family history for amyloidosis and presence of SAA1 α/α genotype in M694V/M694V mutation may predispose to amyloidosis by increasing the clinical severity. Therefore, in such children early colchicine treatment might be recommended even if they are asymptomatic. Copyright © 2005 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the biography of Josquin des Prez, which has shaped the image of composer than the motet Ave Maria...virgo serena. In 1974, however, Thomas Noblitt dated a copy of the motet in the choirbook Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek. Not only did the date itself go against the grain, but so did the fact that it rested in large measure on the evidence of watermarks, which scholars of Renaissance music traditionally regarded with more than a little suspicion. Furthermore, Ave Maria represents a previously unrecognized phase in the work of its copyist, datable to 1485 or an adjacent year.

Examines the effects of fish stocking cessation on benthic whitefish fry population in Lake Kilpisjärvi, Finland. Impact of cessation on the growth rate of whitefishes; Changes in the whitefish stock; Influence of Diphyllobothrium ditremum on whitefish population.

ABSTRACT: The article examines the relationship between household arrangements, marriage, and the economy in Virolahti in eastern Finland, where household forms superficially resemble the large and complex households found in Russian serf populations to the east. In Virolahti, however, the age at marriage was higher than in the Russian populations, and the choice of partner was made by the young couple, not by the parents. The absence of serfdom and corvee labor linked household size and economic needs more directly with ecology and resources than was the case within a system where the wishes of a landlord had to be taken into account. During the nineteenth century, joint-family households were replaced by stem families as the need for a large work-force diminished with the replacement of slash-and-burn agriculture with set field agriculture. Cultural influences on household forms were less important than economic factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La Société est sous le protectorat du roi et de la reine. Ses statuts datent du 1re janvier 1898, époque à laquelle ils ont subi une revision sur la base des premiers statuts de la Société prussienne de secours aux militaires blessés ou malades, du 9 avril 1866. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

I. Associations et sociétés: Prusse, Association patriotique des dames; Berlin, Association prussienne des dames et jeunes filles; Bavière, Association bavaroise; Autriche, Ordre teutonique; Gratz, Association patriotique styrienne. Hollande, Batavia, Association néerlandaise. Comité central aux Indes hollandaises. Suède, Stockholm, Association pour les soins volontaires. — II. Mélanges: L'exposition sanitaire et de sauvetage de Bruxelles. Statistique de l'œuvre des diaconesses. — III. Bibliographie: Comte de Beaufort, Questions philanthropiques. Zipperling, Première excursion de l'école de santé autrichienne de l'Ordre de Malte. Publications nouvelles. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

La convenance d'améliorer la Convention de Genève est admise aujourd'hui par tous les gouvernements qui l'ont signée; c'est du moins ce qui ressort avec évidence des délibérations de la Conférence de Bruxelles de 1874. Mais ce qui demeure incertain, c'est l'époque à laquelle ce travail de révision sera entrepris. La Déclaration de Bruxelles concernant les lois et les coutumes de la guerre, en même temps qu'elle a influé heureusement sur la Convention de Genève en lui donnant une nouvelle consécration, a créé une entrave temporaire à son perfectionnement. En effet, tant que cette Déclaration n'a pas un caractère définitif, il serait prématuré de remanier la Convention de Genève, à laquelle le projet de Bruxelles se borne à renvoyer le lecteur. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Tijdschrift voor Bedrijfs- En Verzekeringsgeneeskunde is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tijdschrift voor Bedrijfs- En Verzekeringsgeneeskunde is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Le professeur de droit international S. Takakashi n'est point un inconnu pour les lecteurs du Bulletin. Il est l'auteur d'un ouvrage du même genre publié après la guerre sino-japonaise. La guerre russo-japonaise lui a fourni l'occasion d'une ample et savante étude. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Birds were surveyed by censusing strip transects monthly from October 1990 through September 1991 in seven created and seven natural saltmarshes located in lower Galveston Bay. All birds observed using thetransect, the airspace above the transect, and 5 m of bay bottom adjacent to the transect were recorded. Species richness and species diversity were calculated for each salt marsh and compared between natural and created sites. Species richness and diversity were greater in natural salt marshes due to the occurrence of migratory waterfowl, wintering shorebirds, and typical marsh species such as rails and marshsparrows. Birds using created salt marshes consisted primarily of gulls and terns, especially during the nesting season. Bird density wasgreater in natural marshes during fall and winter months, while created marshes had higher bird density from March through July. Created salt marshes provided bird habitat, however not necessarily for the same species assemblage as natural salt marshes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]