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Работа посвящена словообразовательным особенностям лексики природы в нивхском и эскимосском языках.Нивхи и эскимосы относятся к одной языковой группе, но традиционно считается, что нивхский язык занимает обособленное положение среди палеоазиатских языков. Российские эскимосы проживают на берингоморском побережье Чукотского полуострова и основным видом традиционной деятельности продолжает оставаться промысел морского зверя. Нивхи проживают на острове Сахалин и Хабаровском крае.В данной статье впервые прослеживается особый пласт лексического корпуса, связанный с названиями морских животных и рыб на материале сахалинского диалекта нивхского языка и эскимосского языка. В изучаемых языках отсутствуют специальные исследования, посвященные описанию лексики нивхского языка с учетом их лексико-семантической структуры и грамматических особенностей.Статья актуальна, так как относится к исследованиям языков коренных малочисленных народов Севера, Сибири и Дальнего Востока Российской Федерации, а языки российских эскимосов и нивхов входит в их состав. Для таких языков, в целях их сохранения и развития, важно фиксировать подобные исследования.Цель работы – выявить структурный механизм лексики морского промысла. В исследовании использовались следующие методы: метод частичной выборки, описательный и сравнительно-сопоставительный методы.В результате были сделаны выводы:1. Основной особенностью грамматического строя нивхского и эскимосского языков является агглютинация, таким же образом образуется лексика морского промысла.2. От любой именной основы могут образовываться ряд производных имен и/ или отыменных глаголов.3. В отличие от нивхского языка, одно эскимосское слово может переводиться на русский язык простым или сложным предложением.В исследовании нами представлен систематизированный лексический корпус рыболовства и морского промысла, который отражает традиционно-бытовую культуру нивхов и эскимосов, которая является основа всей системы жизнеобеспечения представленных этносов. Таким образом, лексика, связанная с рыболовством и морским зверобойным промыслом, находит широкое применение в речи палеоазиатских языков, в том числе эскимосов и нивхов. Предлагаемая работа может быть использована при изучении лексикологии и грамматики нивхского и эскимосского языков в образовательных учреждениях: в национальных школах, в который преподаются нивхский и эскимосский языки; в институте народов Севера РГПУ им. А.И. Герцена (г. Санкт-Петербург).

This article examines the use of English verbs related to human behavior in W. Thackeray’s novel “Vanity Fair” and their translations into German and Russian. Based on the analysis of lexicographic sources, the structure of the lexico-semantic group of behavioral verbs in English, German, and Russian was analyzed. Common transformations employed to translate such verbs from English into German and Russian were identified. The most representative examples were picked from the novel. Particular attention was given to the relationship between the translation methods and each target language, as well as between the source language and the target languages. The Russian and German translations of the novel were compared for accuracy in conveying all details. Using componential analysis, a semantic classification of the selected verbs, depending on the type of behavior they describe, was compiled for the three languages. The results obtained led to the following conclusions. The behavioral verbs in W. Thackeray’s novel “Vanity Fair” are most often translated into Russian and German with literal equivalents of the original lexemes. However, lexical and grammatical substitutions were also revealed: their usage depends on grammatical structure, lexical compatibility, and linguistic standards. The German translation proved to be more plausible than the Russian one. This could be because English and German are both Germanic languages and belong to the same branch of the Indo-European language family. In the Russian translation, multiple transformations of the original text are used more often. They are meant to convey the author’s ideas rather than the exact lexicographic meanings of separate words. The findings of this study contribute to the development of the theory and practice of translation and provide a deeper insight into W. Thackeray’s worldview.

The article is devoted to a comparative analysis of the lexeme ulan/krasny in Kalmyk and Russian lingocultures according to lexicographic and textual sources. Color is today an object of interdisciplinary study. One of the most important actively developing areas of Russian and Kalmyk studies is the study of color terms (linguocultural coloristics), which dictates the relevance of this study. Of particular interest is the analysis of color collocations and color symbolism. The purpose of the work is to identify the semantic subtleties of the lexical verbalization of the color red in the compared languages, similar and ethnospecific features. The object of the study is collocations with a color component, the subject is the semantics of color names. The article uses the following main research methods: observation, description, classification, systematization, comparison, continuous sampling method, etc. A fairly diverse illustrative material is presented. In the article, the authors come to the conclusion that the nominations of the color red in the Kalmyk and Russian languages have mainly positive connotations, revealing both similarities and differences. An updated understanding of the nature of the lexical explication of this color in two unrelated languages has been obtained. A more complete comparative description of the semantics of the analyzed lexemes and the color fragment of two linguistic pictures of the world is given.

Статья посвящена вопросам исследования метафоры в поэтическом тексте. Целью работы является составление типологии метафоры Б. Ахмадулиной. Для достижения данной цели были отобраны и проанализированы языковые единицы, образующие метафоры. На основе методов семантического анализа, а также количественного подсчёта выявлены основные типы метафоры в идиостиле поэта. Проанализированы основные лексико-семантические группы компонентов субстантивной метафоры, а именно: генитивной метафоры, метафоры-приложения, метафоры, в которой имя существительное (местоимение) в именительном падеже является частью предикативной основы, и метафоры с творительным сравнения. Соматическая лексика, фитонимы, слова с обозначением пространства как лексико-семантические группы слов представляют компоненты субстантивной метафоры. Отмечено постоянство метафорической модели в генитивной метафоре «слово-соматизм и слово с обозначением пространства» для поэтической речи Б. Ахмадулиной. В глагольной метафоре выделены группы глаголов чувства, движения и интеллектуальной деятельности.

Introduction. The article describes the semantics of verbs of mental activity in the Mansi and Khanty languages. The relevance of the topic is determined by the lack of research devoted to the analysis and semantic classification of verbal lexico-semantic groups, primarily in comparative terms. The purpose of the work is to reveal the internal organization of the verbs of cognition and understanding “to know”, “to understand”, “to learn”, “to notice” in the Ob-Ugric languages and to characterize the semantic relations between their members. Materials and Methods. The article is based on the verbs of mental activity of the Mansi (Sosvinsky dialect) and Khanty (Kazim dialect) languages received by the authors from informants and extracted from dictionaries of the Khanty and Mansi languages and texts. When working on the material, component analysis, the method of contextual (distributive) analysis were used. Results and Discussion. For the first time, the lexico-semantic group of the verbs of thought (“to know”, “to understand” and their analogues) of the Ob-Ugric languages was studied; differential signs of the semantics of the verbs under study were revealed, the relationships of these verbs and the peculiarities of their compatibility, primary and derived lexico-semantic variants of the meanings of these verbs were determined, their aspectual variants were partially revealed. The main verbs of the group are described and their signs are indicated; the semantic structure of polysemous verbs is determined. Conclusion. Comparison of the semantic structures of similar words in the Ob-Ugric languages allows us to conclude that the main distinguished meanings of the verbs of knowledge and understanding coincide in the studied dialects, however, each language has specific meanings and special semantic shifts in meanings.

The features of the content structure of the concept LIGHT in the work of M. M. Prishvin is discussed in the article. The writer’s works and diaries covering the period from 1905 to 1954 are used as a source of material. A comprehensive analysis of the linguistic material has been carried out and some individual author’s interpretations of the implicit meaning of the concept LIGHT have been identified. The work was carried out within the framework of the AntCont program, in which a corpus of 83 documents representing the writer’s texts was formed. Particular attention is paid to the semantic components of the analyzed concept, which are revealed through the reconstruction of its nominative field, including various lexico-semantic groups. The statistical indicators of nouns associated with the concept of LIGHT made it possible to single out high-frequency, mid-frequency and low-frequency units that make up the core and periphery of the concept. A corpus analysis of lexical units representing the core of the concept LIGHT was carried out in combination with the methods of component, contextual and distributional analysis. With the help of the immediate environment, 7 main features of the nuclear components (‘svet’ [light] and ‘solntse’ [sun]) that make up the concept of LIGHT in the work of M. Prishvin were identified: temporality, location, intensity, color, spirituality, temperature, appraisal.

A poem, story, or play, while expressing the inner states of the author, in many cases, reflect the state of culture and society where the poet or writer has lived in and been influenced by. The study of the lexical-semantic groups of vocabulary concerning the diachronic aspect is a promising direction in exploring the evolution of ideas about different areas of reality. The most important concepts with which human life has an inextricable link are representations of light and darkness. The paper will present the analysis of light in philosophical, worldview, lingual, and linguistic relations. The end of an era, the development of scientific thinking, and changes in the perception of the world image with respect to religious and secular aspects determine the formation of the system of meanings of the word “light”. It should be noted that the study has foremost used the method of conceptual analysis of one of the critical concepts of culture.

The article describes a fragment of the Russian language picture of the world «Fantastic birds», represented by the lexico-semantic group of the same name, from the point of view of paradigmatics, semantics and linguocultural specificity.The purpose of this article is to analyze the structural and semantic connections of the typical nominations of fantastic birds included in the lexico-semantic group «Fantastic birds» in the Russian language, and the specifics of the field organization of the lexico-semantic in Russian language.The component and context analysis of the explication of the semantic composition of the content of the lexemes under consideration in the Russian linguoculture is actual. The analysis of paradigmatic connections and similar changes in the semantic structure of the borrowed and Russian nominations related to the lexico-semantic group “Fantastic Birds”, the meanings of which respectively get or actualize the Russian linguoculture national specifics, is fundamentally new in the article.The article concludes that the original mythological meaning of the nominations has transformed into the meaning of ‘fantastic bird’, which gradually loses its connection with mythology and acquires characteristic parameters that are significant for Russian speakers, the volume and degree of expression of which is associated with the location of lexemes in the field structure of the lexico-semantic group «Fantastic birds» in the Russian linguoculture.Based on the contexts of existence of lexeme which were obtained using the sampling method through the National Corps of the Russian language, the author found that the Russian language is characterized by the development on the basis of the studied nominations of proper names, which are homonymous words in relation to these lexemes, the appearance of ethnospecific semes in the meaning structure of the nominations, contamination of the meanings of some words, the formation of the same type of cognitive metaphor based on the direct meaning of the lexemes, reflecting the similarity, contiguity and associative connections between the target area and the source area in the Russian language.The research materials were obtained during the work with different types of Russian dictionaries (encyclopedic, mythological, ethnolinguistic, etymological, historical, explanatory, dictionaries of foreign words) and the National Corps of the Russian language and cover the period from the 11th to the 21st centuries.

The article is devoted to the problem of anthropocentrism manifestation in German proverbs based on contradiction. The article considers such concepts as proverbs, contradiction, semantic field, semantic groups. The material for analysis is German proverbs with the elements of contradiction, forming a semantic field "Man" and a number of appropriate semantic groups. Having analyzed this material, we came to the conclusion that the majority of contradictory proverbs refers to the following semantic groups: "Feelings", "Reason", “Kinship” "Socio-economic status", "Health". Anthropocentrism is manifested in the fact that man becomes the object of linguistic teaching, a linguistic personality, which has many peculiar characteristics, allowing to reveal the laws of development of both language as a whole, and its speakers.

The article observes stylistic features and genre representations of religious vocabulary in contemporary Russian language. The study of the development of terminological systems in certain areas of knowledge and their role in the development of a language is one of the most important problems in modern linguistics. The solution to this problem is to study the great variety of sources of spiritual, academic, business, journalistic and other areas of human activity. Religious vocabulary is the richest layer of the Russian language. The study of the use of religious terminology in the functional styles of Russian makes it possible to clearly identify the psychological, categorical and subject meanings of this type of vocabulary in the system of indigenous language of Russians. The aim of this research is to study styles and genres in which religious lexemes are found in modern Russian. This is explained by the fact that language and religion are closely related. The influence of religion on language is an indisputable fact, because in every religion there is a number of lexemes that relate only to a particular faith. At the same time, some religious lexemes have become common and formed a part of the active vocabulary of Russians. That is why we observe the following situation in the Russian language: religious terms appear in all styles of speech.

The article analyzes particular qualities of the lexical semantics development of phoenix nomination borrowed from the Greek language with the direct meaning "fantastic bird" in the Russian linguistic picture of the world. The purpose of this article is to study the main change directions of the direct meaning of the phoenix nomination included in the lexico-semantic group "Fantastic Birds", and to show the specifics, including national, of semantic increments of the lexeme in the corresponding contexts of being related to the XVIII-XXI centuries. The study offers relevant componenti and contextual analysis of the seme component expressions of the considered lexeme phoenix in the Russian linguistic culture. The author provides a fundamentally new analysis of the semantic structure changes of borrowed nominations related to the lexico-semantic group "fantastic birds" in the Russian language. The article concludes that the initial meaning of phoenix nomination "mythological bird" which continues to influence the semantic structure of the direct and figurative word meanings was transformed into the meaning "fantastic bird", which gradually loses its connection with mythology in the Russian linguoculture. The author notes that the direct meaning is characterized by both the keeping of the mythological anthropocentrism manifestations and their loss. Based on the contexts of existence of lexeme phoenix which were obtained using the sampling method through the National Corpus of the Russian language, the author speciies that the development of occasional semantic components in the structure of its meaning are connected with the gender of the bird, its qualitative and functional characteristics, description of appearance and abilities in the Russian language. The research materials were obtained during the work with different types of Russian dictionaries (encyclopedic, mythological, ethnolinguistic, etymological, historical, explanatory ones, dictionaries of foreign words) and the National Corpus of the Russian language.

The article describes a fragment of the lexical system in English that reflects the social notion of an aggressive action as a manifestation of aggressive behavior. The object of the research is phrasal verbs, in particular, frequent but least studied means of denoting an aggressive action. The factual material was taken from English-English and English-Russian explanatory dictionaries that contain the most typical contexts of the phrasal verbs usage. With the help of definition and contextual analyses the authors put forward a phrasal verb classification with the meaning 'aggressive action'. Differentiating semantic components in the meanings of the verbs (attack, hit, use a tool of aggressive action, destroy, hurt, kill, murder, force) help organize 6 lexico-semantic groups of phrasal verbs with the meaning 'aggressive action'. The authors show that some verbs can fall into several lexico-semantic groups as they are noted to be realizing different lexico-semantic variants of the word meanings. It is pointed out that verbs of all lexico-semantic groups implicitly or explicitly contain the component 'tool of aggressive action'. Taking into account the heterogeneity of verb semantics and different semantic components, the authors distinguish some subgroups in each lexicosemantic group that reflect language specification of how people view the aggressive action.

Аспектуальная система хантыйского глагола представляет собой достаточно сложную и малоисследованную область хантыйской грамматики. Наличие в хантыйском языке небольшого количества глагольных суффиксов способствует их вариативной сочетаемости; значение глагола зависит от ЛСГ.Цели и задачи исследования. Основная цель исследования – рассмотреть функционирование суффикса =ijəλ=, выявить его сочетательные возможности, и проследить, как модифицируется при этом значение глагола.В соответствии с поставленной целью в работе решаются следующие задачи:1. Собрать фактический материал: глаголы с суффиксом =ijəλ= и различные варианты сочетания с другими суффиксами, используя источники литературной, разговорной и диалектной речи.2. Проанализировать и уточнить, какие ЛСГ глаголов присоединяют данный суффикс.3. Выявить семантические признаки, приобретенные глаголами в результате вариативного сочетания суффиксов.Научная новизна. В данной работе нами рассмотрен один из продуктивных суффиксов хантыйского языка, выявлена его сочетаемость с другими суффиксами, уточняется его значение.Актуальность данного исследования определяется тем, что семантические признаки, которые образуются в результате сочетания суффикса =ijəλ= с другими суффиксами, ранее специальному исследованию не подвергались.

In the article the analysis of the symbolics of loneliness on the material of the modern novel is given, the lexical structure characterizing the hero-man is considered.

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The article states the idea of the role of internal form in word-formative process of modern Russian and Czech languages. The universal characteristics of ancient rute, its realization in system of modern Slavonic languages are regarded on the material of words with inter-indoeuropean rute *b(h)eu-.