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The results are reported of domiciliary cuirass respirator treatment, using tailor-made shells, in four patients with severe thoracic scoliosis. Three of the patients had suffered from poliomyelitis. All complained of increasing dyspnoea on exertion, ultimately interfering with almost every activity of daily life; three patients had severe acute respiratory failure necessitating urgent admission to the Respiratory Care Unit. Right heart failure was present in two. Two patients required mechanical treatment via an endotracheal tube. All the patients were discharged home with a cuirass respirator. Standard type shells were used initially with low efficiency due to the poor fit of the cuirass shell to the deformed thoracic cage. Tailor-made shells were constructed from polyester reinforced with glass fibre, modelled on plaster casts of the thoracic cage. Subjectively the patients improved greatly and were able to resume and increase many activities. One patient committed suicide for reasons unconnected with treatment but the other three patients have been doing well from the time the cuirass respirator treatment was started, respectively, 3, 6, and 10 years ago. This treatment seems particularly effective in younger patients with severe paralytic scoliosis and cardiorespiratory failure, although the possibility of using it in older patients suffering from scoliosis of other aetiology should certainly be explored. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Purpose: Definition of new national diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) for volume computed tomography dose index (CTDI vol ) and dose length product (DLP) for neuro-paediatric CT examinations depending on the medical indication., Methods: Paediatric cranial CT data sets acquired between January 2013 and December 2016 were retrospectively collected between July 2016 and March 2017 from eight of the largest university and cantonal hospitals that perform most of the neuro-paediatric CTs in Switzerland. A consensus review of CTDI vol and DLP was undertaken for three defined anatomical regions: brain, facial bone, and petrous bone, each with and without contrast medium application. All indications for cranial CT imaging in paediatrics were assigned to one of these three regions. Descriptive statistical analysis of the distribution of the median values for CTDI vol and DLP yielded values in the minimum, maximum, 25th percentile (1st quartile), median (2nd quartile), and 75th percentile (3rd quartile). New DRLs for neuro-paediatric CT examinations in Switzerland were based on the 75th percentiles of the distributions of the median values of all eight centres. Where appropriate, values were rounded such that the DRLs increase or at least remain constant as the age of the patient increases., Results: Our results revealed DRLs for CTDI vol and DLP up to 20% lower than the DRLs used so far in Switzerland and elsewhere in Europe., Conclusions: This study provides Swiss neuro-paediatric CT DRL values to establish optimum conditions for paediatric cranial CT examinations. Periodic national updates of DRLs, following international comparisons, are essential.

In 2013, a nationwide investigation was conducted in Switzerland to establish the population's exposure from medical X rays. A hybrid approach was used combining the Raddose database accessible on-line by the participating practices and the Swiss medical tariffication system for hospitals. This study revealed that the average annual number of examinations is 1.2 per inhabitant, and the associated annual effective dose is 1.4 mSv. It also showed that computed tomography is the most irradiating modality and that it delivers 70 % of the total dose. The annual effective dose per inhabitant registered a 17 % increase in 5 y and is comparable with what was recently reported in neighbouring countries., (© The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press.)

In population surveys of the exposure to medical X-rays both the frequency of examinations and the effective dose per examination are required. The use of the Swiss medical tariffication system (TARMED) for establishing the frequency of X-ray medical examinations was explored. The method was tested for radiography examinations performed in 2008 at the Lausanne University Hospital. The annual numbers of radiographies determined from the "TARMED" database are in good agreement with the figures extracted from the local RIS (Radiology Information System). The "TARMED" is a reliable and fast method for establishing the frequency of radiography examination, if we respect the context in which the "TARMED" code is used. In addition, this billing context provides most valuable information on the average number of radiographs per examination as well as the age and sex distributions. Radiographies represent the major part of X-ray examinations and are performed by about 4,000 practices and hospitals in Switzerland. Therefore this method has the potential to drastically simplify the organisation of nationwide surveys. There are still some difficulties to overcome if the method is to be used to assess the frequency of computed tomography or fluoroscopy examinations; procedures that deliver most of the radiation dose to the population. This is due to the poor specificity of "TARMED" codes concerning these modalities. However, the use of CT and fluoroscopy installations is easier to monitor using conventional survey methods since there are fewer centres. Ways to overcome the "TARMED" limitations for these two modalities are still being explored.

The phenomenon of a split in the ego is not confined to fetishism, but is central to all neuroses. The author demonstrates this with regard to several specific neurotic types. He then goes on to show that the attempt to establish an absolute distinction between ego and id postulates an artificial split between--in fact--mutually interdependent parts. Traditional distinctions between primary and secondary process are critically examined. The id is an abstraction, while the essence and strength of the ego reside not in its defensive functions, but in the extent to which it accepts the drives; whereas the repressing ego weakens or even eliminates itself. The child who cannot resolve psychosexual conflict uses a makeshift solution, whereby that portion of the ego engaged in the conflict is split off and ceases to participate in further development. This part, emotionally rich, may again blossom and mature in the transference.

The authors have evaluated critically the results of ACTH and ketogenic diet in 122 cases of 'malignant' childhood epilepsies, especially West-syndrome (WS) and Lennox-Gastaut-syndrome (LGS). In agreement with data from the literature about 10% of the idiopathic forms recovered with or without ACTH. In the other cases ACTH caused a transient amelioration of the EEG and/or the spasms; a high-dosage regimen of ACTH was not significantly better than a low-dosage regimen. Fatal complications only occurred in the high-dosage ACTH group. Ketogenic diet in 10 children with LGS seems to have an influence on the LGS-specific seizures but not on the other signs and symptoms of the syndrome. The diet is difficult to maintain and is not free of side-effects.