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Industrial Development has been a major area of interest among the policy makers throughout the world. This paper explores the status of Industrial Development in North-East (NE) India and examines the disparity in Industrial Development among the North-Eastern States by constructing Industrial Development Index (IDI) using Wroclaw Taxonomic Technique based on the notion of growth pole. The study is conducted at two time points 2007-08 and 2017-18. The study used nine industry indicators and concluded by ranking the states. The result indicates that industrial disparity is persistent among the North-Eastern States. Assam and Sikkim are found to be comparatively more developed than the other states taken under consideration. None of the states are categorized as highly developed and Manipur was found to be industrially less developed. The paper also recommends policies to reduce the disparity and promote industrialization in the North-Eastern region which is unexplored compared to the other parts of the country focusing on its ties with the South-Asian Nations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of interregional socio-economic differentiation and the need for assigning limited financial resources, the most important issue for public administration and private investors is a competent choice of growth points in the regional economy. The article is devoted to the analysis of methodological approaches used for growth points formation of the regional economy. The aim of the article is to aggregate and systematize the available methods for identifying points (poles, centers) of regional economic growth. The author defines the mathematical and statistical methods group and the expert assessment methods group for determining growth points. Within the first group, the author considers examples of growth points searching based on the use of cluster analysis, spatial analysis, analysis of structural shifts in the economy, cyclical analysis (Kitchin waves), descriptive and comparative analysis. The possibility of use the economic, mathematical and econometric modeling is the main advantage of these methods group. Within the second group, the author identifies resource, criteria, innovation, spatial, cognitive (foresight) and directive approaches. The relative simplicity, practical orientation and the possibility of a creative approach in the search for growth points is the main advantage of these methods. The insufficient correlation of the growth points forming process with an increase of the life quality of the population is the common disadvantage of the both methods groups. According to the author, the optimal solution is a combination of mathematical and statistical methods and the expert assessment methods. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the aggregation of existing methods for growth points searching in the regional economy and the systematization of the tools used by researchers. The practical significance of the article lies in the fact that knowledge of approaches and tools aimed at identifying growth points provides state and municipal authorities with opportunities to structural transformation, increase the investment flows into the region, improve the life quality of its population, strengthen and develop interregional economic ties, etc. The following methods are used for the study: content analysis, comparative analysis and a systematic approach.

The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the current export potential of Kazakhstan, highlight its shortcomings, and implement solutions that will help to avoid them, form the poles of economic development, as well as explore ways to develop and improve them. This paper is aimed at the study of the economy of the border territories of Kazakhstan, it used the method of logical analysis, the method of comparative analysis, the method of analysis of scientific literature, the method of synthesis, the method of deduction, as well as the economic and statistical method. The result of this work is the definition and development of the theoretical and practical foundations of the activities of border territories, their impact on the economy of this region, as well as the creation of an algorithm and methods for the development of the poles of economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Development Studies is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article provides an analysis of the economic growth patterns and structures in Ambon City. It identifies four distinct characteristics of economic growth and discusses the leading sectors in Ambon City based on various analyses. The research findings reveal the existence of ten leading sectors in Ambon City, categorized into developed, stagnant, developing, and underdeveloped sectors. The study highlights the significant impact of these sectors on Ambon City's economic growth, with sectors such as government administration, defense and mandatory social security, financial services, wholesale and retail trade, and information and communications sectors having the highest influence. [Extracted from the article]

The academic research of the 1950–1980s devoted to polarized development was characterized by methodological eclecticism. The set of generally accepted provisions (the ‘hard core’ of the theory) had not been formed in the framework of the original works of French researchers (primarily F. Perroux and J.-R. Boudeville). This problem of began to worsen due to the expansion of the number of involved researchers. One of the most notable innovations, which arose due to incorrect interpretations of the publications of the French pioneers, was the introduction of the term ‘growth center’, which greatly supplanted the original ‘pole’ terminology from the Anglo-Saxon works. In addition to the unjustified expansion of the list of terms, publications began to appear based on methodological guidelines that run counter to the ones of F. Perroux. In fact, the scientific direction has clearly fallen into the ‘fragmentation trap’. It also failed to form a set of more or less complete auxiliary theories that could form a ‘protective belt’ of the theory of polarized development. As a result, the original methodological basis (which can be characterized as heterodox) began to erode, including through studies using economic orthodoxy typical tools. The end result was a gradual decline in the interest of academic researchers in the original concept, and competing heterodox theories fell into the ‘centers of attention’

Copyright of Rozwój Regionalny & Polityka Regionalna is the property of Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza (IH UAM) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The nighttime economy, or NTE—the combination of nocturnal specialties and the extension of the diurnal economy into the night—has been implemented as an effective boosting instrument set to "revitalize the urban space". The instrument, applied in regions around world, develops new socioeconomic dynamics and poles of growth within cities. Although some cases emphasize the functional success of NTE practices, disequilibrium between urban elements—social groups, communities, and the cultures in which they live—are ongoing. The present article argues that urban nights must be considered within a broader reflection on the question of sustainability because a closer integration between brands, cultural elements, employment, and capital in different scales is demonstrated at night. Based on growth pole theory, this study combines data mining, spatial modeling, and other complementary approaches, and successfully (1) identifies the growth poles of the NTE in Lanzhou City, a postindustrial city transitioning towards a nighttime economy that forms dotted and non-uniform nocturnal zones through its geography and demography; (2) characterizes their socioeconomic organization, and (3) analyzes various causes and manifestations of the disequilibrium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For attracting private capital to the economy, African governments allocate territories for commercial and industrial use within Special Economic Zones (SEZ). This is an important factor in export diversification (primarily of manufactured products), expanding country’s participation in global value chains, and creating new jobs. Despite different specialization from labor-intensive (textile production, agriculture, etc.) to high-tech sectors, most of the existing SEZs are ineffective due to the underdevelopment of African markets, weak competition, large-scale corruption, but to a large extent - as a result of insufficient interconnection between individual producers.Economic space organization through the creation of clusters - production efficiency and the emergence of a special type of competition -allows them to use common infrastructure, labor and raw materials markets; jointly export products; exchange knowledge and technologies, which is significant in terms of the industrial revolution 4.0. Clusters have the characteristics of “growth poles” - territorial conglomerates that, due to their special position and infrastructural advantages, become locomotives of industrial growth, spreading to other regions.This is especially important given the prevalence of highly inefficient micro, small and medium-sized companies in African economies, a significant part of which is in the informal sector. Clusters, emerging as a rule “from below”, can turn into structure-forming elements of the economy (both at the national and regional levels), but only on condition of organizational and financial support from individual states and their economic communities. This is in the African economies interest, as evidenced by their gradual reorientation towards the domestic market development, as well the regional market expansion within the framework of integration associations.

The level of digital readiness and the application of information and communication technologies (ICT) are key factors of any innovation policy. This research has highlighted the development of analysis of the degree of digital readiness and assessment methods of digital transformations, which can be used at various levels of business management to formulate digital transformation strategies. The present study investigates the theoretical framework in the field of innovation and spatial development considering the impact of the level of ICT. The research was conducted using index and economic-statistical methods based on a systematic approach. We developed a methodological tool adapted to the regional management level. The ICT development index, Krugman localisation index and Herfindahl-Hirschman index were modified to analyse digital readiness and ICT development at the regional level. The algorithm includes the following steps: assessment of the internet usage level; analysis of the degree of costs for the production of ICT; evaluation of the digital literacy rate of the population; evaluation of the degree of regional industry specialisation in the field of ICT. It was revealed that Kazakhstan’s regions have varying levels of ICT development, which is why they have different prerequisites and prospects for digitalising their economy. The agglomerations that could become “growth poles” of Kazakhstan’s knowledge-based economy were identified, such as Almaty city, Nur-Sultan city, Karaganda, and Aktobe regions. Government bodies can use the research findings for Kazakhstani territories’ digital modernisation.

Economic growth does not happen all at once at different places, but appears only at poles of development to varying degrees, and then spreads to the entire region or economy. This idea of growth pole theory has initially been examined and applied in Quang Ninh province for nearly 10 years, which prioritizes investment promotion and facilitation for Van Don or Ha Long economic center to grow stronger and faster, and consequently boost smaller urban or economic centers throughout the region. This growth pole thinking has somehow been reflected in the impressive development of Quang Ninh province in recent years. The paper aims at identifying the basic factors that defines Quang Ninh province as a growth pole at the most universal level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural growth poles and development corridors are key instruments for fostering economic growth in rural areas and widely employed across the African continent. This paper contributes to the growing body of scholarship that empirically investigates how these large-scale spatial development strategies 'hit the ground'. Drawing on ethnographic research within the Bagré Growth Pole Project in Burkina Faso and focusing on its key sector, rice, we develop the notion of coordination work. Coordination work captures the quotidian dimension of a growth pole project that is the instruments and interventions aimed at aligning different actors, activities, and arrangements in the project zone. Deploying a practice theoretical lens, we empirically unfold three modes of coordination work, namely the work of agricultural advisors on demonstration fields, consultancy support to farmer groups and unions, and the setting up of a binding agricultural calendar. We contend that a focus on coordination work illuminates the underlying assumptions and effects of distinct measures and instruments while also pointing to the cross connections between them. Ultimately, we show how specific project components change socio-ecological rhythms by tuning and timing practices at the center of megaprojects. • Growth pole projects and alike not only prompt massive infrastructural and technological changes but also interfere with and reshape socio-ecological rhythms. • These changes are implemented through coordination work that is instruments and interventions aimed at aligning different actors, activities, and arrangements in the project zone. • The practical accomplishment of single measures as well as their interaction is barely understood. • Coordination work features top–down instruments but also bottom-up alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The understanding of economic polarization as one of the possible sources of economic development is rooted in a number of scientific papers and in strategic planning documents. This understanding requires the revision of the implications that emerge due to the formation and development of growth poles. The goal of our present research is to develop an approach that will help assess the impact of growth poles on the surrounding space. Scientific novelty of the work consists in the justification of an approach to the identification of direct and reverse effects of the development of growth poles, which allows us to measure the scale of the impact they have on the territories concentrated around. Theoretical and methodological basis of the study is formed by a set of scientific ideas in the field of regional economics, spatial analysis and modeling. Using the assessment of spatial autocorrelation (by determining the values of Moran’s Global Index and Moran’s Local Index) and the implementation of cartographic analysis, we assess the relationships between individual constituent entities of the Russian Federation according to the resulting parameters of territory development such as “permanent population” and “gross regional product”. According to the calculations we prove that the influence of growth poles on the surrounding space is ambiguous: the territories located near large-scale socio-economic systems do not receive a significant impetus to their own development; moreover, they lose the resources they already have. The revealed pronounced reverse effect of economic polarization determines the importance of applying a balanced approach to the use of growth poles as a tool of economic development. The results of our research can be used in the work of public authorities at different levels and can also form the basis for further studies related to the measurement of the effects of development of growth poles and the development of priorities and mechanisms of regional policy, taking into account the interests of the territories that surround them

In 2014, the Russian government adopted a law on strategic planning. In the period from 2015 to 2017, regional development strategies were shaped in accordance with this law. Further, in the period from 2018 to 2019, the government has been developing the national strategy of spatial development, which is clashing with both regional strategies and fundamental principles of the economic theory of spatial development. The article considers the set of such conflicts and assesses their possible consequences. I use the method of comparative analysis, examining how special (for Russian conditions) and theoretical models of spatial development respond to the decisions proposed by the strategy. The strategy includes various concepts that aim to maximize agglomeration effects, identify priority regions, create homogeneous macro-regions, suppress economic and social heterogeneity, and maximize the regions’ competitiveness. I demonstrate that in the strategy, none of the concept’s fragments achieve the proposed decisions correlating with canonical theoretical concepts (the concept of placement of firms and industries, models of spatial development and growth, concepts of spatial diversity and inequality, principles and forms of regional state policy). The strategy identifies the directions of spatial development, which formally correspond to the traditional theoretical models of regional development. However, these directions either are implemented within the inertial development of the spatial system of the Russian Federation, or are modified according to Russian economic and geographical space, while the strategy does not consider these modifications. This leads to a conflict between the goals declared in the strategy and the real problems of the Russian economic space’s functioning in terms of socio-economic inequality, and maximized effects of agglomeration, regional rents, and the regions’ competitiveness. Additionally, I pay particular attention to the problem of shaping the target for strategic spatial planning. The paper has demonstrated that a productive strategy is possible in case of considering the economic space as a system of economically interacting regions, and not an additive set of administrative regions.

Spatial flows between urban and rural area in the form of urban-rural linkages have an important role in the regional integrated development. These flows are change due to natural, economic, social and political factors. One of the geographical territory that has changed naturally is BonRud District and Jolgeh in Isfahan County. Interaction between urban and rural settlements has realized by different flows of population, goods, services, capital, information and communication in this area that has leaded to formation of spatial organization in the area. In this paper, the spatial flows have analyzed by network approach. Present research is explorative based on nature and descriptive-analytic in the aspect of method. Statistical society of the study are all urban and rural settlements of the area. Research required data are collected through field study, interview, and questionnaire. Secondary data collected from archives of responsible organs and institutions. Collected dada have analyzed in the frame of network paradigm, network analyze method and using Nodexl software. Research finding shows that spatial linkage reflects the spatial unbalanced in distribution of possibilities and services in the area. Therefore, settlements of Harand, Varzaneh, Imamzade abdolaziz are in the ranks of one, two and three respectively. The pattern of flows is a daily, regular, and one-sided pattern. This pattern is in many respects consistent with the profile of growth pole theory. This pattern of flows cannot be considered as urban-rural linkage. The recent decade drought has strengthened the urban Polar Regions and strengthened the growth polar pattern in the region.

The optimization of the industrial layout in the Yellow River Basin is of considerable significance to promote its high-quality development. Based on investigating the basic situation of the industrial layout of the nine provinces (autonomous regions) in the Yellow River Ba sin, this paper depicted the distribution map of key industries in the Yellow River Basin and analyzed the current situation of the industrial layout in the Yellow River Basin and its impact on the Yellow River. This paper also discussed the applicability of three industrial layout models, including the growth pole development, point-axis development and network development under the condition of high quality development in the Yellow River Basin. The industrial layout optimization matching the high-quality development of the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River was proposed and the expected effect of this optimization's implementation was also studied. The results show that the effective industrial layout models matching high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin are expanding the industrial circle radiation range of existing growth poles and developing new growth poles, strengthening the driving ability to exist industrial axes and developing new shafts, as well as carrying out green and sustainable industrial development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is devoted to the development of general methodological approaches to evaluate and identify the possibility for creating IT clusters in Kazakhstan regions. The present study considers the formation of IT clusters as growth poles. These poles are based on the establishing the groups of interconnected companies and institutions in IT industry linked by commonalities. The analysis of previous literature has shown that this approach is a novel approach to IT clusters formation. The study employs methods, which focus on analysing and identifying IT clusters in the interests of innovative development and the possibility of spreading information technology in Kazakhstan regions. We propose the methodological tools for presenting a standard form to assess innovative potential and industry specialization. This assessment allows to objectively and realistically define a potentially important region for creating IT cluster. The empirical analysis has identified certain trends in possibilities to create IT clusters in the cities of Almaty and Astana. Therefore, these regions play the role of specialized platforms for a new generation. This platform is to provide a multiplier effect on the development of the agglomeration and located in close territories or periphery. The results of this research can be used to elaborate important strategic documents in the field of the development of the IT industry, digital technology, knowledge-based and high-tech sectors in Kazakhstan on the way to Industry 4.0.

Strategic planning has the major place of the government regulation of economic and social process at modern conditions. The government and regions administrations develop plans and programs that are used as instrument realization politic of management. This plans and programs aid government to reach theircorrect, justified goals.Radical innovations give impact to progressing big economy systems that founded on the growth multiply economy growth theory of innovation type developed on create poles of growth. Technological innovations are the result of generating these radical innovations in special centers, so there is another fresh quality of economy growth. The point of such economy growth consist in formation economic agglomeration near centers either location way or industrial.The leading countries focus special attention on spatial development of the national economic. Russia especially interested in the experience of the leading countries in the sphere of state economy regulation to analyze, adapt and evaluate possibilities to use the decision of problems for the Russian economy.There is analyze of Ireland’s system of strategy planning where especial consider the theme of planning spatial development national economy. The result of the analysis is identification the peculiarities functioning system of strategic planning in Ireland and the definition of the approach to spatial development of Irelandthrough the way to format and promote poles of growth.

The article studies the formation of growth pole based in Vanino – Sovetskaya Gavan. It demonstrates the theoretical-methodological platform used during the analysis of conditions of forming the seaport as a pole of economic growth in a region. The conditions in which the task can be accomplished are the following: decreasing the share of expenses on transshipment and increasing the distance of transportation as the port develops technologically; increasing the volumes of transshipments with large added value; the prevalence of transport and logistical services’ share over transshipment services’ share in the overall income received by the port. The author determines the volume and structure of current and prospective cargo base in Vanino – Sovetskaya Gavan port, emphasizing the cargo generated in Khabarovsk Krai economy. Based on the scenario approach the study predicts economic effects localized on three levels (the territory near the port, the port region itself and other regions). The conclusion is that with conditions and limitations taken into account Vanino – Sovetskaya Gavan port cannot be seen as a growth pole of Khabarovsk Krai economy. A large part of economic effect ‘settles’ in regions outside Khabarovsk Krai. Vanino-Sovetskaya Gavan seaport can only be viewed as a growth pole in case of strengthening the connection with the port region through placement of industrial enterprises, logistical centers and developed information technologies near port, which would allow for supply of services with large added value

Theoretically informed by the relationships between growth poles and regional development, this article investigates two industries in Iloilo City, a secondary city in the Philippines: business processing outsourcing (BPO) and English as a second language (ESL). The empirical analysis is based on 46 interviews. First, the results of the empirical investigation demonstrate that Iloilo City should be considered a genuine growth pole with a substantial degree of enabling institutions. Yet, two qualifications need to be made. While information technology–business processing outsourcing (IT-BPO) is booming, the ESL industry is still small and is heavily reliant on Korean students. Second, while banking on offshore services enables the Philippines to encourage regional deconcentration, it remains to be seen whether future growth of the IT-BPO and ESL industries will result in attaining inter-regional balance and providing a decent alternative to overseas migration. The implications of the results relate to labour markets, endogenous regional development theories and international integration.

Copyright of Central Asian Economic Review is the property of Narxoz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article addresses problems of the periphery and peripheralization of Russia's spatial development, a significant part of which experienced negative socioeconomic development during the transition to a market economy and continues to struggle at present. Theoretical approaches of Russian and foreign authors to defining the concepts of periphery and peripheralization of space are considered. By comparative analysis and systematization, the authors have identified the six basic approaches researchers use to define the term periphery: positional, functional, problematical, generative-translational, social, and subjective. The content and features of each approach are also revealed. The authors have highlighted such basic properties of the periphery as multiform remoteness, economic degradation, social marginalization, multiscale character, migration outflow, ubiquity, relativity, and weak involvement in global economic relations. A system of indicators is proposed that characterize the periphery in accordance with the identified approaches. The spatial development of individual centers of Russia along with degradation of most of its territory significantly actualizes the question on the future of the Russian periphery and its impact on the spatial development of the country as a whole. Due to its own weak potential, the Russian periphery cannot independently attract socioeconomic development and requires strengthening of state regulation measures based on the competitive advantages of each territory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a region that is typical of land consolidation in southwest China, Guangxi has summarized its application regulation and ana⁃ lyzed & determined their main driving factors. This is useful for the promotion of land consolidation. This study used the time series method to deduce and summarize the evolution of land consolidation in Guangxi from 2005 to 2015. This study also used the linear trend analysis method to predict the scale of land consolidation from 2016 to 2020. Consequently, 15 factors had been selected from three aspects including economy, society, and resources to analyze the driving factors of land arrangement, land development, and land reclamation using the improved grey relational analysis method from a urban-rural coordination perspective. The results showed that there were several different growth pole phenomena for land consolidation in Guangxi from 2005 to 2015. During the 11th Five-Year Plan period, land arrangement was the key growth point, and during the 12th Five-Year Plan, land development was the key growth point. Using forecasting and analysis, it was considered that land reclamation would become the key growth point during the 13th Five-Year Plan period. As a result of policies and opportunities, the growing poles of land consolidation would follow the same development pattern as that had occurred in previous years. Influenced by a shortage of high-quality cultivated land resources and weak agricultural infrastructure, land utilization in Guangxi was mainly driven by "resources+society". Due to a large number of "unstable cultivated land" resources and a high rate of agricultural in⁃ surance indemnity expenditure, land development in Guangxi was mainly resource-driven. As a result of the rapid development of the Bei⁃ bu Gulf economic zone, the significant effect of land use agglomeration, and the increase in degraded land caused by unsustainable develop⁃ ment, land reclamation in Guangxi was mainly driven by economic need. Moreover, there were growth pole phenomena that were relevant for regional land consolidation. The core points of land arrangement, development, and reclamation would have numerous implementation scales and driving factors. Their optimum and coordinated development should provide the direction for land consolidation development in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demographic dynamics analysed in the context of the relationship between economic development and social inclusion presents an image of the sustainable development of a community as well as the manner how the financial resources have been used. With an allocation of 74.3 million euro in the programming period 2007-2013, the Brasov Growth Pole has pursued the contribution to the achievement of sustainable development since 2005 by the participation in the Agenda 21. The implementation of projects with European financing in areas such as transport, social and educational infrastructure or tourism have generated changes/demographic movements, which this paper proposes to present. The evolution of the stable population, its dynamics at the level of each locality that is part of the Brasov growth pole as well as the dynamics of the number of employees or the development of the unemployment rate are presented by the cluster analysis. The effects of the European financing obtained from Regional Operational Programme 2007-2013 are thus reflected in the sustainable development of the Brasov growth pole from the point of view of the dynamics of the population

This research aims to determine the leading sectors that could be developed in each district in Cilacap Regency as a growth pole area. We use location quotient, shift share, and klassen typology as analysis methods. The research results show that not all of the district at Cilacap regency have a leading sector. Further, districts that have leading sectors are as follows. Wanareja only has a leading sector, i.e. agriculture. Secondly, Kawunganten has two leading sectors, agriculture and finance, rent, and company services. Thirdly, Agriculture becomes the only leading sector of Kampung Laut District. Fourthly, Mining and extraction are the leading sectors of Kesugihan District. Fifthly, Sampang District has buildings and finance sectors as the leading sectors. Sixthly, Kroya District leads in trade, hotel, and restaurant sectors. Seventhly, South Cilacap District leads in mining and extraction sectors. Eighthly, Central Cilacap District has manufacturing, electricity, gas and clean water, building and services as leading sectors. Lastly, North Cilacap District has electricity, gas and clean water, manufacturing, building and services as leading sectors. Abstrak Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menentukan sektor unggulan yang dapat dikembangkan di tiap kecamatan di Kabupaten Cilacap sebagai salah satu daerah growth pole. Alat analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu location quotient, shift share dan klassen typologi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak semua kecamatan di kabupaten Cilacap memiliki sektor unggulan. Beberapa daerah yang memiliki sektor unggulan diantaranya adalah Kecamatan Wanareja hanya memiliki satu sektor unggulan yaitu pertanian. Kedua adalah Kecamatan Kawunganten memiliki dua sektor unggulan yaitu sektor pertanian dan sektor keuangan, persewaan dan jasa perusahaan. Kecamatan Kampung Laut, dimana sektor pertanian pada kecamatan ini sangatlah unggul. Kecamatan kesugihan juga memiliki satu sektor unggulan yaitu sektor pertambangan dan penggalian. Kecamatan yang kelima yaitu Kecamatan Sampang, unggul dalam sektor bangunan dan sektor keuangan, persewaan dan jasa perusahaan. Keenam adalah Kecamatan Kroya unggul dalam sektor perdagangan, hotel dan restoran. Ketujuh yaitu Kecamatan Cilacap Selatan, sektor pertambangan dan penggalian di wilayah ini termasuk unggul. Cilacap tengah memiliki banyak sektor unggulan, diantaranya adalah sektor Industri pengolahan, sektor listrik, gas dan air bersih, sektor bangunan serta sektor jasa-jasa. Dan Kecamatan Cilacap Utara, sektor yang tergolong unggul dalam kecamatan ini adalah sektor listrik, gas dan air bersih, sektor industri pengolahan, sektor bangunan dan sektor jasa-jasa.

The present article addresses the local and regional impact of oil and gas activities entering the Norwegian periphery. It demonstrates and analyses Hammerfest case within the framework of Norwegian development. The paper explores the changes in social and economic development of the town during the Snow White exploitation and the construction of the first european LNG (liquefied natural gas) plant at Melkoya as well as all the supporting infrustructure during 2002-2008. Particular attention is paid to the impact of the above-mentioned factors on the local supplies’ position, employment structure, demography, taxation policy and and local wellfare. The article also addresses the theories concerning the oil and gas sector’s role in building new economic growth poles outside already established economic centers.

This study aims to show how the polarisation of the economic space can modify the investment attractiveness of the regional space. A thesis has been put forward that the polarisation of the economic space affects the investment attractiveness of the regional space by strengthening the polarising power of the regions with the highest investment attractiveness. This study uses the results of the parameterisation of investment attractiveness of Polish regions for 2015 by gmina; it also identifies growth poles in four five-year time periods: 2008–2012, 2009–2013, 2010–2014, and 2011–2015. The study shows that the permanent growth poles are created at a distance of several dozen kilometres from large cities. It indicates the depletion of development reserves of large and medium-sized cities, especially those with extensive space management. Smaller centres are gaining location attractiveness, especially those located in the vicinity of communication routes, where access to investment areas and lower costs of running a business attract investors. Special economic zones are also located in such places. The poles and their clusters usually form large agglomerations and industrial centres in the development phase. They are usually places with high investment attractiveness, adjusted by management decisions of large enterprises, local government units and the state government. The polarisation of the economic space affects the increase of the investment attractiveness of the regions, strengthening the succession of economic production and service functions in special economic zones. Investments in road infrastructure and revitalisation processes supported by special economic zones are essential.

During the second half of the twentieth century several theories and con¬cepts are defined. These theories at the center of their research put causes and consequences of uneven regional development. The growth poles theory is at the foundation of a broader conceptual circle of polarized development. Also, it represent a starting hypothesis for defining other theories. At the beginning of the second half of twentieth century a few growth poles were formed in Podrinje region. In the fifties, the primary growth pole - fabric for production of the cellulose and synthetic fibers 'Viskoza', and the secondary growth pole - hydropower plant 'Zvornik', were build. Also, there have been built a several smaller industrial facilities in Kru¬panj and Ljubovija, which have had a role of local growth poles. Their join action changed spacious, functional, demographic and economic structure of Podrinje region. Also, these growth poles created a new system of relation in space. Cities have become zones of extreme concentration of population and functions, thus increased uneven development between the centers (cities with suburban surroundings) and periphery (villages at the longer distances in lower zone of influence).

As it raises the concept "Healthy China 2030", China has vigorously focused on promoting national health. This brings into opportunities for development of sports industry. In the paper, documents consultation, method of induction and diamond model were employed, by research means on the basis of growth pole theory, strategic thought -building regional central city sports industrial "growth pole" was put forward. On the basis of the diamond model theory, by means of experts scoring, indicator system that could represent regional sports industrial competitiveness could be screened out, accordingly the major developing central cities were selected; for these central cities, reform in the form of "two characteristics and six transformations" (two characteristics refer to advancement and purity, six transformations refer to professionalize branch secretary, carry out more precise management in party members, strict with discipline supervision, normalize organizational life, operating institutionalization, long-effecting basic guarantee), enhance core competitiveness of central cities' sports industries; use "two characteristics and six transformations" as "growth pole" of regional sports industrial development, driving surrounding areas' sports industrial development from point to place, so that realize the whole regions' common development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research of minor cities - also due to the development policy context of the topic - draws significant attention to the contemporary Europe. Examination of the economic dynamics and structure of minor cities regarded as potential growth poles is particularly important in the monocentric space structure of Hungary determined by the dichotomy of Budapest and the rural regions. Our study, after an overview of the relevant Hungarian literature, analyses the estimated economic strength (gross domestic product) of settlements and some locally aggregated economic performance indices of companies using the double-entry bookkeeping system. It also examines the economic development tendencies and the changing relative position of the Hungarian minor cities after the turn of the Millennium, based on data of large, medium-sized and potential medium-sized enterprises registered in these cities. A major result of the paper is that the integration into the global production networks led by big foreign companies as well as the re-industrialization process can be primarily observed in the background of the economic success, which is also associated with some potential threats (like one-sided dependency or limits of local value added). The economic duality of Hungary is well reflected in the performance differences of minor cities, showing the advantageous position of centres located closer to the capital, benefiting from both localization economies and borrowed size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The process of the elaboration and the implementation of the regional development strategies is facing challenges coming both form the limits of the instruments which are used for the substantiation of the planning documents and the lack of the most efficient evaluation methods of the implementation measures impact. The regional development strategies developed within 2007 - 2013 programming period as parts of the Regional Development Plans were based on a series of statistical analyses of the available statistical data. The specific details of the of the administrative system, the capacity of the national and local public administration to lead the management and control system created for the absorption of the EU funds in Romania were missing from the regional development strategies. These are the problems identified both within the annual implementation reports and national strategic reports as the main causes of the low rate of absorption. As a conclusion, there are more different aspects such as capacity of the public management or the coherence of the legal system that should take into account in the process of the substantiation of the regional development strategies.

Research background: Transfer of newly created money through unconventional monetary measures follows the official European Central Bank distribution key. Yet, it does not take into account the ability of individual countries to drive growth process in other economies. Money spent to boost domestic credit provisioning in growth pole-like economies is more likely to spill over to other adjoined economies and help them to recover, even in the presence of depressed domestic demand and/or overleveraged domestic banking sector. Purpose of the article: This paper reports growth pole scores for 19 euro area countries, and compares it to the official distribution key used to transmit newly created source of funding. Methods: We modify the procedure developed in World Bank (2011) for growth pole computation in order to account for strength of linkages connecting member states. Findings & Value added: Our results suggest that the official distribution key might not be completely optimal once looking at the growth pole scores. Countries small in economic size (Baltic states, Slovakia and Slovenia) would benefit from a more differentiated distribution, as they strongly outperform their benchmark set by the official distribution key. On the other hand, big euro area economies do not achieve the levels used in official distribution key, taking into account their growth pole potential for other euro area economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theoretically informed by the relationships between growth poles and regional development, this article investigates two industries in Iloilo City, a secondary city in the Philippines: business processing outsourcing (BPO) and English as a second language (ESL). The empirical analysis is based on 46 interviews. First, the results of the empirical investigation demonstrate that Iloilo City should be considered a genuine growth pole with a substantial degree of enabling institutions. Yet, two qualifications need to be made. While information technology–business processing outsourcing (IT-BPO) is booming, the ESL industry is still small and is heavily reliant on Korean students. Second, while banking on offshore services enables the Philippines to encourage regional deconcentration, it remains to be seen whether future growth of the IT-BPO and ESL industries will result in attaining inter-regional balance and providing a decent alternative to overseas migration. The implications of the results relate to labour markets, endogenous regional development theories and international integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Years after being launched, the Maputo Development Corridor (MDC) is still facing a number of socio-economic challenges. Prominent amongst these are its failure to create adequate employment opportunities; a top-down functional approach which excludes ordinary citizens; and an unfocused management approach. The MDC also suffers from a lack of clarity on key conceptual issues such as the economic influence exerted by its nodes along the corridor and the width of its economic influence away from the spine of the corridor. This study empirically establishes the influence of nodes along the MDC and ascertains the statistical significance of the impact of the corridor over distance away from its spine. ArcGIS, standard statistical analyses and multivariate regression analysis are used to determine the relative impact of nodes on subsets of the corridor along that corridor as well as the width of its impact at various distances away from the N4 spine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pilot reforms gradually implemented through key nodes have become an important pattern of regional development in China since the policy of reform and opening up was introduced in 1978. On the basis of an analysis of the evolution processes and characteristics of regional development policies in post-reform China, this paper develops the concept and analytical framework of national node strategies (NNS), defined as regional development strategies centered on specific spatial nodes, by addressing their theoretical basis and research scope. The regional economic impacts of NNS were explored quantitatively through the examples of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone, Pudong New Area and Tianjin Binhai New Area in different stages of the reform and opening up. The results indicate that the evolution of China's regional development policies can be divided into three stages: the exploration stage led by Special Economic Zones (SEZs), the expansion stage dominated by Economic Development Zones and the optimization stage featuring State-level New Areas and National Comprehensive Reform Pilot Areas. During all the three stages, NNS have played an important demonstrative and leading role and promoted the rapid evolution of China's regional development policies from localized to widespread implementation, and the role of the government has also changed accordingly. As an innovative application and development of the growth pole theory in transitional China, NNS have become engines of regional development as well as important conduits of institutional innovations. NNS and regional development have achieved a benign coupling and formed a gradated regional development model. Empirical research indicates that NNS are an important method used by the government to guide and regulate regional economic development, with complex and diverse economic effects that differ depending on the stage of regional development and the spatial scale of analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the spatial economic structure and inequality in Thailand at the national and regional levels, with a particular focus on the Northeastern region in the period from 1987 to 2007. The study has three main points: 1) examination of the economic structure and inequality at the national level and in the Northeastern region according to the Theil index, 2) determination of regional growth centres and satellite towns by using growth pole theory as a conceptual framework and incorporating spatial interaction analysis and 3) analysis of the relationship between regional growth centres and satellite towns with regard to the impact on growth and inequality. The results show that the Northeastern region is definitely the lagging region in the nation, by both gross domestic product (GDP) and gross regional product (GRP) per capita. It was therefore selected for a case study. Spatial analysis identified Nakhon Ratchasima, Khon Kaen, Udon Thani and Ubon Ratchathani as regional growth centres. Each of them has its own sphere of influence (or satellite towns), and the total area of regional growth centres and satellite towns are classified as sub-regions. The development of regional growth centres has a direct impact on sub-regional economic growth through economic and social relationships: urbanisation, industrial development, per capita growth, the number of higher educational institutes and so on. However, such growth negatively correlates with economic equality among the provinces in a sub-region. The inequality trend is obviously on an upswing. This study suggests that industrial links between regional growth centres and their satellite towns should be improved in order for regional growth centre development to have a consistently desirable effect on both economic growth and equality. Such a strong process means that the growth of regional growth centres will spread, leading to the development of their surrounding areas.

An assessment is given of the structure of the array of publications in academic journals, presented on the basis of the Scientific Electronic Library, included in the Russian Science Citation Index, by query «clusters», «TPC», «growth poles». Breakdown of the articles on cluster topics is given by science journals, groups of journals, types of publications, «sectoral» and «geographic» groups

La zone d’influence de Bucarest est un espace caractérisé par des activités complexes. La dynamique de ce système territorial est dépendent de l’importance des axes structurales et des principaux pôles intra et interzonales. Ces pôles et axes structurales se sont reconfigurés et les plus importantes mutations sont enregistrées par la délocalisation de certains pôles situées dans l’intérieur de la capitale dans sa zone d’influence. Ces pôles structurales se peuvent transformer en pôles de croissance et contribuer dans le développement équilibré du système territorial, qui est la zone d’influence de Bucarest.

The main objective of this paper is to present the organization of subregional growth poles of the Opole Voivodeship, especially the Kędzierzyn-Strzelce subregion in the context of increasing the efficiency of local government units constituting the subregions in implementing the National Spatial Development Concept 2030 and the Opole Voivodeship development policy by 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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1-Introduction Industrial development strategies which presented in 1950s, is one of most popular strategy to increase the development level of undeveloped regions. In fact development of industrial pole which include large urban, industrial areas and large companies can become a growth center for economic activities and encourage growth in periphery areas. Accordingly, Mazandaran wood and paper industries initiate their activities in 1997 have had positive and negative impacts on periphery rural areas. Since previous study ignored the investigation such impacts, current research aimed to assess the economic, social, environmental and physical impacts of Mazandaran's “wood and paper complex” on periphery rural areas. Research method This applied research was carried out by questionnaire survey method. The statistical population consisted of 2625 heads of household in 18 villages around the “wood and paper complex” which 350 samples randomly selected by Krejcie and Morgan table. Content validity of the research questionnaire was confirmed by a panel experts and faculty members. Calculated Coronbach Alpha coefficients as indication of questionnaire’s reliability were as equal to 0.68, 0.88, 0.86, and 0.92 respectively for economical, social, physical and environmental impacts. Using SPSS and EXCEL software, the gathered data was analyzed. Theoretical framework Theory growth pole and growth center formulated and developed by many scientists. According to the concept of growth pole and growth center, public investment programs will have maximum effects on a regional growth if concentrated in a small number of favorable locations in regional development policy. Growth pole and growth center concept has become popular because of its orientation towards ‘dynamic industry' (i.e. dynamic propulsive firm & leading propulsive industry) ‘polarization and agglomeration' (interindustry linkages of external economies) and the promise of ensuring “spread effects”. One of the important characteristics of a leading propulsive industry or growth centers is different effects on periphery areas. Such effects are of two types. Backwash effects: These include all the negative effects of growth centers. It promise capital, skills and people moved out of backward regions to the developed regions, leaving the latter poor and dry. So growth centers can't cause of development for periphery areas. Spread effects: These include all the positive effects of growth centers. These spread effects were those which gave expansionary momentum from the centers of economic expansion to other regions, and were centrifugal in nature. So growth centers can cause of development for periphery areas and the main cause of economic forwardness and regional development has been the strong spread effects and the weak backwash effects Current paper aimed to investigate backwash and forward effects of wood and paper industries in Mazandaran province. - Results Results of prioritizing items of physical impacts showed that "development of educational services and facilities in rural areas was most important according to rural people viewpoint. Also “increasing tendency of rural people to work in wood and paper complex” was most social impacts, "increasing employment opportunities in rural areas” was most economical impacts and “reduce in rangeland" was most environmental impacts of “wood and paper complex” on periphery rural areas. The results of on-sample t-test showed that all the four impacts of Mazandaran wood and paper industries were lower than means. Findings of factor analyzing indicated that six factors namely; “social benefits”, “infrastructural benefits”, “environmental costs”, “economic benefits”, “recreationalservices benefits” and “social costs” explained %68.804 of the total variances for impacts of “wood and paper complex” on around rural areas. Current results revealed that; “social benefits”, “infrastructural benefits”, “economic benefits”, “recreational-services benefits” indicated positive effects and “environmental costs”, and “social costs” imply negative effects of “wood and paper complex” on periphery rural areas. Moreover %72.081 of total effects was positive and %27.919 was negative effects which revealed that positive effects were more than negative effects. Moreover the results of compare mean tests showed that different groups of rural people didn't have consensus on the positive and negative impacts. Recommendations Establish training centers inside of complex to train local people and increase its skill and providing them as expert workers. Management with cooperation of rural council can introduce activity of complex and attain more support from local community. Transforming management of training, sport and health center to local people and improve its attitude and satisfaction. Using infiltration technology or finding location explosion can decrease waste and increase of environmental protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The establishment of Obajana Cement Company in 2003 brought about speedy development in Obajana by deliberately or in-advertently stimulating growth and development at strategic point(s) within the region, though exhibits some problems such as rapid population increase without commensurate provision of facilities, utilities and services, as a result of which planning challenges of various dimensions originate. This research is therefore, carried out with the aim of assessing the spread and multiplier effects of the industry in the region and is fostered by the objectives which examine the pre and post Cement industry, socio spatial and economic spatial development in Obajana and the entire region. It also examines the extent of the multiplier effects induced. The data sourced for the work included primary data, through personal observation, oral interview, questionnaire administration and application of check list in a Focus Group Discussion while the secondary data was sourced from related journals, text books, the internet, news reports and encyclopaedia. The analysis of data was done by computing frequencies, and percentages. Results of analysis are discussed and presented in tables, graphs and pictures. The study found that the region of study is definitely being rapidly transformed economically, socially and physically/spatially. To check this regional development in-balance associated with the establishment of the industry, city development strategy (CDS) planning approach was recommended in all the activities/efforts aimed at fostering balanced and sustainable regional development. This approach is to be applied with paramount regard to the need for equitable regional development practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the spatial economic structure and inequality in Thailand at the national and regional levels, with a particular focus on the Northeastern region in the period from 1987 to 2007. The study has three main points: 1) examination of the economic structure and inequality at the national level and in the Northeastern region according to the Theil index, 2) determination of regional growth centres and satellite towns by using growth pole theory as a conceptual framework and incorporating spatial interaction analysis and 3) analysis of the relationship between regional growth centres and satellite towns with regard to the impact on growth and inequality. The results show that the Northeastern region is definitely the lagging region in the nation, by both gross domestic product (GDP) and gross regional product (GRP) per capita. It was therefore selected for a case study. Spatial analysis identified Nakhon Ratchasima, Khon Kaen, Udon Thani and Ubon Ratchathani as regional growth centres. Each of them has its own sphere of influence (or satellite towns), and the total area of regional growth centres and satellite towns are classified as sub-regions. The development of regional growth centres has a direct impact on sub-regional economic growth through economic and social relationships: urbanisation, industrial development, per capita growth, the number of higher educational institutes and so on. However, such growth negatively correlates with economic equality among the provinces in a sub-region. The inequality trend is obviously on an upswing. This study suggests that industrial links between regional growth centres and their satellite towns should be improved in order for regional growth centre development to have a consistently desirable effect on both economic growth and equality. Such a strong process means that the growth of regional growth centres will spread, leading to the development of their surrounding areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In parallel with the change of the political-economic regime, the Hungarian system of public administration faced new challenges. Under state socialism, medium-level public administration was represented by the counties, which exercised strong control over the local governments of settlements in the hierarchic system of public administration. During the reforms of the public administration after the change of the political regime, the administrative roles of counties were withdrawn, and their functions were minimised upon the pressure of the settlements. Hungary came to witness a rather rare situation where in between the state and thousands of local governments no medium-level units of public administration with real powers existed. Nevertheless, the country's accession to the European Union in 2004 brought about a change: it was necessary to create regions that were in line with the regional policy of the Community, but missing from the territorial structure of Hungary. As a result, on the medium level, in addition to counties and cities of county rank there emerged regions that were higher in the territorial hierarchy, but lacked local governments. Yet, the structural reform of public administration system did not stop at this point, because for years now the elevation of the county-based, deconcentrated bodies of public administration mediating governmental functions to the regional level has been in progress. It is clear for the larger cities of county rank that if the political and public administration is decentralised in Hungary, it will be an evident consequence to designate those cities that will serve as the seats of the regional governments, in practice the capitals of the regions. There is a sharp competition taking place for the possession of these regional functions, while the state is decreasing the number of potential actors via public administration and regional development. This study aims to answer which cities are suitable for acting as regional centres by the regional decentralisation of governmental functions and top-bottom regional planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of growth poles and one of its spatial effects, the urban sprawl, are realities that characterise today's cities of Romania. Since 1990, the city of Timisoara has shown considerable ability both in production and in the appropriation of space both within its bounds and beyond. This has strengthened its urban quality and integrated it more securely in its local area and region. Although from a demographic point of view it has stagnated, Timisoara has succeeded in developing relationships with other European cities and has won itself a place among those urban centres in Romania that are best integrated in Central Europe's network of communication and exchange. However, the urban renewal and suburban development of Timisoara, involving the re-forging of territorial links and the redefinition of the city's regional roles, is not taking place without problems. Will Timisoara's new national status (granted in 2008) of designated 'growth pole' be sufficient to solve these problems and kick-start the effective long-term development of the city and its zone of influence? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ke S. and Feser E. Count on the growth-pole strategy for regional economic growth? Spread-backwash effects in Greater Central China. Regional Studies. This paper investigates spread-backwash effects associated with non-agricultural gross domestic product and employment growth across 922 cities and counties in Central China between 2000 and 2005. Simultaneous equation estimates find mixed spread-backwash effects from prefecture and higher-level cities to comparable or lower-level cities and counties. Spread effects of gross domestic product and employment growths are also indicated between county-level cities. However, county-level cities exerted backwash effects on rural counties. The paper discusses the implications of these findings in relation to the construction of urban economic growth zones in Central China as an important strategy of Central Rise. [image omitted] Ke S. et Feser E. Devrait-on compter sur la strategie de poles de croissance afin d'assurer la croissance economique regionale? Les effets de repartition et de redisribution en Chine centrale. Regional Studies. Cet article cherche a examiner les effets de repartition et de redistribution lies au PIB et a la croissance de l'emploi non-agricole a travers 922 grandes villes et comtes en Chine centrale de l'an 2000 jusqu'a 2005. Il resulte des estimations provenant des equations simultanees des effets de repartition et de redistribution mitiges dans les prefectures et plus grandes les villes jusqu'aux villes comparables ou aux villes et comtes plus petits. Les effets de repartition de la hausse du PIB et de l'emploi sont aussi indiques pour ce qui est des villes situees aux comtes. Cependant, les villes situees aux comtes ont eu des effets de redistribution sur les comtes ruraux. Cet article discute des implications de ces resultats par rapport a la construction des zones urbaines, economiques de croissance en Chine centrale comme une importante strategie de la Vague centrale. Chine centrale Pole de croissance Repartition-redistribution Econometrie geographique Ke S. und Feser E. Kann man sich fur regionales Wirtschaftswachstum auf die Wachstumspol-Strategie verlassen? Ausbreitungs- und Entzugseffekte in Zentralchina. Regional Studies. In diesem Beitrag untersuchen wir die Ausbreitungs- und Entzugseffekte durch nicht landwirtschaftliches BIP- und Beschaftigungswachstum in 922 Stadten und Bezirken von Zentralchina zwischen 2000 und 2005. Durch simultane Gleichungsschatzungen stellen wir gemischte Ausbreitungs- und Entzugseffekte von Stadten auf Prafektur- und hoherer Ebene hin zu Stadten und Bezirken auf vergleichbarer oder niedrigerer Ebene fest. Die Ausbreitungseffekte des BIP- und Beschaftigungswachstums waren auch innerhalb der Stadte auf Bezirksebene zu verzeichnen. Allerdings ubten die Stadte auf Bezirksebene einen Entzugseffekt auf die landlichen Bezirke aus. In diesem Beitrag werden die Auswirkungen dieser Ergebnisse im Hinblick auf die Einrichtung urbaner Wirtschaftswachstumszonen in Zentralchina als wichtige Strategie fur den Aufstieg Zentralchinas erortert. Zentralchina Wachstumspol Ausbreitungs- und Entzugseffekte Raumliche Okonometrie Ke S. y Feser E. ¿Podemos contar con la estrategia de los polos de crecimiento para el crecimiento economico regional? Efectos de dispersion y regresion en China central. Regional Studies. En este articulo investigamos los efectos de dispersion y regresion asociados al PIB no agricola y el crecimiento de empleo en 922 ciudades y distritos de China central entre 2000 y 2005. En los calculos de ecuacion simultanea observamos efectos combinados de dispersion y regresion desde ciudades a un nivel de prefectura o mas alto hacia ciudades y distritos a un nivel comparable o mas bajo. Los efectos de dispersion del PIB y crecimientos de empleo tambien se observan entre las ciudades a nivel de distrito. Sin embargo, las ciudades a nivel de distrito ejercieron efectos de regresion frente a los distritos rurales. En este articulo presentamos las implicaciones de estos resultados con relacion a la construccion de las zonas urbanas con crecimiento economico en China central como una importante estrategia para el auge de China central. China central Polo de crecimiento Dispersion-regresion Factores econometricos espaciales [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ten-Year Plan for the port of Antwerp (1956-1965) funded the expansion of the port's infrastructure over a 10-year period. Strictly, a national government-funded infrastructure programme for the construction of a set of canal docks, the programme laid the basis for a broader urbanization of the north-eastern Antwerp metropolitan region. The importance of the operation lies primarily in its role as an instrument of urbanization rather than in the improvement of the transport and transshipment capacity of the port because it opened up a large territory to industrial settlement. The linear layout of the project along the Scheldt River led planners to conceive the further urbanization of the adjacent region on a linear city model, with satellite communities attached to the industrial and infrastructural strip. Compared with the contemporary Europoort plan for the port of Rotterdam, where several planning agencies implemented conflicting plans for functionally distinct infrastructures and the construction of a new town, the success of the Antwerp approach resides in the flexible and strategic implementation of the project as a co-production between various authorities and private parties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For historic reasons, Hungary's urban network is rather monocentric due to the excessive development of the capital and its surrounding region. Polarization within the network is ongoing, as the capital region is the main growth engine. The rest of the country has a rather polycentric and balanced system of small and medium-sized towns. The country's main challenge has been this monocentric structure, and spatial policy has addressed the question with different tools over a long period of time. In the centrally planned economy, problems of monocentricity could be addressed directly by central planning; however, the advent of a market economy radically changed the opportunities for public intervention. National spatial policy has addressed the problem by creating regional growth poles, but as socioeconomic processes do not stay within these boundaries there is a need to put the question of polycentricity in a new, wider territorial context if these challenges are to be effectively addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]