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Background: Research suggests that head-mounted displays (HMD) can spark situational interest when they are used to provide science learning experiences that are not possible in traditional classroom settings. However, few studies have investigated the lasting effects of using HMDs in an authentic instructional intervention. Objectives: We investigated the effects of a one-time experience of a virtual field trip to Greenland in a sample of 105 middle school students. Methods: Students used either a standard 2D video (video condition; N = 50) or an HMD (HMD condition; N = 55) as part of a six-lesson educational activity on the topic of climate change. Informed by social cognitive career theory (SCCT), we investigated the effects of the different conditions (video vs. HMD) on the outcomes of self-efficacy, outcome expectations, interest, and science intentions across three time points. Results and Conclusions: The results showed that using the HMD-based virtual field trip, compared to the video, had a positive immediate effect on self-efficacy and interest, and total later effects on self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and interest an average of two and a half weeks after the virtual field trip. The results suggest that HMD-based virtual field trips can influence self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and interest more than a video-based virtual field trip when measured approximately two and a half weeks after the intervention.

In Scandinavia, plurilingualism has been embraced as an important goal in language curricula. However, research shows that teachers struggle to understand what plurilingualism is and how it can be implemented. To address this lack of clarity, we analysed the curricula for the three main language subjects of schooling in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden with the purpose of identifying which pluralistic approaches can be found in them. We based our analysis on the three main approaches described in "The Framework of Reference for Pluralistic Approaches to Languages and Cultures": integrated didactic approach (IDA), intercomprehension between related languages (ICRL) and eveil aux langues (EAL). We found several similarities across the Scandinavian countries, but also some major differences, suggesting that plurilingual education in these countries will likely have different learning outcomes for the students. For example, IDA is lacking in the Swedish curriculum, and the goals for ICRL are more ambitious in Denmark than in the other countries. Furthermore, Norway and Sweden include national minority languages in their pluralistic approaches, whereas no attention is given to language diversity in regions with close political bonds to Denmark, such as the Faroe Islands, Iceland, and Greenland.

Based on Bourdieu's theory of practice, this article explores pedagogical ideals and educational policies in teachers' everyday practice in a postcolonial bilingual university setting in Greenland. Greenlandic and Danish teachers' teaching ideals were explored during a one-year pedagogy qualifying course for assistant professors organised by the (Danish) authors in cooperation with University of Greenland. The overall pedagogical agenda placed an emphasis on student activity. Both Greenlandic and Danish teachers' representations of their practice accounted for the linguistic and cultural backgrounds of their indigenous students, but they did so in different ways. Whereas Greenlandic teachers tended to emphasise formal correctness in the use of Greenlandic language and student understanding and translation of the learning objectives, Danish teachers tended to lower their own perceived academic norms and graded certain students more leniently in order to compensate for both their dominant role as teacher and for postcolonial dominance.

This paper outlines a new model of language revitalisation that understands language to be a characteristic of a nexus of social activities rather than an independent object. Language use is one of an overall set of factors contributing to the wellbeing of a particular community. Our model treats language as one node (or a cluster of nodes) in a complex system of interacting behaviours. Changes to another node or in the language node(s) itself can impact overall social wellbeing, something often ignored by linguists (but not by other social scientists working in Indigenous communities). Disruption to an existing network occurs within a time frame; the longer the disruption, the more likely that the network redefines the group. Variables that define the language ecology operate on multiple levels. For the group and for individuals within the group, there can be considerable variation in usage and proficiency over time. Sustainability cannot be reduced to simple cause-and-effect relationships between sociocultural variables. The next phase of language revitalisation projects should be built around the concept of language activity as part of promoting community wellbeing. The use of complex networks that have been applied to human wellbeing in other contexts support our argument.

We describe findings from an exploratory study on Greenlandic and Canadian preservice teachers' (PSTs') views on climate change teaching and teacher education programs. Greenland and Canada are experiencing more rapid warming than the global average. Climate resilience is thus of great importance and climate change needs to be taught to foster innovations and adaptation and to prepare young citizens to be engaged participants in policy debates about mitigation. Forty-five PSTs at the University of Greenland and Lakehead University answered a survey comprised mainly Likert Scale and open-ended questions. We found that PSTs need more knowledge about climate change, while, across disciplines, almost all would like to teach climate change and believe that preparing to do so should be a part of initial teacher education.

This first analysis of aggregated data from the Kahoot! game-based player response system demonstrates that it can provide assessments of overall US student polar knowledge and identifies differences in polar knowledge across several states. A kahoot online quiz on polar topics recorded over 25,000 United States teacher-hosted classroom players (mostly middle-high school students) run by 1,167 unique teacher hosts within nine months (09/2018 through 06/2019). This high volume of teacher-initiated kahoots shows that many US teachers are motivated to include polar content in their teaching. We selected a subset of questions for analysis to compare with external data from a 2016 survey assessing polar knowledge of the US adult public. On three directly comparable questions kahoot student accuracy averaged just 30%, well below the 49% average accuracy observed on the nationwide survey of adults. Our geographic analysis focused on 13 states that had greater than 100 players for all questions analyzed. Among these, students in Rhode Island, Oregon, Arizona, and Washington exhibit the highest scores overall, while responses from Ohio and Illinois students appeared no better than guessing. Although widespread US teacher interest in polar content is indicated by the many who chose to use the polar kahoot in their classroom, students' polar knowledge proves to be very low. These findings reinforce a need to include more polar and Earth system content in curricula, as well as to crowdsource benchmarked suites of knowledge questions appropriate for assessment of educational interventions.

Immersive Virtual Reality (IVR) is being used for educational virtual field trips (VFTs) involving scenarios that may be too difficult, dangerous or expensive to experience in real life. We implemented an immersive VFT within the investigation phase of an inquiry-based learning (IBL) climate change intervention. Students investigated the consequences of climate change by virtually traveling to Greenland and exploring albedo and greenhouse effects first hand. A total of 102 seventh and eighth grade students were randomly assigned to one of two instructional conditions: (1) narrated pretraining followed by IVR exploration or (2) the same narrated training material integrated within the IVR exploration. Students in both conditions showed significant increases in declarative knowledge, self-efficacy, interest, STEM intentions, outcome expectations and intentions to change behavior from the pre- to post-assessment. However, there was a significant difference between conditions favoring the pretraining group on a transfer test consisting of an oral presentation to a fictitious UN panel. The findings suggest that educators can choose to present important prerequisite learning content before or during a VFT. However, adding pretraining may lead to better transfer test performance, presumably because it helps reduce cognitive load while learning in IVR.

This article is about how to work with young children's online communication in the kindergarten and how the children can acquire knowledge of other cultures through this online communication. The article presents various projects in which online communication between kindergartens has been attempted. Then the article will argue about the importance of supporting kindergarten children to be able to act in a globalized, mediatized and digitized world, both through a reflection on how society is changing and through a description of how children today use digital technologies. Finally, the article also suggests a future media pedagogy in kindergarten.

We will present a framework for establishing distance education in schools by combining Networked Learning and media ecologies seen as both environments and as relations between media. Our model for such a framework is called "The Flexible Meeting Place" and can be used in schools that lack teachers in certain subjects, and also in schools that want to extend their teaching to other schools in the world around them. The school can become an arena, where children as part of their schooling start to communicate globally. The study is rounded in the project Assisted Distance Teaching in Primary Schools (Forsøg Med Assisteret Fjernundervisning i folkeskolen: ASSIST, 2018) that developed tools to ensure appropriate vocational levels in school classes where there was a lack of teachers educated in the specific subject. This project involved 12 Danish schools, with 2 partner schools in Kenya and Greenland. The focus was on the development of pedagogical methods and technical experimentation. In Assisted Distance Teaching in Primary Schools, the thesis was that a teacher who knew about either the subject, the pedagogy or the technology could support a teaching assistant through a digital mediated connection. It turned out that everybody involved, teachers, children and citizens, began to collaborate through network mediated by online app, tools and services and adapt to the circumstances according to their actual knowledge and to develop new knowledge in collaboration. Based on the above, we will present a pedagogical model with a number of challenges and questions that suggests ways to establishing networked learning through a networked school. The theoretical framework, the model and the reflections around it are meant to support the further development of processes, a preschool teacher or teacher in a school can organise together with the children in her or his class. It is an attempt to push school systems into becoming networked and giving children the opportunity to act locally and globally. This development of schools are supported by an organisation like World Economic Forum, who in their recommendations for a future school system, talks about global citizenship, learning using digital technologies and even make education possible without one having to have access to school buildings.

The extent to which highly emotional autobiographical memories become central to one's identity and life story influences mental health. Young adults report higher distress and lower well-being, compared with middle-aged and/or older adults; whether this replicates across cultures is still unclear. First, we provide a review of the literature that examines age-differences in depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and life satisfaction in adulthood across cultures. Second, we report findings from a cross-cultural study that examined event centrality of highly positive and negative autobiographical memories along with symptoms of depression and PTSD, and levels of life satisfaction in approximately 1000 young and middle-aged adults from Mexico, Greenland, China and Denmark. Both age groups provided higher centrality ratings to the positive life event; however, the relative difference between the ratings for the positive and negative event was smaller in the young adults. Young adults reported significantly more distress and less well-being across cultures.

In this article we explore how reconceptualizing the role of technology in place-based education (PBE) enhances place responsive pedagogies through technology. Combining the strengths of adventure learning (AL) and PBE, Adventure Learning @ (AL@) advances both place responsive education and online learning in science education. This is needed, as the conventional AL model lacks authentic explorations of places that are ''local'' to the expedition teams and the students following along. The AL@ approach promotes localized authorship and knowledge keeping. AL@ more fully realizes the potential of AL, using PBE approaches that engage students as authors of knowledge through direct field experiences and the creation of digital artifacts of scientific inquiry.

The scholarship on Indigenous peoples is deeply steeped in colonization and often assumes a Western perspective. I start this article with my poetry as a female "kalaaleq" (Inuk from Greenland) poet. I contextualize my writing through discussions on praxis and new knowledge creation through poetry. In this article, I argue for a process of decolonization of written, academic knowledge on Indigenous peoples by inviting Indigenous writers to consider writing in poetry form, which comes from giftedness of inner soul-namely the spirit.

The development of education programmes in career guidance and counseling (CGC) has followed different paths among the various Nordic countries. Ten CGC programmes in Denmark, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden were evaluated against the NICE curricular model. The results show that all NICE core competences are represented in the curricula. However, there is greater focus in some programmes on developing competences for individual career guidance, than on developing competences for working at organisational and societal levels. Implications for the cooperation and professionalisation of CGC within the Nordic countries are discussed as well as limitations of the NICE model.

Sea kayaking may be best understood through the insights and knowledge of people whose ancestors kayaked for survival. Greenland Camp, held over several days in late summer, is a kayaking event that draws paddlers from around the world to reconnect with one another and learn age-old and advanced skills of the Arctic's Inuit. Greenland Camp is a gathering for paddlers that preserves and passes on to future generations the traditional paddling/rolling skills of Greenland's experienced seal catchers. Rooted in the need for responsive skill development and observant awareness as well as the indispensable skills needed to hunt and survive in Arctic waters, the Inuit point to a traditional practice that challenges the depth, scope, and limitation of experience of all kayakers. Facilitating mentorship of the disciplined practice of sea kayaking is thus explored to discern how the cultivated practice of hunter-gatherer Inuit communities may positively affect youth resilience to adversity.

This autoethnography makes use of 10 years of field notes that the author collected while living and working as an educational researcher in Greenland and Hawaii. Using Kaomea's framework for thinking about when non-Native people should step forward, step back, or step out, the author's analysis of these field notes indicates that she struggled around knowing her role in these post-colonial communities. The author was hesitant in moving into leadership positions in Greenland because it was only recently decolonized and she feared being perceived as someone interested in usurping qualified Greenlanders to fill important leadership positions. However, in Hawaii, which has had more time to consider its colonial past, the author felt less threatened, which gave her greater freedom to explore opportunities for where she could step forward. The study provides another dimension on white researchers working in post-colonial educational settings, and demonstrates the complexity of navigating post-colonial settings even in circumstances where researchers have personal experience with these power dynamics.

Within the last two decades, there has been increased interest in how technology supports Indigenous language revitalization and reclamation efforts. This paper considers the effect technology has on Indigenous language learning and teaching, while conceptualizing how language educators, speakers, learners, and technology users holistically understand, skillfully apply and communicate creative and balanced technological solutions that are based on understanding of contextual factors. A total of 80 participants representing at least 47 Indigenous languages completed a survey in 2009 representing individuals, organizations, and institutions that serve one or more Indigenous language communities across the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Taiwan, Guatemala, Peru, Greenland, Mexico, Bolivia, French Polynesia (Marquesas Islands and Tuamotu Islands), and Russia. The data reveal the functions digital technology has in Indigenous language revitalization, which include (1) positive and supportive roles (2) concerns, constraints, and tensions, and (3) Indigenous language education. Regardless of the size of the community, opportunities for using technology in Indigenous language revitalization efforts are shaped by linguistic, cultural, social, economic, environmental, and technological factors as expressed in the technacy framework for language revitalization. Findings indicate that technology has wide and mostly positive applications in language learning and teaching, that the benefits of those applications remain consistent across communities regardless of size and geographic location, and that new and innovative uses of technology are being adopted to support language revitalization efforts. Overall, the study underscores the importance of context in making grounded decisions about technology as a component of contemporary language revitalization efforts.

Effectively communicating scientific research has taken on greater importance as climate change impacts the world we live in. It is increasingly incumbent upon the science and education communities to produce and deliver curriculum that is timely, accessible, and scientifically accurate. In the summer of 2012, scientists and educators worked together to develop and conduct the "Adventure Learning @ Greenland" (AL@GL) project, which explored the capacity of hands-on and web-based climate science education experiences that occurred in Greenland and the US. The Adventure Learning approach and associated framework was used to design the learning experience during AL@GL activities. Participating students were from Greenland, Denmark, and the US; these students included participants who were diverse, rural, and traditionally underrepresented. Participating students worked closely with educators and scientists to learn about an atmospheric observatory at Summit Station, located on the Greenland Ice Sheet. The purpose of this article is to inform readers in how they may use Adventure Learning and the newly developed curriculum model called "Content, Transition, Inquiry, and Synthesis" for the education and outreach of research projects.

This article argues that high-stakes educational testing, along with the attendant questions of power, education access, education management and social selection, cannot be considered in isolation from society at large. Thus, high-stakes testing practices bear numerous implications for democratic conditions in society. For decades, advocates of high-stakes educational testing have argued that testing would result in meritocracy, ensuring that everyone would be afforded the same opportunities to find success in adulthood. Examined from a critical perspective, however, we learn that testing is also extremely well designed as a bulwark against opposing or alternative outlooks and opinions, because testing is a complex tool requiring highly specialised knowledge to administer effectively. This article sets out to investigate the relation between high-stakes educational testing and democracy drawn from the experiences of 20th-century high-stakes educational testing practices in the Danish history of education. Among other things, the article concludes that a combination of different evaluation technologies--some formative and some summative--might be the safest way to go from a democratic perspective.

In 2002, Greenlandic reform leaders launched a comprehensive, nation-wide reform to create culturally compatible education. Greenland's reform work spans the entire educational system and includes preschool through higher education. To assist their efforts, reform leaders adopted the Standards for Effective Pedagogy developed at the Center for Research on Education, Diversity, and Excellence (CREDE). The standards are principles of effective teaching and learning that have been researched in many other indigenous communities. This study investigated the early stages of Greenland's reform work of the public school to understand why reform leaders adopted the CREDE standards, and what constraints, if any, the standards posed in the Greenlandic context. The findings suggest the reform was initiated to further decolonize Greenland as a former colony of Denmark. The standards were adopted to assist in this process by increasing Greenlandic students' linguistic abilities, strengthening native culture and identity, and improving Greenland's labor market.

In this case study the authors investigate how a Native Greenlandic teacher planned and implemented the Center for Research on Education, Diversity, and Excellence Standards for Effective Pedagogy, an instructional model that builds upon students' cultural and linguistic strengths. Researchers and educators interested in transformative education may find this article helpful in bridging multicultural education with practical teaching methods.

For most of the last two centuries, Native Greenlandic teachers had been left out of the decision-making process regarding effective education for Greenlandic students. Rather, Danish education and church officials, living in Denmark, made important pedagogical and curricular decisions with little to no input from local teachers (Jakobsen, 1999). This article describes a collaborative effort between Center for Research on Education, Diversity, and Excellence (CREDE) professional developers and Greenlandic teachers in the design and implementation of a coaching model that includes Native Greenlandic ways of teaching and learning. Implications for other professional developers and researchers in education doing similar work are included. (Contains 1 note.)

This paper presents findings of gender-related tendencies found in a study of factors influential in third language acquisition of English in Denmark and Greenland. A survey consisting of a questionnaire and an English test was carried out amongst pupils in their last year of compulsory schooling in Copenhagen, Denmark, and Nuuk, Greenland. In total, responses from 187 pupils were included, some of which were responses from pupils learning English as a second language; these respondents were included for comparisons (Copenhagen: L2 learners N = 59, L3 learners N = 32; Nuuk: L3 learners N = 96; age: 14-16 years). The results showed significant gender-related differences with different patterns between the three learner groups (L2 and L3 learners in Copenhagen, L3 learners in Nuuk) with regard to the level of English proficiency, the degree to which pupils like English as a school subject and the pupils' degree of English classroom anxiety. The results differentiate the view that L3 learners as a group do less well in English than L2 learner peers, warranting further research into gender-related tendencies and extra focus on the English acquisition of L3 learner boys in particular in the Danish context. (Contains 5 tables, 1 figure and 8 notes.)

This study investigated the adaptation process of an externally developed model of reform in Greenland's educational system. Under investigation was how reform leaders responded to the needs of the community after implementing an educational model developed in the United States by researchers at the Center for Research on Education, Diversity, and Excellence. Also investigated were the support structures used to accompany and sustain reform efforts. The results indicate reform leaders (1) ensured cultural congruity, (2) designed professional development to fit the needs of the local community, (3) broadly disseminated information, and (4) developed a database to track the imported model.

In 1921, the Greenlandic anthropologist Knud Rasmussen set out to travel twenty thousand miles by dog team across Inuit Nunaat--the Inuit homeland. During this three-year journey--the famous Fifth Thule Expedition--Rasmussen was struck by the similarities in the language and culture of Inuit communities across the entire Arctic. Considering the geographical and historical distance between groups of Inuit, Rasmussen observed that "it would be natural for the language and traditions of the various tribes to have lost all homogeneity." The Inuit people may have been composed of widespread regional groups, but their language and literary traditions told a different story. They spoke of a connection that surpassed geographical and historical distance. As one might expect, the literature of this territory is likewise varied and complex. The texts that make up the Inuit literary corpus span thousands of years and a number of genres: they include the classic stories and songs of the oral tradition, more recent memoirs and life writing, elders' oral histories, and contemporary fiction, poetry, and film. Local contexts are highly important to these works, as the literature of each region takes on the particular flavors of its geography and political history. However, Inuit continue to suffer from underrepresentation in southern university classrooms. Even in Native literature classes, Inuit writers and storytellers have a marginal presence, if they are present at all. This article asks whether the strategic concept of an Inuit circumpolar literature is justifiable, even as a temporary measure. Is an Inuit literary history possible? The author concludes that in view of the Arctic's current role as an international political chesspiece, an Inuit literary history is possible; and not only that--it is necessary. (Contains 66 notes.)

This systematic review of population based studies of homicide followed by suicide was conducted to examine the associations between rates of homicide-suicide, rates of other homicides and rates of suicide. The review analysed 64 samples, including the case of an outlier (Greenland) that were reported in 49 studies. There was a significant association between the rates of homicide-suicide and those of other homicides in studies from the U.S.A. Outside the U.S.A. there was no clear association between homicide-suicide and other homicide but there was modest but significant association between rates of suicide and homicide-suicide. Homicide-suicide appears to be closer in epidemiological terms to homicide than suicide in regions with high rates of homicide and measures to reduce homicide in these regions may also reduce homicide-suicide.

Graffiti constitutes a medium through which the youth express opposition to authorities, as well as desires, dreams, and hopes. Graffiti shows many of the linguistic characteristics of youth language, including playfulness and, first and foremost, polylingual languaging. Graffiti in almost every city, at least in Europe, uses English and one or more local language, and almost everywhere additional languages are involved. The relationship to North American urban graffiti culture is obvious, but at the same time there is clear evidence of the graffiti writers' affinity to their locality. Examples are included from Estonia, Greenland, Denmark, Catalonia, Germany, Turkey and elsewhere. (Contains 9 figures.)

The great ice sheets in Antarctica and Greenland are vast deposits of frozen freshwater that contain enough to raise sea level by approximately 70 m if they were to completely melt. Because of the potentially catastrophic impact that ice sheets can have, it is important that we understand how ice sheets have responded to past climate changes and will respond to present climate changes, so that we can predict the effect global warming will have on sea level rise in the coming centuries. The purpose of this article is to introduce students to some of the basic concepts of glaciology, the physical variables that control the evolution of ice sheets, and how changes in these parameters may affect the long-term evolution of ice sheets. (Contains 3 figures.)

The hydrologic cycle is a very basic scientific principle. In this article, background information is presented on how the hydrologic cycle provides scientists with clues to understanding the history of Earth's climate. Also detailed is a web-based activity that allows students to learn about how scientists are able to piece together a record of Earth's climate thanks to a unique ice core drilling program in Greenland. (Contains 4 figures and 11 resources.)

Cultural differences in response to the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) items is investigated. Data were fit to a mixed Rasch model in order to identify latent classes of participants in a combined sample of Norwegians (N = 461) and Greenlanders (N = 180). Initial analyses showed no mean difference in life satisfaction between the two subsamples. After transforming the ordinal raw scores into interval scales while simultaneously controlling for response bias, different results appeared. First, approximately 80% of the participants in the Greenlandic subsample fit a latent class with a large degree of random responding to the SWLS. Second, relative to the Norwegians, more Greenlanders were using extreme categories in responding to the SWLS. After statistically controlling for this tendency, Norwegians were in general more satisfied with their lives than Greenlanders. Third, Greenlanders who belonged to one specific latent class were more satisfied than their Norwegian counterparts. A salient feature of this class was the relative unwillingness of respondents to change the circumstances of their lives if they were given such an opportunity. The above results are a reminder of the care that must be used in analyzing survey data across cultures. The analytical strategy applied in the article offers an improved approach to handling such data.

Discusses the progress made and problems still surrounding Greenland's Home Rule Act which established the roles of Greenlandic and Danish in the instructional arena, covering attempts to make Greenlandic the native language while also encouraging bilingualism through mastery of Danish. (Author/CB)

This capstone project tells the untold story of marine diamond mining, tracing its origins from the shores of Namibia to the fjords of Greenland. Despite the stark differences between these two locales, they share striking similarities in diamond potential. In Namibia, marine diamond mining flourished prior to the country's independence and the establishment of international mining laws, setting a precedent for potential challenges in Greenland's current political landscape. Through in-depth research, stakeholder interviews, and media production, this project fosters an informed storyline for a full-length documentary film. The capstone deliverables encompass a film treatment, budget, film plan, concise trailer, and transcribed interviews, strategically crafted towards securing future support of the project. The outcome of such seeking to advocate for greater transparency in the diamond industry and policies that prioritize both economic development and environmental integrity. The final film will engage audiences worldwide in considering the implications of marine diamond mining for Greenland's evolving climate and economy.CLARITY film treatment can be found here: https://tinyurl.com/ClarityTreatment CLARITY interview transcriptions can be found here: https://tinyurl.com/ClarityTranscriptions

The article outlines the legal relations between state and churches in the five nordic countries and the two associate territories, the heart countries of protestant lutheranism. Though closely connected through history, lutheran faith and partly through language, and at first sight fairly uniform, their solutions vary strongly from a strong identity of state and church in Denmark to a policy of separation in Sweden. The legal and practical situation has changed fundamentally in the last 25 years in Sweden, Norway, Finland and Iceland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atmospheric blocking is a phenomenon that can lead to extreme weather events over a large region, yet its causes are not fully understood. Global climate models show limitations in representing Northern Hemisphere blocking, especially its frequency, and decadal variability in Greenland blocking in summer in the recent decades. In this study we evaluate the ability of high-resolution (HighResMIP) Earth System Models (ESMs) to simulate summer blocking over the Greenland area, using different but complementary methods to describe the characteristics of blocking. We find that the HighResMIP ensemble can reproduce the spatial pattern of Greenland blocking events, albeit with systematic biases, and capture the relative frequencies of the main blocking patterns: namely the wave breaking structure, North Atlantic ridge, and omega-type blocking. However, the HighResMIP ensemble fails to simulate the observed temporal variations of Greenland blocking index (GB2) and the extremely high values of daily GB2 observed in recent decades. In addition, we do not find clearly superior representation of blocking features from higher-resolution in HighResMIP models compared with lower-resolution models. We also find large sea surface temperature (SST) biases over the North Atlantic and seas surrounding Greenland, and biases in moisture transport over the North Atlantic toward Greenland, especially over the western flank of blocking areas, which might together contribute to model biases in the representation of blocking magnitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Violence against women (VAW) is a global challenge also in the childbearing period. Despite high gender equality, there is a high prevalence of VAW in the Nordic countries. This scoping review aims to explore predictors for and consequences of a history of violence on women's pregnancy and childbirth in the Nordic countries, including women's experience of the impact of violence and the interventions used to detect, address consequences, and prevent further violence. The framework by Arksey and O'Malley was followed, and English, Finnish, Icelandic, Norwegian, Danish, and Swedish literature was included. The population was women aged ≥18 residing in the Nordic countries during the perinatal period. Eight databases were searched: MEDLINE, CINAHL, PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, ASSIA, Social Services-, and Sociological abstracts. There was no limitation of the search time frame. The initial screening resulted in 1,104 records, and after removing duplicates, 452 remained. Finally, 61 papers met the inclusion criteria. The results covering the past 32 years indicated that childbearing women with a history of violence are at greater risk of common complaints and hospitalization during pregnancy, fear of childbirth, Cesarean section, breastfeeding difficulties, and physical and mental health problems. While extensive research was found on the associations between a history of and current violence and outcomes related to pregnancy, there was a lack of intervention studies and studies from Finland. Efforts must be made to scientifically test the methods used to reduce and treat the adverse effects of a history of violence and prevent further violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The early Callovian (δ13C TOC) positive CIE is a superregional isotopic event. • This isotopic event is a secondary marker candidate for the Callovian GSSP. • The Fossilbjerget section is a runner for the Callovian SABS for the Boreal Province. D'Orbigny named the Callovian stage after Kellaways in Wiltshire, UK, in the 1850 s. However, agreement on its boundaries and, more recently, on the position and location of the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Callovian has proven difficult for the last 170 years. This is mainly due to the lack of agreement on the appropriate index fossil and its regional and global correlations, as well as the location of the stratotype section. Stable carbon isotope chemostratigraphy and event stratigraphy are now essential tools for aiding in the definition of GSSPs. In this study, stable carbon isotopic analysis of 91 samples from east Greenland's Middle Jurassic shallow marine sandstones of the Pelion Formation (Store Koldewey and Hold with Hope) and correlative and well-dated offshore siltstones and mudstones of the Fossilbjerget Formation (Jameson Land) is used to discriminate several isotopic events previously observed in other European basins and propose the early Callovian (δ13C TOC) positive carbon isotopic excursion as a secondary marker for defining the Callovian GSSP. The early Callovian (δ13C TOC) positive carbon isotopic excursion is a fundamental tool for superregional correlation between candidate GSSPs and Standard Auxiliary Boundary Stratotypes. It can also help establish a chronological order (synchronous vs diachronous) of species occurrences between different locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines how and by whom the future of glacial energy was imagined in Greenland between the 1950s and 1970s, with a specific emphasis on the intersection of discourses of energy and political autonomy. The focus lies on the years from 1953, marking the end of Greenland's colonial status and its integration into the realm of its former colonial authority, Denmark, until 1979, when the Greenland Home Rule Agreement was enacted. The futures of hydropower are explored through the lens of energy imaginaries, a notion that underscores the interconnectedness between different forms of energy and the organization of social structures. These imaginaries revolving around hydropower circulated in the public-political space in Greenland decades prior to when the first operational hydropower plant came online in 1993. Through a historical empirical analysis, this article identifies the energy imaginaries linked to envisioned hydropower and delineates key phases of their emergence. It also discusses these envisioned futures of hydropower in the historical context of Arctic oil exploration and Greenland's strivings toward political autonomy. The energy imaginaries of hydropower, especially glacial hydropower generated adjacent to Greenland's inland icesheet, built on a long-term timeline and autonomous society, in contrast to the oil development that was favoured by Danish authorities at the time. Ultimately, it was the considerations of the sources and scale of the necessary investments that deferred the implementation of hydropower until the late 1980s. However, the groundwork for viewing Greenland's water resources as a cornerstone for its future independence had been laid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uses telemetry and stomach content analysis to describe the ringed seals' dive pattern and prey selection within Kangia (Ilulissat Icefjord), Greenland, where the ringed seals are known to be exceptionally large and genetically distinct. Data from twenty-four ringed seals (Pusa hispida) tagged in Kangia, with satellite relay data loggers from 2012 to 2020, were used to describe the dive patterns. The transmitters were active between 28 and 270 days and showed that subadults most frequently dove to around 150 m. Adult males frequently dove to this depth, but they also had a second frequently visited depth at around 400 m, some adults significantly deeper. Adult males generally dove deeper than females and adult seals showed deeper dives during the winter, a feature that was less prominent in subadults. The stomach content from ringed seals (n = 108) harvested in Kangia by subsistence hunters revealed that polar cod (Boreogadus saida), capelin (Mallotus villosus), mysids (Mysis oculata, M. littoralis, M. Polaris) and shrimps (mainly Pandalus borealis) were the dominant prey. Shrimps were observed more often in adults, likely due to the frequently visited dive depth of around 400 m, whereas mysids were more observed in small subadult seals. The stomach content from harp seals (Pagophilus groenlandicus) and Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) caught in Kangia also showed a strong niche overlap with the ringed seals. These findings outline the unique ecological adaptations and the importance of Kangia as a critical habitat of ringed seals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to estimate the prevalence of cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, and other selected diseases including hypertension, atrial fibrillation, asthma, chronic obstructive lung disease, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, psoriasis and depression among Greenlanders living in Nuuk with and without type 2 diabetes (T2D). The study was designed as a cross-sectional case-control study based on data from the electronic medical record (EMR) in Greenland. Persons with a registered T2D diagnosis in EMR and residence in Nuuk (N = 435) were included. The prevalence of cardiovascular disease was 17.9% among persons with T2D and significantly higher compared to the control group (10.1%). In addition, our results showed a significantly higher prevalence of ischaemic heart disease, hypertension, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, osteoarthritis and psoriasis among persons with T2D compared to the control group.Our study found a higher prevalence in five out of 10 selected diseases in regularly followed persons with T2D in Nuuk compared to unselected controls. This enlightens the importance of a broad multifaceted approach in combination of changing primary health care to focus on early detection of controllable risk factors and chronic conditions care in Artic Greenland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patients with psychotic disorders exhibit elevated mortality and morbidity rates compared to the general population primarily due to comorbid somatic diseases. This study aims to describe the prevalence of selected risk factors and somatic disorders among psychiatric patients with a diagnosis of psychotic disorder. Material and methods: Data were retrieved from Greenland's nationwide electronic medical record. The study population consists of 104 patients diagnosed with a psychotic disorder, encompassing schizophrenia or schizotypal and delusional disorders, residing in Nuuk. The study population comprised 104 patients (68 males and 36 females) with a mean age of 40 years. More than 80% were daily smokers, and 68% had harmful use of cannabis. More than half had dyslipidemia (any imbalance in lipids), while over a quarter were classified as obese with body mass index of 30 kg/m2 or higher. Eighteen percent had hypertension, and six percent suffered from diabetes. This study revealed a notable prevalence of risk factors for somatic diseases, particularly smoking and cannabis use among patients with schizophrenia in Nuuk, indicating that a high prevalence of somatic diseases might be expected as the population gets older and the risk of developing somatic diseases becomes greater. Increased focus on monitoring and preventing those as part of the health care is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "Kinguaariit Inuunerissut" (KI) camps, meaning "generations in well-being" in Greenlandic, was a pilot initiative designed to enhance cultural identity and intergenerational connections through culturally relevant activities. The outcomes of the KI-camps have informed the development of a broader KI-concept aiming at tailoring and implementing elements from KI-camps into early childhood education services, after-school programmes, and schools. In this paper we present the results from three workshop held in January 2024 in Sisimiut, Greenland where 28 older participants and 28 professionals were asked about essential knowledge and skills to be passed down to younger generations. The focus was on songs, storytelling/myths, the spiritual world, animals, plants, skills in nature/home, and handicrafts. Results shows that older people and professionals agree on the importance of passing down cultural knowledge through all the different categories and support the need to integrate these elements into educational programmes to preserve cultural heritage and strengthen community cohesion. The findings will guide the integration of intergenerational activities into municipal institutions and contribute to culturally relevant health promotion strategies in Greenland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cold climate and unique genetic and environmental factors may influence the prevalence of skin diseases in Greenland. However, there is a lack of epidemiological studies on skin diseases in the adult Greenlandic population. To address this unmet need a cross-sectional study, run by dermatologists from Denmark, the UK, and Switzerland estimated the prevalence and clinical manifestations of skin diseases among adults in East Greenland in May 2022. All adults ≥18 years in the town of Tasiilaq were invited, and 295 individuals aged 18–78 years participated (22.5% of the overall adult population in Tasiilaq). Two-hundred and three participants (69%) had visible signs of current skin disease, and among these, 242 cases of dermatoses were identified. The most common skin diseases were hand eczema (22.4%), lichen simplex (9.5%), discoid eczema (7.1%), psoriasis, atopic dermatitis and acne vulgaris (5.8% each). Scabies was the most frequent infectious skin disease (4.4%). No cases of skin cancer were identified. Atopic dermatitis and psoriasis presented with disease that was of limited extent and different from the classical presentations. Skin diseases showed a high prevalence among adults in East Greenland, and some of them were severe. This indicates a noteworthy public health problem that warrants better access to dermatologist support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preventing and managing Type 2 diabetes (T2D) involves adopting healthy lifestyle habits such as balanced nutrition and regular exercise. Maturity Onset Diabetes of The Young (MODY) shares diagnostic characteristics with T2D, but exercise responses in MODY remain unclear. In Greenland, MODY is 4–5 times more common than in other countries. No established exercise regimen exists for either T2D or MODY in Greenland. This study assessed the feasibility of a 12-week supervised exercise programme for MODY and T2D in Greenland, focusing on attendance, satisfaction, and effects on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and quality of life (QoL). Conducted as an experimental, two-armed, controlled trial, nine participants (4 with MODY) engaged in prescribed training sessions twice weekly for 45–60 minutes, while another nine (4 with MODY) formed the control group. Key outcomes included adherence rates, satisfaction levels, changes in HbA1c, body composition, aerobic fitness, blood pressure, CVD risk factors, and SF-12 scores. Although training adherence was modest at 56%, participant satisfaction remained high. Notable findings included a slight decrease of −0.3 mmol/l in HDL-cholesterol and a 5.7-point increase in the mental component (MCS) of SF-12 within the intervention group. However, the study underscores the need to refine the study design before supervised exercise programmes can be widely implemented in clinical settings in Greenland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vision screening during childhood is vital for the early detection and treatment of visual impairment that may significantly impact a child's development and quality of life. This nationwide cross-sectional study used data from Greenland's national electronic medical records, including 2,493 six-year-old children from July 2017 to July 2023, to evaluate the coverage rate of vision screening and the prevalence of low vision in Greenlandic schoolchildren. The participation rate in vision screening increased from 43% in 2017 to 61% in 2022, while referral rates to ophthalmologists decreased from 14% to 5%, despite a consistent prevalence of low vision. The mean prevalence of impaired vision (0.3 logMAR / ≤0.50 Snellen decimal) in the better-seeing eye at the vision screening throughout the study period was 3%. At the same time, it was 8% for the worse-seeing eyes, indicating a continuous need for ophthalmological evaluation of the Greenlandic children. This study highlights healthcare delivery challenges in Greenland's sparsely populated areas and emphasises the need for new national guidelines to optimise referral processes. Utilising other healthcare professionals, such as optometrists, for vision screenings and ensuring follow-ups are critical for improving the visual health outcomes of Greenlandic children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poor mental health among youth in Greenland is a major challenge, childhood conditions are critical for mental health later in life. The study aimed to examine the clustering of childhood conditions by considering risk and protective factors for mental health among youth and young adults in Greenland and to explore the relationship between these clusters and mental health outcomes in youth. The study included 565 participants aged 15–34 living in Greenland. Seven indicators including childhood adversities (ACEs), childhood residence, language, and cultural indicators (protective factors) were used to define clusters via latent class analysis (LCA). The associations between clusters and mental health outcomes (satisfaction with life (Cantrill's ladder), self-esteem, self-efficacy, loneliness, psychological distress (General Health Questionnaire) and mental illness (Kessler 6)) were assessed by logistic regression. Four clusters were identified through LCA. While most participants reported positive childhoods, 40% (in two clusters) experienced ACEs. The two clusters differed as more participants in one cluster had experienced protective factors than the other. ACEs were associated with increased odds of negative aspects of mental health in youth. However, participants who faced high levels of adversity and few protective factors also had reduced odds of positive aspects of mental health in youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastrointestinal function plays a pivotal role in nutrient absorption and overall digestive health. Abnormal gastric emptying is closely linked to type 2 diabetes, impacting blood glucose regulation and causing gastrointestinal symptoms. This study aims to investigate and compare segmental transit times, motility indices, and micromilieu between Greenlandic Inuit and Danish individuals with and without type 2 diabetes. We included forty-four Greenlandic Inuit, twenty-three of whom had type 2 diabetes, and age and gender-matched Danish individuals. Segmental transit time, motility, and luminal environment were measured using the SmartPill®. Greenlandic controls displayed shorter gastric emptying time (GET) (163 min), higher gastric median pH (2.0 pH) and duodenal median contractions (18.2 mm Hg) compared to Greenlanders with type 2 diabetes (GET: 235 min, pH:1.9, median duodenal contraction 18.4 mm Hg) and Danish controls (GET: 190, pH:1.2 median duodenal contraction 17.5 mmHg). Despite similar anti-diabetic management efforts, variations in gastrointestinal physiology were evident, highlighting the complexity of diabetes and its interaction with ethnicity, suggesting potential dietary or even genetic influences, emphasising the necessity for personalised diabetes management approaches. Finally, the study opens possibilities for future research, encouraging investigations into the underlying mechanisms linking genetics, diet, and gastric physiology, as an understanding of factors can lead to more effective, tailored strategies for diabetes care and improved digestive health in diverse populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is high prevalence of the genetic SI variant c.273_274delAG in the sucrase-isomaltase-encoding gene in Greenland, resulting in congenital sucrase-isomaltase deficiency and thereby an inability to digest sucrose, the most common dietary sugar. There are no studies of Greenlanders' everyday experiences of sucrose intolerance related to this genetic variant. This study therefore explored, how Greenlandic people experience sucrose intolerance influences life and their attitudes towards research in health and genetics. The study is qualitative, using semi-structured focus groups and/or individual telephone interviews. The analysis was based on the phenomenological-hermeneutic approach of Paul Ricoeur, consisting naïve reading, structural analysis, interpretation and discussion. We identified two themes; "Sucrose intolerance impacts daily living", dealt with physical and emotional reactions and coping with social adaption to activities. And "openness to participate in genetic and health research" were caused by participants wanting more knowledge to improve their people and family's life. The study concluded that most of the participants with symptoms of sucrose intolerance experienced the impact in their daily life, both physically, emotionally, and socially. Further, they expressed openness to participate in health and genetic research. There is a need for more accessible health knowledge and support from health care to manage sucrose intolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subarachnoid haemorrhages (SAH) caused by rupture of intracranial aneurysms (IA) are a severe condition. Earlier studies found a higher incidence of SAH in Greenlandic patients compared to Danish patients, with familial aggregation also higher in Greenland. However, updated data is lacking. To investigate the contemporary incidence, outcome, and familial disposition of SAH/IA in Greenlandic patients in 2018–2021. Greenlandic patients diagnosed with ruptured or unruptured IA (UIA) during 2018–2021 were included. Data was obtained from patient files, x-ray department, and discharge registry. Incidence rates were estimated as cases/100,000/year. Direct age-standardised incidence rates were calculated using WHO 2000–2025 as standards. Of 30 SAH patients, 20 (66.7%) were females, 10 (33.3%) males. Of 36 UIA patients, 27 (75.0%) were females, 9 (25.0%) males. For SAH, crude incidence was 13.4/100,000/year, age-standardised incidence was 10.8/100,000/year. Familial history was observed in 30.0% of SAH patients. 5 patients (16.7%) died before treatment, 28-day case-fatality rate (CFR) for all patients was 23.3%. Overall and age-standardised incidence rates were similar to previous studies but higher among females and compared to neighbouring countries. A high occurrence of familial history was reported. SAH remains a serious condition in Greenland, as evidenced by five fatalities before treatment was administered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to explore the experiences and perspectives of people with osteoarthritis attending the "Osteoarthritis School" (OA School) in Nuuk, Greenland to generate insights and lessons that can inform the development of self-management education and exercise interventions for people with other lifestyle conditions in a Greenland context. We conducted a qualitative interpretive description (ID) study based on ten semi-structured interviews with people with hip or knee osteoarthritis. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and coded. Using ID, we identified three themes: 1) perceptions and experiences of how the OA School intervention was organised (time and place); 2) perspectives and experiences of the education and exercise components (social factors, motivation, and education); and 3) significant change stories (physical and mental improvements and increased knowledge of OA). Social and organisational factors, such as working out with peers and the time and place of the intervention, influenced the participants' acceptance of the OA School intervention. Knowledge from this study will help us gain insight into what to address when developing future self-management education and exercise interventions in the Greenlandic healthcare system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Alaska, the 1918–20 influenza pandemic was devastating, with mortality rates up to 90% of the population, while in other arctic regions in northern Sweden and Norway mortality was considerably lower. We investigated the timing and age-patterns in excess mortality in Greenland during the period 1918–21 and compare these to other epidemics and the 1889–92 pandemic. We accessed the Greenlandic National Archives and transcribed all deaths from 1880 to 1921 by age, geography, and cause of death. We estimated monthly excess mortality and studied the spatial-temporal patterns of the pandemics and compared them to other mortality crises in the 40-year period. The 1918–21 influenza pandemic arrived in Greenland in the summer of 1919, one year delayed due to ship traffic interruptions during the winter months. We found that 5.2% of the Greenland population died of the pandemic with substantial variability between counties (range, 0.1% to 11%). We did not see the typical pandemic age-pattern of high young-adult mortality, possibly due to high baseline mortality in this age-group or remoteness. However, despite substantial mortality, the mortality impact was not standing out relative to other mortality crises, or of similar devastation reported in Alaskan populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 1993, dietary assessment has been carried out in Greenland as part of recurrent population health surveys. In preparation for the next survey in 2024, 91 participants from the survey in 2018 were selected for a validation study of the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). The 91 participants were reinterviewed 38–50 months after the first FFQ and invited to complete a food diary. As part of the 2018 survey, blood was analysed for mercury. The food diary was completed by 65 participants. The agreement between the two FFQ interviews was very good for macronutrients and fatty acids (p > 0.20), whereas the calculated intake of mercury was 22% higher in the second FFQ (p = 0.04) due to a higher intake of whale meat and muktuk (whale skin). The agreement between the second FFQ and the food diary was good for local food, imported meat and cakes/sweets/snacks but fruit and vegetables, dairy products, beverages and added sugar were significantly underreported in the food diary. Food items not included in the FFQ were identified from the food diaries. The correlation between the intake of marine mammals and blood mercury was moderate (Spearman's rho = 0.41–0.50; p < 0.0001). The results will inspire future dietary studies in the circumpolar North. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]