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En France, l’élevage bovin laitier en agriculture biologique s’est développé sur tout le territoire et la filière a atteint une certaine maturité. Cette synthèse propose une lecture de ce développement au prisme de la notion d’équilibre face à une multitude de risques. Au niveau de la ferme, la pratique de l’agriculture biologique reconfigure les équilibres entre surfaces et troupeaux. Elle modifie la gestion de la santé et incite à trouver de nouveaux équilibres prévenant l’apparition des problèmes. Elle déplace les équilibres économiques avec des rapports modifiés entre prix du lait et des intrants. Elle transforme le travail et interroge l’équilibre entre vie professionnelle et personnelle. Enfin, elle modifie les relations entre la ferme et son environnement, notamment ses interlocuteurs. Au niveau de la filière, son développement rapide pose de multiples défis qui interrogent l’équilibre des relations entre production, collecte et transformation, et consommation. La production de lait biologique est plus saisonnée alors que la transformation et la distribution demandent des livraisons homogènes sur l’année. Le maintien d’un équilibre entre production et consommation de produits laitiers biologiques est fragile et repose sur un jeu d’acteurs complexe avec un marché tendant à se globaliser.

La longue histoire de la sélection des animaux domestiques est marquée par l’association toujours plus étroite entre les technologies et le développement économique. Aujourd’hui, la connaissance récente de l’ADN devient une référence incontournable pour la sélection des troupeaux, en particulier des vaches laitières. À partir d’une large enquête qualitative menée sur la race Montbéliarde dans l’arc jurassien, nous interrogeons cette innovation ainsi que le concept de temps qui sans statut ontologique, nous permet de dilater la complexité de l’élevage aujourd’hui. D’un côté, ces changements illustrent fidèlement les nombreux travaux qui démontent les ressorts modernes de l’accélération, mais de l’autre, les pratiques et les mots qui les accompagnent pointent aussi le fait que la durée peut rester à la base des compétences des éleveurs et du sens qu’ils accordent à leur métier.

The current shift of regulations for animal welfare from public to private standards allows dairies and retailers to improve their position on the market. However, for easy communication and control they tend to reduce the multifaceted societal demands for animal welfare to freedom of movement, that is, to free stalls with or without access to pasture. Taking a farmers perspective, this contribution examines the situation in Austria, where structure and practices of dairy farming differ greatly between more favourable, arable, and mountainous regions. The theoretical concept of farming styles uncovers fundamental positions grounded in different understandings of how farming practices are supposed to be organized. Private standards privilege rationalized, large-scale dairy farms in advantaged regions over family-owned traditional farms in mountain areas. This may have unintended negative consequences on farming structure, land use and cultural landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Societe et Environnement is the property of Les Presses Agronomiques de Gembloux and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Societe et Environnement is the property of Les Presses Agronomiques de Gembloux and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Just like everywhere else, dairy farming in the French Jura is undergoing profound changes. Herd size is increasing as is the adoption of promising technologies. We have been monitoring these changes through a broad qualitative survey since 2014 and have become intrigued by the close relationships that dairy farmers maintain with their cows as well as by the visual skills they employ to manage their herds. We have attempted to grasp the extent of this visual ability from three angles. The skill is put into practice for animal care and in all key dairy farming activities. This visual ability combines numerous indices both in the present moment and over time, all of which help to build precise knowledge. Yet this "knowing how to see" is not only developed on farms, it is also shared with other actors in communities built around the Montbéliarde breed, showcased in livestock competitions and fairs: "to see" is also "to show". The visual know-how of the farmer coexists with the data from the sensors placed on the animals, thus raising a key issue: is this skill under threat from the new technologies promoted by precision breeding? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to analyze the existing correlations of milk buyers with rural producers in eight cities in the South of Minas Gerais and to verify the influence of these relationships on several factors of production in the economic results from dairy production and other areas of activity required for dairy production. For this, field interviews were conducted with 115 rural producers from the cities of Campestre, Caldas, Elói Mendes, Paraguaçu, Poço Fundo, Poços de Caldas, Ipuiuna and Machado. After the data collection, analyzes were carried out to verify the relationship between several factors of production that are impacted by the commercial relations between milk producers and the companies purchasing the product in the region. The results allow us to conclude that several factors necessary for the productive process are influenced by the relationship between the mentioned agents and the result of the commercialization processes can impact not only the economic results but also on other areas of the dairy activity required for the productive process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L’accroissement démographique rapide des villes au sud de la méditerranée s’est accompagné d’une urbanisation consommatrice de terres fertiles. Toutefois des espaces interstitiels difficilement constructibles, entre les espaces construits, hébergent encore des exploitations agricoles. C’est le cas notamment des 3 vallées traversant l’agglomération de Meknès, au Maroc. Sur la base d’enquêtes auprès de 80 agriculteurs et 42 consommateurs et d’entretiens avec des décideurs et commerçants de cette ville, nous avons montré la diversité des systèmes de production présents dans la ville (maraîchage et élevage laitier et à viande principalement). Malgré la proximité de la ville, peu de produits sont vendus directement aux consommateurs. Dans le cas du maraîchage, une action urgente est à engager pour fournir de l’eau d’irrigation de qualité aux agriculteurs de ces vallées afin qu’ils renoncent au détournement des eaux usées produites par la ville. Les meilleurs atouts de l’agriculture dans les villes au sud de la Méditerranée sont d’une part de rendre possible l’existence de paysages verdoyants et ouverts permettant d’améliorer le bien-être des citadins et l’attractivité touristique de ces villes et d’autre part l’intérêt récent de citadins pour des produits de qualité vendus en circuit court.

A solution for on-farm milk cooling was assessed under controlled laboratory conditions. The basic principle is to use insulated milk cans with an integrated ice compartment for the transport of morning milk and the storage of evening milk with a maximum capacity of 30 L milk and 8 kg ice. The experimental results show the ability of the system to cool down 30 L milk to 17   °C in less than 90 min with 6 kg ice. By using the same milk-can with 20 L and 8 kg ice, milk remains below 13   °C over 12 h at 35   °C ambient temperature. In both cases, the proliferation of bacteria was effectively prevented for 3.5 and 12 h, respectively. A computational model was developed and fitted to the experimental results in order to predict cooling curves of other milk/ice ratios and ambient temperatures. Furthermore, the possibility of using water as low-cost substitute for milk for research purposes was analyzed experimentally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of VertigO is the property of La Revue Electronique en Sciences de l'Environnement VertigO and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

On the field of the breeding, whether in Romania or Belgium, the actors are afraid of disappearing. An ethnographic immersion in the heart of three farms of origin and different types (traditional, conventional and industrial) makes it possible to apprehend these fears. In addition to the weight of a strong competition and heavy economic constraints, it is a form of being in the world. Indeed, if they share an activity of domestication, the stockbreeders do not make the same job: their descriptions are different and their relations to livestock are various. The content of breeder's job is not confined solely to the production. To produce consumer goods is not sufficient to produce meaning. Domestication appears rich of a reciprocity potentially threatened by the development of the cattle industry, where the animals, production units, are compared to a machine. To tend to make disappear the traditional or conventional farms, promote economic profitability is also to support the instrumentalisation of the animal whose impact will not relate only on the landscape of the campaigns but to our way human being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Societe et Environnement is the property of Les Presses Agronomiques de Gembloux and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)