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In order to study the structural characteristics and key mechanism of Jiangxi hail supercell, the characteristics of combined reflectivity CR echo intensity dBZ, ground rainfall, TBB cloud image and ADTD lightning information of Hail in Jiangxi from March 30 to 31, 2021 were analyzed by using the data of Jiangxi WebGIS Radar Mosaic platform, Jiangxi ADTD two-dimensional lightning monitoring and positioning system, Jiangxi automatic weather station rainfall retrieval platform and MICAPS system platform. The results show that: (1) during the heavy hail weather process from March 30 to 31, 2021, thunderstorm, gale and precipitation are less and smaller than the severe convective weather process in the history of Jiangxi in spring, but the number of hail stations, influence range, maintenance time, Hail Diameter and echo intensity are higher than other severe convective weather cases in the history. (2) The strongest echo dBz and 10 min rainfall are proportional to the size of hail, and the change of 10 min rainfall is ahead of the occurrence of hail; The area of strong echo is positively correlated with the number of lightning. (3) Supercell echo system is an important echo system type that causes hail weather in Jiangxi: ① echo center intensity ≥ 60 dBZ, and strong echo core ≥ 65 dBZ appears in the center; ② 60 dBz echo area ≥ 10 x 10 km²; ③ 30 ~ 60 dBZ strong echo gradient (the densest area) ≤ 6 km; ④ The supercell has a "forward extending" echo structure formed by deep and spreading cloud anvils, forming a north-south "shield" echo structure. (4) The hail supercell formed MCS cloud system on the TBB cloud map, with a "forward extending" cloud anvil structure, and the lowest bright temperature was low (-100 °C). This rare ultra-low temperature was the key factor for the hail weather, and the southwest side was characterized by dense bright temperature gradient lines; TBB cloud image brightness temperature can show the existence of supercell MCS, and whether there can be hail, thunderstorm, gale and short-term heavy rainfall. It is necessary to further reveal the supercell structure in combination with the radar puzzle echo characteristics. These research results provide a theoretical basis for the monitoring and early warning of hail weather in Jiangxi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peptide coupling with minimal protection is one of the desired methods for the synthesis of peptides and proteins. To achieve regioselective amide bond formation, side chain protection is often essential; however, protecting groups potentially diminish peptide solubility and render the polar polyamide chain amphipathic due to their apolar nature. In this manuscript, we describe a new protecting group, N,N-dimethylaminoxy carbonyl (Dmaoc), and its use in peptide coupling reactions. The Dmaoc group has a relatively polar character compared to the Boc group, which is a conventional protecting group for the Nε-amine of Lys residues. This polar protecting group is removable by reduction in the buffer containing (±)-dithiothreitol (DTT). Furthermore, the Dmaoc group proved compatible with peptide ligation strategies featuring the activation of N-acyl diaminobenzamides (Dbz) with sodium nitrate to generate the respective benzotriazole leaving group. The Dmaoc/Dbz strategy described in this manuscript provides a new method for the chemical synthesis of peptides.

Fast-moving wildfires can result in substantial losses of infrastructure, property and life. During such events, real-time intelligence is critical for managing firefighting activities and public safety. The ability of fixed-site weather radars to detect the plumes from fires has long been recognised; however, quantitative methods to link properties of radar observed plumes to fire behaviour are lacking. We investigated the potential for weather radars to provide real time estimates of the growth of large fires in south-eastern Australia. Specifically, we examined whether the rate of change in fire area could be approximated using the change in volume represented by radar returns. We evaluated a series of linear mixed-effects models predicting fire-area growth using radar data representing a range of dBZ thresholds and search volumes. Models were compared using an information-theoretic approach. Radar return volume was found to be a robust predictor of fire-area change. The best model had a minimum threshold of 10 dBZ and a search radius of 60 km (R²=0.64). Fire area and radar relationships did not vary significantly between radar stations, suggesting broad applicability beyond the dataset. Further development of the use of weather radars for wildfire monitoring could yield substantial benefits because of their high frequency of scan and broad coverage over many populated areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently several potential susceptibility genes for major psychiatric disorders (schizophrenia and major depression) such as disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1(DISC1), dysbindin and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) have been reported. DISC1 is involved in neural development directly via adhesion molecules or via its binding partners of DISC1 such as elongation protein ζ-1 (FEZ1), DISC1-binding zinc-finger protein (DBZ) and kendrin. PACAP also regulates neural development via stathmin 1 or via regulation of the DISC1-DBZ binding. Dysbindin is also involved in neural development by regulating centrosomal microtubule network formation. All such molecules examined to date are involved in neural development. Thus, these findings provide new molecular insights into the mechanisms of neural development and neuropsychiatric disorders. On the other hand, in addition to neurons, both DISC and DBZ have been detected in oligodendrocytes and implicated in regulating oligodendrocyte differentiation. DISC1 inhibits the differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells into oligodendrocytes, while DBZ has a positive regulatory role in oligodendrocyte differentiation. Evidence suggesting that disturbance of oligodendrocyte development causes major depression is also described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dendrite and dendritic spine formation are crucial for proper brain function. DISC1-binding zinc finger protein (DBZ) was first identified as a Disrupted-In-Schizophrenia1 (DISC1) binding partner. DBZ is highly expressed in the cerebral cortex of developing and adult rodents and is involved in neurite formation, cell positioning, and the development of interneurons and oligodendrocytes. The functional roles of DBZ in postnatal brain remain unknown; thus we investigated cortical pyramidal neuron morphology in DBZ knockout (KO) mice. Morphological analyses by Golgi staining alone in DBZ KO mice revealed decreased dendritic arborization, increased spine density. A morphological analysis of the spines revealed markedly increased numbers of thin spines. To investigate whole spine structure in detail, electron tomographic analysis using ultra-high voltage electron microscopy (UHVEM) combined with Golgi staining was performed. Tomograms and three-dimensional models of spines revealed that the spines of DBZ KO mice exhibited two types of characteristic morphology, filopodialike spines and abnormal thin-necked spines having an extremely thin spine neck. Moreover, conventional electron microscopy revealed significantly decreased number of postsynaptic densities (PSDs) in spines of DBZ KO mice. In conclusion, DBZ deficiency impairs the morphogenesis of dendrites and spines in cortical pyramidal neurons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Tanshinol borneol ester (DBZ), a chemical combination of danshensu and borneol, is an experimental drug that exhibits efficacious anti-ischemic activity in animal models. In this work, an ultrasensitive chemiluminescence (CL) method for the determination of DBZ was established based on the inhibitory effect of DBZ on the CL signal produced from the reaction between potassium permanganate and luminol in alkaline solution. The CL intensity responded linearly to the concentration of DBZ in the range 2.0 × 10-10 to 4.0 × 10-8 g/mL with a detection limit of 7 × 10−11 g/mL. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was 3.8% for 4.0 × 10−9 g DBZ ( n = 11). The proposed method showed characteristics of high sensitivity, simple device and quick. In addition, this proposed method had been applied satisfactorily to the analysis of DBZ in blood. The pharmacokinetics of DBZ in rat has also been studied using the CL method. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] DBZ mRNA was expressed in the MGE at E14.5 and in cortical interneruons of adult mouse brain. [•] Basket cells were less branched and had shorter processes in the somatosensory cortices of DBZ KO mice. [•] GAD67 mRNA expression was reduced in the somatosensory cortices of DBZ KO mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) is a gene disrupted by a (1:1) (q42.1;q14.3) translocation that segregates with major psychiatric disorders in a Scottish family. To elucidate how DISC1 confers susceptibility to psychiatric disorders, identification of the molecules, which bind to the domain close to the translocation breakpoint in the DISC1 gene, was performed and fasciculation and elongation protein zeta-1 (Fez1), a novel DISC1-interacting protein, termed DISC1-binding zinc-finger protein (DBZ) and Kendrin were identified. The DISC1–Fez1 interaction is up-regulated by nerve growth factor (NGF) and involved in neurite extension. Transient dissociation of the DISC1–DBZ interaction by pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) causes neurite extension. Furthermore, single-nucleotide polymorphisms association studies in a Japanese population have shown the relation of the Fez1, PACAP and PACAP receptor (PAC1) genes to schizophrenia. In schizophrenia with DISC1 translocation carrier, the DISC1–Fez1 and DISC1–DBZ interaction is disrupted, and it is likely that neural circuit formation remains immature, suggesting that schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disease. On the other hand, the DISC1–Kendrin interaction is suggested to be involved in microtubule network formation and an association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the Kendrin gene and bipolar disease has also been suggested in a Japanese population. This demonstrates that a part of bipolar disease is also a neurodevelopmental disorder. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Tanshinol borneol ester (DBZ) is a potential drug candidate composed of danshensu and borneol. It shows anti‐ischemic and anti‐atherosclerosis activity. However, little is known about its metabolism in vivo. This research aimed to elucidate the metabolic profile of DBZ through analyzing its metabolites using high‐performance liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. Chromatographic separation was performed on an Agilent TC‐C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm, 5.0 μm) with gradient elution using methanol and water containing 0.2% (v/v) formic acid as the mobile phase. Metabolite identification involved analyzing the retention behaviors, changes in molecular weights and MS/MS fragment patterns of DBZ and its metabolites. As a result, 20 potential metabolites were detected and tentatively identified in rat plasma, urine and feces after administration of DBZ. DBZ could be metabolized to O‐methylated DBZ, DBZ‐O‐glucuronide, O‐methylated DBZ‐O‐glucuronide, hydroxylated DBZ and danshensu. Danshensu, a hydrolysis product of DBZ, could further be transformed into 12 metabolites. The proposed method was confirmed to be a reliable and sensitive alternative for characterizing metabolic pathways of DBZ and providing valuable information on its druggability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dendrite and dendritic spine formation are crucial for proper brain function. DISC1-binding zinc finger protein (DBZ) was first identified as a Disrupted-In-Schizophrenia1 (DISC1) binding partner. DBZ is highly expressed in the cerebral cortex of developing and adult rodents and is involved in neurite formation, cell positioning, and the development of interneurons and oligodendrocytes. The functional roles of DBZ in postnatal brain remain unknown; thus we investigated cortical pyramidal neuron morphology in DBZ knockout (KO) mice. Morphological analyses by Golgi staining alone in DBZ KO mice revealed decreased dendritic arborization, increased spine density. A morphological analysis of the spines revealed markedly increased numbers of thin spines. To investigate whole spine structure in detail, electron tomographic analysis using ultra-high voltage electron microscopy (UHVEM) combined with Golgi staining was performed. Tomograms and three-dimensional models of spines revealed that the spines of DBZ KO mice exhibited two types of characteristic morphology, filopodia-like spines and abnormal thin-necked spines having an extremely thin spine neck. Moreover, conventional electron microscopy revealed significantly decreased number of postsynaptic densities (PSDs) in spines of DBZ KO mice. In conclusion, DBZ deficiency impairs the morphogenesis of dendrites and spines in cortical pyramidal neurons.

Recent studies have shown changes in myelin genes and alterations in white matter structure in a wide range of psychiatric disorders. Here we report that DBZ, a central nervous system (CNS)-specific member of the DISC1 interactome, positively regulates the oligodendrocyte (OL) differentiation in vivo and in vitro. In mouse corpus callosum (CC), DBZ mRNA is expressed in OL lineage cells and expression of DBZ protein peaked before MBP expression. In the CC of DBZ-KO mice, we observed delayed myelination during the early postnatal period. Although the myelination delay was mostly recovered by adulthood, OLs with immature structural features were more abundant in adult DBZ-KO mice than in control mice. DBZ was also transiently upregulated during rat OL differentiation in vitro before myelin marker expression. DBZ knockdown by RNA interference resulted in a decreased expression of myelin-related markers and a low number of cells with mature characteristics, but with no effect on the proliferation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells. We also show that the expression levels of transcription factors having a negative-regulatory role in OL differentiation were upregulated when endogenous DBZ was knocked down. These results strongly indicate that OL differentiation in rodents is regulated by DBZ., (Copyright © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Tanshinol borneol ester (DBZ), a chemical combination of danshensu and borneol, is an experimental drug that exhibits efficacious anti-ischemic activity in animal models. In this work, an ultrasensitive chemiluminescence (CL) method for the determination of DBZ was established based on the inhibitory effect of DBZ on the CL signal produced from the reaction between potassium permanganate and luminol in alkaline solution. The CL intensity responded linearly to the concentration of DBZ in the range 2.0 × 10(-10) to 4.0 × 10(-8) g/mL with a detection limit of 7 × 10(-11) g/mL. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was 3.8% for 4.0 × 10(-9) g DBZ (n = 11). The proposed method showed characteristics of high sensitivity, simple device and quick. In addition, this proposed method had been applied satisfactorily to the analysis of DBZ in blood. The pharmacokinetics of DBZ in rat has also been studied using the CL method., (Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)