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This research investigates the Plant Varieties Regime's role in safeguarding farmers’ rights in plant development and cultivation in Indonesia. Specifically, it scrutinizes criminal provisions concerning farmers accused of producing seeds without the right holder's consent, as evident in multiple court decisions. These verdicts have ignited legal debates that conflict with the principles of food sovereignty. Given that nearly 90% of corn plants are cultivated through traditional farmer knowledge, the increasing dependence on the seed industry disrupts agricultural practices passed down through generations. The Plant Variety Protection Act (PVP Act) inadvertently encourages seed industry monopolization. This paper advocates a coherent approach in compliance with Article 27(2) of the 1945 Constitution to address these legal issues and establish a just legal framework. The primary legal discourse centers on equitable protection, necessitating a re-evaluation of the PVP Law, which is perceived as restricting plant development opportunities and discriminating against farmers. Farmers, as stewards of seed development and livelihood, should not face criminal charges encroaching upon their rights. Employing a normative methodology involving statutory, conceptual, and case analyses, this study examines the criminal aspects and legal protection of farmers' rights in corn seed cultivation. Ultimately, the paper recommends revising the PVP Law, emphasizing the importance of coherent legal thinking when shaping criminal policies. On a practical level, it calls for collaborative efforts among stakeholders to bolster agricultural sovereignty, particularly in the corn sector, by prioritizing farmers' rights. In summary, this research aims to provide recommendations for enhancing farmers' protection against the criminal provisions outlined in the PVP Act, which holds a pivotal role in shielding farmers engaged in corn seed cultivation.

Globalization and free trade supported by advances in telecommunications and information technology have expanded the space for the flow of transactions of goods and / or services across national borders, so that the goods and / or services offered vary both in foreign production and production domestic. Such conditions on the one hand have benefits for consumers because consumers' needs for the desired goods and / or services can be met as well as increasingly wide-open freedom to choose various types and quality of goods and / or services in accordance with the wishes and abilities of consumers. The conditions and phenomena can cause the position of businesses and consumers to become unbalanced and consumers are in a weak position. In our daily lives we hear, read and even witness various business practices that are detrimental to consumers. Business practices that are detrimental to consumers are not only carried out by large-scale business actors, but also by medium-sized businesses and small business actors. Violations of consumer rights committed by business actors constitute a potential threat to the welfare of society, due to increased activity of business actors in the production and trade of goods and / or services to meet consumer needs if not monitored and weak law enforcement, consumers will be severely disadvantaged. For this reason, we need to understand the subject of legal protection to consumers through the explanation of Law No. 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection (UUPK), including a study of criminal aspects.