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Bernard Suits is commonly thought to have defined games as challenges. This paper argues that Suits could not have done so without ruining his larger philosophical project. It then argues that he did not do so. Suits defined game playing in quantitative terms (i.e. being more or less efficient) not qualitative ones (e.g. difficulty, struggle). The paper concludes by exploring the consequences of this shift in perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyrite (FeS2), as a transition metal sulfide, has a promise application in the field of secondary batteries due to its abundant reserves, high theoretical capacity, safety, and non‐toxicity. However, serious volume expansion and shuttle effect of FeS2 in liquid secondary batteries limit its further development. Solid‐state batteries offer effective solutions to these challenges. In this review, the synthesis methods of FeS2 and recent progress in FeS2‐based solid‐state lithium/sodium batteries are presented, and the effects of FeS2 size and morphology, solid electrolyte type, and battery structure design on the electrochemical performance of solid‐state batteries are discussed. By analyzing and summarizing the problems in applying FeS2 in solid‐state batteries, the remaining challenges in this field are discussed and future directions are proposed. This review aims to guide research on high‐performance solid‐state batteries based on FeS2 and promote further development of FeS2 in electrochemical energy storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to gain insight on the perception that minors have of viral challenges as an entertainment format and the motivations behind their participation in this digital entertainment phenomenon. A qualitative study was performed by way of twelve focus groups with sixty-two minors aged between eleven and seventeen years from Spain. For minors, viral challenges represent a form of entertainment in an interactive context, perceived as innocuous, ephemeral content from which nothing more is required than for the user to have a good time. This appears to lead the minors interviewed to ignore the meaning and origin of the viral challenges they visualise and share, neither do they regard this to be necessary. It is also important to underline the relativisation of risk and danger in favour of spectacularisation and virality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the rising integration of digital tools into educational practices in our century, it is important to comprehend how seasoned educators adjust to these developments. This qualitative research study explored the struggles and coping mechanisms of the seasoned secondary math teachers in incorporating technology into their lessons. Using phenomenological approach, fifteen seasoned math teachers from Digos City Schools Division were interviewed using the In-depth interview I to learn about their actual experiences. The results reveal the four main challenges: seasoned teachers' technological difficulties, technological resource constraint, resistance to change, curriculum integration. Teachers use a variety of strategies to address these issues, troubleshooting skills, innovative solutions, seeking help and collaborations, and continuous professional development. The report also lists the types of assistance that school administrators should provide, professional development and learning opportunities, sharing experience and peer collaboration, resource allocation and infrastructure support, and building healthy relationships with stakeholder. The results imply that with theories of social support, resilience, and stress and coping highlight the value of specialized support systems in assisting educators in successfully navigating the challenges of teaching mathematics using technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we detail the process of organising and facilitating a visualisation challenge as part of a larger project centring visual methods. We explore how the visualisation challenge specifically operated to highlight feminist epistemological and methodological principals, and practically, what worked and what didn't. We conclude that visualisation challenges offer exciting potential to jumpstart creative and innovative project development, but if a challenge is to be successful, context matters, and so too do practical and logical considerations. We believe that feminist visualisation challenges offer exciting models to share findings and data, learn from emerging research practices, and build community within and beyond the academy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present study was investigate parents' experiences of children with Epidermolysis bullosa. So, this descriptive phenomenological qualitative study was conducted on 17 parents of children with EB from five hospitals affiliated with the University of Medical Sciences, west of Iran. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews. COLAIZZI's method was also used to analyze the data. Results: Three main themes were extracted in this study: invasion of psychological crisis, alive but no living, and comprehensive support, including 10 categories. The parents of these children are the target of psychological crises that severely reduce their quality of life. In this regard, they need extensive support to improve their living conditions. Therefore, it is suggested to provide cultural and institutional contexts in which all components of the children's dignity are emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the extent and nature of parental involvement in the education of students with visual impairment in the city of Woldia, Ethiopia, as well as the associated challenges these parents face. A qualitative approach was employed, utilising a case‐study design. A purposive sample of 14 participants, consisting of parents of students with visual impairment, was selected for in‐depth interviews and focus group discussions. The collected data underwent thematic analysis to identify key themes and patterns. The results indicate that parents of children with visual impairment actively engage in their child's education by providing materials, creating supportive environments and maintaining communication with schools. Challenges to parental involvement included poor communication with schools, a lack of involvement in at‐home learning, limited participation in volunteer activities and minimal involvement in decision‐making. These challenges were influenced by factors such as time constraints, false beliefs, scant knowledge of Braille‐related activities and negative attitudes towards parental involvement. Additionally, the study revealed a lack of collaboration between parents and communities in the education of children with visual impairment. These challenges need addressing and parental involvement in the education of these students should be enhanced. Improving communication, providing support and resources, fostering inclusivity, and promoting collaboration among parents, teachers, schools and the community are key to improving educational outcomes and societal inclusion for students with visual impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Challenge‐based learning (CBL) is a pedagogical approach increasingly adopted in engineering education. Despite its growing practice, there is little consensus in the literature about how CBL is implemented in engineering curricula and what experiences teachers and students have in relation to it. Purpose: To address this gap, the following research questions guided the study: How is CBL currently implemented in engineering education? What difficulties and lessons learned are associated with the implementation of CBL? Methods: We systematically reviewed the empirical literature published between 2010 and 2021. Forty‐eight empirical studies describing CBL implementation were analyzed using the curricular spider‐web framework. Results: The review shows the variation in CBL implementation at the course and project levels. CBL courses and projects shared the use of open‐ended, real‐world challenges as a starting point for student learning. However, they differed in the embeddedness of a challenge in specific courses and the focus of the learning, which ranged across knowledge acquisition, knowledge application, and development of transversal skills. CBL experiences also varied in terms of challenge characteristics, such as the link with global societal challenges, stakeholders' involvement, and multidisciplinarity. Similar difficulties and lessons learned were reported by teachers and students across the different examples of CBL implementation. Conclusions: CBL as a pedagogical approach in engineering education can promote student engagement with complex societal challenges within a real‐world context. However, there are limitations to the review and implications of the findings for educational research and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Objective: The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted medical education worldwide with several opportunities and challenges. This study aims to provide an overview of medical education's opportunities and challenges according to the experience of the COVID-19 pandemic in order to guide future endeavors in conducting the teaching-learning process in post-COVID era support. Material & Methods: In this systematized review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement, databases of PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, Web of Science, and Eric, in addition to Google Scholar as a search engine, were searched to retrieve relevant original peer-reviewed, review, editorial, and commentary articles published from Dec 2019 to the end of Sep 2022. Results: As per the qualitative synthesis, a total of 29 articles were included from the 1534 records that were identified. Reviewing the included articles showed that most of the relevant studies were considered Medical and healthcare students (51.8%) at undergraduate level (72.5%) in University settings (62.1%). As per the qualitative synthesis, a total of 29 articles were included from the 1534 records that were identified. Reviewing the included articles showed that most of the relevant studies were considered Medical and healthcare students (51.8%) at undergraduate level (72.5%) in University settings (62.1%). On the other hand, post-COVID medical education opportunities have been grouped into four main categories, which are teaching and learning processes, psychological impact, accessibility and education equity, and management and administrative affairs. Post-COVID medical education opportunities also consist of four main categories: teaching-learning process, psychological impact, accessibility and education equity, and management and administrative affairs. Conclusion: Changes in teaching and learning processes in medical education caused by the COVID-19 pandemic created opportunities and caused important challenges that should be considered in the post-COVID era. In this regard, blended learning with the integration of technology using a flexible approach could be an effective recommendation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has shown that curiosity plays a crucial role in human performance and well-being. Based on multi-dimensional models of curiosity, we examined potential underlying mechanisms for this relationship. Extending prior research, we expected state and trait variants of curiosity to predict more challenge and less threat appraisals for novel tasks (i.e., joyous exploration dimension), stronger dissatisfaction when denied opportunities to do something interesting (i.e., deprivation sensitivity dimension), and persist longer under stress states (i.e., stress tolerance). We asked 123 participants to prepare and deliver a speech titled "Why are you a good friend?" After preparation, participants were informed that they were randomly selected not to perform the task. Throughout the experiment, we recorded heart rate reactivity as a physiological indicator of task engagement. We found that individuals curious about the upcoming task felt more challenged, less threatened, and presented longer physiological engagement than less curious individuals. Curious individuals expressed more disappointment about the missed opportunity to deliver the speech. In summary, this study revealed theoretically derived mechanisms that partially account for associations between curiosity and positive life outcomes while also indicating adverse effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been proposed that the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus that spread through human populations as a pandemic originated in Asian bats. There is concern that infected humans could transmit the virus to native North American bats; therefore, the susceptibility of several North American bat species to the pandemic virus has been experimentally assessed. Big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) were shown to be resistant to infection by SARS-CoV-2, whereas Mexican free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) became infected and orally excreted moderate amounts of virus for up to 18 d postinoculation. Little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) frequently contact humans, and their populations are threatened over much of their range due to white-nose syndrome, a fungal disease that is continuing to spread across North America. We experimentally challenged little brown bats with SARS-CoV-2 to determine their susceptibility and host potential and whether the virus presents an additional risk to this species. We found that this species was resistant to infection by SARS-CoV-2. These findings provide reassurance to wildlife rehabilitators, biologists, conservation scientists, and the public at large who are concerned with possible transmission of this virus to threatened bat populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The manufacturing industry is entering the fourth industrial revolution, which aims to shift the manufacturing paradigm to data-driven smart manufacturing. Many barriers still limit the adoption of this new revolution, although enabling technologies such as a digital twin (DT) have the potential to overcome them. Since the appearance of the digital twin technology, this has led to a significant increase in academic publications and industrial applications. However, significant challenges facing the implementation of this technology stem from the emergent field stage, a need for more comprehensive information, and a need for clarity and consistency in definitions and concepts. This review identifies and categorizes the potential digital twin challenges and provides a novel conceptual framework that structures them and links them to the principal digital twin components, along with an example that elucidates the proposed framework's utilization. The emerging relationships unveil interesting insights into the current status and future research requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: L. Australis is one of the most prevalent Leptospira strains infecting dogs, leading, in natural conditions, to severe life-threatening cases. Objective: The objective was to evaluate the onset and duration of immunity (OOI and DOI) induced by a new licensed quadrivalent antileptospiral vaccine (EURICAN® L4) including four Leptospira components (Canicola, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Grippotyphosa and Australis) against L. Australis. To this end, a severe L. Australis challenge model was developed, using a canine strain recently isolated from the field. Material and Methods: Seven- to ten-week-old puppies received two doses of the vaccine four weeks apart and were challenged with an L. Australis isolate two weeks (OOI) and 12 months (DOI) later. Mortality, clinical signs, leptospiremia, leptospiruria, renal carriage, and renal lesions were assessed after challenge. Results: The challenge induced multiple severe clinical signs in controls, leading to the death or euthanasia of 83% of puppies and 57% of adults. In controls, leptospiremia was detected in all dogs, leptospiruria in 67% of puppies and 86% of adults, kidneys tested positive for Leptospira in 83% of puppies and 71% of adults, and kidney lesions were observed in 100% of puppies and 86% of adults. In addition, thrombocytopenia associated with increased concentrations of urea, creatinine, and aspartate aminotransferase was recorded in controls displaying severe clinical signs. In both OOI and DOI studies, none of the vaccinates had clinical signs, no Leptospira was detected in blood, urine, and kidney samples, and no kidney lesions were observed in vaccinates. No significant changes in hematological and biochemical parameters in vaccinates were recorded. Conclusion: EURICAN® L4 was shown to induce quick and long-lasting protection against a severe L. Australis infectious challenge, preventing mortality, clinical signs, infection, bacterial excretion, renal lesions, and renal carriage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Next-generation identity verification using biometric features is nearly foolproof with the right classifier. However, selecting the correct classifier poses a key challenge, particularly in the recognition of biometric patterns. High-potential projects may face delays due to a lack of the right recognition mechanism or the malfunction of the selected classifier. This could also result from not choosing the appropriate classifier that aligns with the project's patterns. This study aims to evaluate various classifiers with potential in biometric research and the capabilities of different machine learning algorithms. Several classifiers were experimentally evaluated in combination with dynamic algorithms. The ultimate objective was to identify a standard classifier suitable for general biometric pattern recognition. Using well-known biometric pattern datasets, multivariate algorithms, such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), were applied. These methods were combined with different classifiers, including SVM-L, MLP, KNN, etc. After analyzing the results obtained, the combination of LDA with MLP outperformed other approaches in terms of accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos, Revista de Ciencias Administrativas y Económicas is the property of Universidad Politecnica Salesiana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the status, resource use, and challenges of the capture-based hatchery of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) (BTS). Methods: Data was obtained through the investigation of 15 broodstock fishing boats and 60 capture-based BTS broodstock hatcheries. Resource use index (RUI) of the capture-based BTS hatchery, calculated from 1,000 female brooders to produce 15-day-old post-larvae (PL15) (production efficiency of PL15, or PEPL15), was analysed. Results: The results indicated that the fishing boats captured an average of 5,900 brooders.boat-1.year-1, 20,856 kg of by catch.boat-1.year-1, and the PE-PL15 production of 937 million for 1,000 female brooders. In the hatchery stage, the use of larger body weight female brooders had benefits in terms of higher survival rate and better efficiency of labour use, Artemia cyst, and probiotic products, but it reduced the efficiency use of chemicals, pellets, and total tank volume of the hatchery. Discussion: There is increasing use of domesticated brooder sources, but wildcaught brooders still play an important role in producing low-cost PL15 for traditional shrimp farming systems, accounting for most farmed BTS production. Therefore, the certification of good practices should be implemented to capture-based BTS hatcheries for the reasonable use of this brooder resource to sustain BTS farming in Vietnam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Identifying and exploiting stewardship and financing challenges in Iran's health insurance system as an ecosystem is essential to achieving predetermined goals. This study aimed to determine the challenges and strategies in the Iranian health insurance ecosystem to provide relevant evidence to healthcare managers and policymakers to improve its functions and perform necessary reforms. Method: This qualitative study was conducted at the national level in Iran. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and analyzed using the directed content analysis method. The study participants included managers and experts in health insurance and faculty of universities of medical sciences, who were selected by purposive sampling. Results: The challenges and strategies expressed by participants were categorized into two functions: stewardship and financing. Four main themes, ten subthemes, 22 challenges, and 24 strategies were identified in the stewardship function, along with three main themes, 12 subthemes, 17 challenges, and 16 strategies in the financing function. The major challenge in the Iranian health insurance ecosystem was the complexity and conflict of interests between multiple actors with different roles, which led to fragmentation, diverse structures, and a gap between other functions and objectives, hindering the effective functioning of the ecosystem. Conclusion: In order to deal with the challenges of the health insurance ecosystem, it is suggested to create a coherent insurance system through a single utility system, and by paying more attention to health-oriented services, the health insurance ecosystem becomes a health-oriented system instead of being treatment-oriented. In addition, in order to strengthen the governance of the country's health insurance ecosystem, the number of actors with multiple roles should be reduced and the roles of the actors should be clarified and separated in order to prevent conflicts of interest and structural corruption in this ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND RESULTS CONCLUSIONS Food loss and waste estimates are highly inconsistent as a result of methodological and systemic differences. Additionally, the absence of in‐depth evidence surrounding the biological drivers of food loss and waste precludes targeted mitigation action. To address this challenge, we undertook a metanalysis utilising a systematic literature review combined with industry stakeholder surveys to examine the incidence of food loss and waste in the UK fruit and vegetable supply chain between primary production and retail.We estimated that 37% of fruit and vegetables, equivalent to 2.4 Mt of produce, is lost between production and sale. In the UK, primary production is the main stage responsible for these losses (58%), and is dominated by four crops (apple, onion, carrot and potato), which contribute 71% of total food loss and waste. Quality and supply/demand mismatch are the core drivers, combined with limited ability to control postharvest quality decline as a result of technical or economic barriers.Innate biological mechanisms contribute to, and detract from, marketable quality generating food loss risks where these cannot be adequately modified or controlled. Through climate change effects, reduced pesticide availability, changing consumer behaviour and increased pressure to reduce resource/energy inputs during pre‐ and postharvest handling, food loss and waste risk is likely to increase in the short term unless targeted, coordinated action is taken to actively promote its mitigation. © 2024 The Author(s). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stroke is a major cause of death and long-term disability among residents in China. Traditional therapeutic drugs are limited by the obstruction of the blood-brain barrier, poor stability, lack of targeting, and low drug loading, which may result in suboptimal treatment outcomes. Nanomaterials, as an emerging, non-invasive, and real-time controllable drug delivery system, have been widely used in the diagnosis and treatment of stroke. Nanomedicines can effectively enhance the biocompatibility, stability, and targeting of drugs, as well as prolong their half-life, thereby significantly improving the efficacy of traditional medications. In recent years, there has been some progress in the application of nanomaterials in the field of ischemic stroke diagnosis and treatment, although challenges in clinical translation remain. This article primarily reviews the research progress and challenges of nanomaterials in the diagnosis and treatment of ischemic stroke, aiming to further promote the research and application of nanomaterials in stroke therapy [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer remains a worldwide problem, and new treatment strategies are being actively developed. Peptides have the characteristics of good biocompatibility, strong targeting, functional diversity, modifiability, membrane permeable ability, and low immunogenicity, and they have been widely used to construct targeted drug delivery systems (DDSs). In addition, peptides, as endogenous substances, have a high affinity, which can not only regulate immune cells but also work synergistically with drugs to kill tumor cells, demonstrating significant potential for application. In this review, the latest progress of polypeptides-based nanocarriers in tumor therapy has been outlined, focusing on their applications in killing tumor cells and regulating immune cells. Additionally, peptides as carriers were found to primarily provide a transport function, which was also a subject of interest to us. At the end of the paper, the shortcomings in the construction of peptide nano-delivery system have been summarized, and possible solutions are proposed therein. The application of peptides provides a promising outlook for cancer treatment, and we hope this article can provide in-depth insights into possible future avenues of exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper aimed to identify the level of psychological hardiness, the level of death anxiety, and the level of existential vacuum among the elderly, also the role of the predictive ability of death anxiety and existential vacuum in the psychological hardiness of the elderly at the governorates of Tafilyah and Ma'an in light of the Corona pandemic in Jordan. The descriptive-analytical approach was utilized. sample consists (500) elderly, that were selected by a simple random approach. Then the needed statistical measure was operated to achieve the required results. The results indicated a low level of psychological hardiness, a high level of death anxiety, and an existential vacuum in the elderly. The results show a suitable predictive ability for each of death anxiety and the existential vacuum in reducing psychological hardiness. The research paper recommended the necessity of rehabilitating the elderly in Jordan regarding the mental and psychological aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modified atmosphere package (MAP), as a practical, economic, and easy to operate food package technique, has experienced a rapid development in both scientific and industrial communities. In recent years, given the superiority of super-atmospheric O2 (SO) MAP in preserving fruits and vegetables relative to low O2 and/or high CO2 MAP, SO MAP is back on the radar of researchers. This paper systematically reviews recent development on application of SO MAP and improved strategies to fruit and vegetable preservation in the last 15 years, possible mechanisms concerning their positive and negative effects, and challenges and future perspectives for SO MAP. The present work can provide a theoretical basis and technique reference for achieving a better effectiveness on fruit and vegetable preservation in the practical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigating the growing concern of pediatric burn injuries caused by social media challenges. Adolescents, seeking fame or succumbing to peer pressure, engage in risky behaviors, recording and sharing them online. The study presents two case reports detailing severe burn injuries resulting from such challenges, highlighting the physical and psychological toll on affected children and their families. In Case report 1, a 14-year-old suffered severe burns attempting a TikTok challenge involving igniting a soaked t-shirt. The patient's critical condition necessitated intensive care, surgical procedures, and skin grafts, accompanied by complications like anemia and sepsis. Case report 2 features a 9-year-old who sustained extensive burns while attempting another social media challenge. Treatment included escharolysis, skin grafts, and surgeries, with complications managed during the recovery process. A literature review explores social media-generated burn injuries, revealing their physical and psychological impact. The influence of social proof and peer pressure on adolescents' behavior in the digital age is discussed. The pandemic's effect on mental health is considered, emphasizing the vulnerability of adolescents to such challenges. In conclusion, the paper highlights the rising incidence of teen burn injuries linked to social media challenges. Urgent measures are needed to restrict the promotion of risky behaviors on social platforms. Alongside state-of-the-art burn treatments, comprehensive psychological care is essential for young patients and their families to cope with trauma. Increased content monitoring and the dissemination of prevention materials are recommended to mitigate the occurrence of such incidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Limited skills and fears hinder advance care planning discussions with patients. • Filial piety in Eastern cultures complicates patient autonomy in ACP. • Emotional discomfort and cultural stigma impede effective ACP implementation. • Legal uncertainties and lack of teamwork pose obstacles to optimal ACP practices. • Urgent need for strategies overcoming barriers and promoting patient-centered ACP. The viability of advance care planning (ACP) in cultures where discussing future desires is taboo is unclear, it is essential to examine the challenges faced by Chinese nurses lacking legal protection for ACP. To comprehend Chinese oncology nurses' perceptions of serious illness conversation and ACP, and identify barriers to engagement. A qualitative descriptive exploratory study involving semi-structured interviews with 13 experienced oncology nurses, analyzed using thematic analysis and critical incident technique, following the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) guidelines. Four themes emerged: Inadequate Competence Causes Patient Harm, Cultural Influences to Patient Autonomy, Psychological Tolerance Neglects Best Interests, and Systemic and Legal Uncertainties Impact Patient Rights. Policy changes supporting nurses in ACP implementation, a 'whole-system strategic approach' involving legislative changes, organizational support, and public awareness are crucial for optimizing ACP and meeting diverse patient needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gluten-free diet (GFD) is the one therapy in coeliac disease (CeD). Unfortunately, some patients adopt GFD before the diagnostic work-up. The guidelines suggest a 14-day gluten intake > 3 gr to get CeD diagnosis, although many subjects refuse this approach. Other evidence showed that the intake of 50 mg/day of gluten for 3 months could be useful for CeD diagnosis. We performed a dietary study, administering a low dose of gluten in form of "crackers" (about 60–120 mg of gluten/day) for 3 months, to get a final diagnosis of CeD in subjects already on GFD. We enrolled adult patients with a suspicion of CeD on self-prescribed GFD. All subjects performed the crackers challenge for 3 months. At the end, all patients were analysed for CeD serology and if positive underwent endoscopy/histology. Also, we recorded the grade of satisfaction for the gluten challenge and the onset of adverse events. We enrolled 120 patients. All patients concluded the challenge without relevant adverse events. Serological positivity was detected in 54 patients (45%). Histology showed atrophy in 87% and Marsh 1–2 grade in 13% of patients. Ninety-nine patients (83%) were satisfied by this challenge. The "crackers challenge" is a useful and safe diagnostic approach in people on self-administered GFD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Space-Integrated-Ground Information Networks is the property of Beijing Xintong Media Co., Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

During the COVID-19 pandemic, antibody-based vaccines targeting the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein were the focus for development because neutralizing antibodies were associated with protection against the SARS-CoV-2 infection pre-clinically and in humans. While deploying these spike-based vaccines saved millions of lives worldwide, it has become clear that the immunological mechanisms of protection against severe disease are multifaceted and involve non-neutralizing antibody components. Here, we describe a novel pan-sarbecovirus T-cell vaccine, ChAdOx1.COVconsv12, designed to complement and broaden the protection of spike vaccines. The vaccine immunogen COVconsv12 employs the two regions in the viral proteome most conserved among sarbecoviruses, which are delivered by replication-deficient vector ChAdOx1. It directs T cells towards epitopes shared among sarbecoviruses including evolving SARS-CoV-2 variants. Here, we show that ChAdOx1.COVconsv12 induced broad T-cell responses in the BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. In the Syrian hamster challenge model, ChAdOx1.COVconsv12 alone did not protect against the SARS-CoV-2 infection, but when co-administered with 1/50th of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 spike vaccine protective dose, faster recovery and lower oral swab viral load were observed. Induction of CD8+ T cells may decrease COVID-19 severity and extend the T-cell response coverage of variants to match the known (and as yet unknown) members of the β-coronavirus family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Remote sensing is essential in construction management by providing valuable information and insights throughout the project lifecycle. Due to the rapid advancement of remote sensing technologies, their use has been increasingly adopted in the architecture, engineering, and construction industries. This review paper aims to advance the understanding, knowledge base, and practical implementation of remote sensing technologies in the construction industry. It may help support the development of robust methodologies, address challenges, and pave the way for the effective integration of remote sensing into construction management processes. This paper presents the results of a comprehensive literature review, focusing on the challenges faced in using remote sensing technologies in construction management. One hundred and seventeen papers were collected from eight relevant journals, indexed in Web of Science, and then categorized by challenge type. The results of 44 exemplary studies were reported in the three types of remote sensing platforms (satellite, airborne, and ground-based remote sensing). The paper provides construction professionals with a deeper understanding of remote sensing technologies and their applications in construction management. The challenges of using remote sensing in construction were collected and classified into eleven challenges. According to the number of collected documents, the critical challenges were shadow, spatial, and temporal resolution issues. The findings emphasize the use of unmanned airborne systems (UASs) and satellite remote sensing, which have become increasingly common and valuable for tasks such as preconstruction planning, progress tracking, safety monitoring, and environmental management. This knowledge allows for informed decision-making regarding integrating remote sensing into construction projects, leading to more efficient and practical project planning, design, and execution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even though Indonesia’s start-up scene is experiencing rapid growth, the industry is grappling with considerable hurdles, such as a high rate of business closures, strong dependence on employee efficiency, and heavy reliance on technology. This paper examines the correlation between leadership styles, job challenges, job engagement, and job insecurity in Indonesian start-ups, which face unique challenges affecting employee job security. Unlike most research on how job insecurity impacts job engagement, this study explores whether higher job engagement impacts job insecurity, providing practical insights for leaders. The study was structured using a quantitative approach known as structural equation modeling-partial least squares (SEM-PLS), which analyzed 198 responses from Indonesian start-up employees. This study found that leadership styles significantly affect job insecurity (β = 1.337, p-value < 0.05), however, leadership styles do not substantially affect job engagement (β = 0,435, p-value > 0.05). Another finding states that job challenges do not significantly affect job engagement (β = 0.491, p-value > 0.05) and job insecurity (β = –0.037, p-value > 0.05). Job engagement significantly influences job insecurity (β = –0.428, p-value < 0.05). This study specifically targets employees in Indonesian start-ups to uncover mechanisms and offer practical recommendations for enhancing job security and motivation. The findings underscore the significant impact of leadership style on job insecurity, emphasizing the importance of engaging and motivating employees through personalized leadership style approaches to enhance job stability and overall workforce effectiveness in Indonesian start-ups.

Abstract Objective The present study was investigate parents’ experiences of children with Epidermolysis bullosa. So, this descriptive phenomenological qualitative study was conducted on 17 parents of children with EB from five hospitals affiliated with the University of Medical Sciences, west of Iran. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews. COLAIZZI’s method was also used to analyze the data. Results Three main themes were extracted in this study: invasion of psychological crisis, alive but no living, and comprehensive support, including 10 categories. The parents of these children are the target of psychological crises that severely reduce their quality of life. In this regard, they need extensive support to improve their living conditions. Therefore, it is suggested to provide cultural and institutional contexts in which all components of the children’s dignity are emphasized.

The translation of song lyrics is challenging for translators primarily due to the intricate poetic and musical elements, which often compel them to employ specific strategies for effective translation. This study was an attempt to investigate the translation strategies in selected translated movie song lyrics and explore the challenges in translating the lyrics. In this qualitative study, the songs were purposefully selected from “Mulan” (1998) and “Aladdin” (2019) movies. Low’s (2013) translation strategies were applied during the process of translation. The “Translation” (transfer of material with a reasonably high degree of semantic fidelity), and “Replacement” (a re-creation of text by only preserving the music element) strategies were found as the common strategies in the translation of song lyrics. The use of a replacement strategy could be due to technical difficulties in translating songs, such as the constraint of rhythm, hence a total replacement of meanings to match the rhythm of the song. A significant challenge in translating song lyrics from English to Chinese was in translating the concept of face-saving, which is an eminent process in social interactions in Chinese culture. It was concluded that the use of a translation strategy depended on the lyrics, translators’ creativity, melody, rhyme, and the differences between the languages and cultures, while the “skopos”, i.e., the correspondence of aim/purpose in the source and target cultures should play the key role.

In today’s world, supply chains must adopt new and intelligent technologies to achieve objectives such as enhancing productivity and performance, competitiveness, and overcoming challenges. The Internet of Things (IoT), as an emerging and transformative technology, is considered one of the most significant technology areas today and has garnered considerable attention across various industries. However, the implementation of IoT at the supply chain (SC) level faces numerous challenges and obstacles, and its acceptance at this level requires specific drivers. To date, no specific classification has been provided for drivers at the SC level, and existing classifications for challenges also need to be reviewed and updated. Given the importance of IoT in SC management, a systematic review at this level is necessary. This article provides a systematic literature review to identify and classify the challenges and drivers of IoT at the SC level. The study reviewed articles published from 2004 to 2023, ultimately identifying and categorizing 92 challenges into 16 categories: financial, standards and government regulations, privacy and security, energy consumption, health issues, hardware and software issues, culture in the SC, lack of knowledge and awareness, poor IT management, coordination in the SC, perception, the Challenge of uncertainty, lack of Plan and Strategy, incompatibility with existing technology, supply Problems, and user acceptance and trust in technology. Additionally, the study identified 4 antecedent drivers (pressures, understanding the benefits, government regulations, government incentives) and 10 consequent drivers (production benefits, improving competitive advantage, inventory management, cost management, improving transparency, efficiency of information flow, development of responsiveness and agility, sustainable development, facilitation of management, and development of cooperation and coordination). Finally, a model for implementing IoT technology in the SC is presented. This model synthesizes the findings from the literature review and offers a practical roadmap for organizations seeking to leverage IoT in their supply chains. By addressing the identified challenges and utilizing the drivers, organizations can effectively integrate IoT technology, thereby enhancing the efficiency, transparency, and overall performance of their SC operations.

Objectives: Newly graduated nurses commence night shifts during a phase of heightened vulnerability to reality shock, exacerbating the challenges faced by these graduates. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the challenges experienced by newly graduated nurses when undertaking night shifts in order to help identify a strategy for supporting their adaptation to these shifts. Methods: Semi-structured personal interviews were used to collect data. Fifteen newly graduated nurses were selected to participate in the study by purposive sampling method from November 2021 to March 2022 in one of four general hospitals situated in the southwestern region of Japan. Semi-structured interviews were analyzed by using thematic analysis. Results: The analysis revealed five central themes and nine subthemes: challenges in task efficiency (task organization challenges, challenges in time-constrained task performance), challenges in responding to patients’ changing conditions (challenges in responding to patients’ irregular conditions, challenges in responding to nighttime changes in patients’ behaviors), challenges in independent practice (challenges in engaging in independent nursing practice, challenges in dealing with unexpected events), challenges in establishing collaborative relationships (challenges in working closely with other staff, challenges in establishing collaborative relationships during night shifts with limited resources), challenges in adapting to shift work (challenges in managing physical conditions for shift work). Conclusions: Newly graduated nurses often encounter challenges in performing their tasks during the transition period. When working night shifts, they face additional hurdles unique to nocturnal duties. The findings underscore the necessity for these graduates to develop night shift-specific readiness to effectively navigate the demands inherent in such work schedules.

Background & Objective: The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted medical education worldwide with several opportunities and challenges. This study aims to provide an overview of medical education's opportunities and challenges according to the experience of the COVID-19 pandemic in order to guide future endeavors in conducting the teaching-learning process in post-COVID era support. Material & Methods: In this systematized review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement, databases of PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, Web of Science, and Eric, in addition to Google Scholar as a search engine, were searched to retrieve relevant original peer-reviewed, review, editorial, and commentary articles published from Dec 2019 to the end of Sep 2022. Results: As per the qualitative synthesis, a total of 29 articles were included from the 1534 records that were identified. Reviewing the included articles showed that most of the relevant studies were considered Medical and healthcare students (51.8%) at undergraduate level (72.5%) in University settings (62.1%). As per the qualitative synthesis, a total of 29 articles were included from the 1534 records that were identified. Reviewing the included articles showed that most of the relevant studies were considered Medical and healthcare students (51.8%) at undergraduate level (72.5%) in University settings (62.1%). On the other hand, post-COVID medical education opportunities have been grouped into four main categories, which are teaching and learning processes, psychological impact, accessibility and education equity, and management and administrative affairs. Post-COVID medical education opportunities also consist of four main categories: teaching-learning process, psychological impact, accessibility and education equity, and management and administrative affairs. Conclusion: Changes in teaching and learning processes in medical education caused by the COVID-19 pandemic created opportunities and caused important challenges that should be considered in the post-COVID era. In this regard, blended learning with the integration of technology using a flexible approach could be an effective recommendation.

Abstract Introduction Identifying and exploiting stewardship and financing challenges in Iran’s health insurance system as an ecosystem is essential to achieving predetermined goals. This study aimed to determine the challenges and strategies in the Iranian health insurance ecosystem to provide relevant evidence to healthcare managers and policymakers to improve its functions and perform necessary reforms. Method This qualitative study was conducted at the national level in Iran. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and analyzed using the directed content analysis method. The study participants included managers and experts in health insurance and faculty of universities of medical sciences, who were selected by purposive sampling. Results The challenges and strategies expressed by participants were categorized into two functions: stewardship and financing. Four main themes, ten subthemes, 22 challenges, and 24 strategies were identified in the stewardship function, along with three main themes, 12 subthemes, 17 challenges, and 16 strategies in the financing function. The major challenge in the Iranian health insurance ecosystem was the complexity and conflict of interests between multiple actors with different roles, which led to fragmentation, diverse structures, and a gap between other functions and objectives, hindering the effective functioning of the ecosystem. Conclusion In order to deal with the challenges of the health insurance ecosystem, it is suggested to create a coherent insurance system through a single utility system, and by paying more attention to health-oriented services, the health insurance ecosystem becomes a health-oriented system instead of being treatment-oriented. In addition, in order to strengthen the governance of the country’s health insurance ecosystem, the number of actors with multiple roles should be reduced and the roles of the actors should be clarified and separated in order to prevent conflicts of interest and structural corruption in this ecosystem.

Undoubtedly, Instagram significantly impacts people's everyday life in the social, cultural, economic, and political arenas. One of the handset applications become common among young Iranians, especially girls, during their free time is Instagram. In recent years, this app has evolved from a domain of recreation to, in many cases, a career field for youth. In the meantime, one of the most well-liked Instagram activities is what is known as an Instagram challenge. In general, "challenge" refers to videos shared widely, especially by bloggers. This study examines twenty young female bloggers between the age group of 18 and 30. Thematic analysis, a semi-structured interviewing tool, and coding for data analysis were used in this study's qualitative methodology. To better analyze the behavior of these young women, Robert Stebbins' theory of transforming informal leisure time into formal one has been used. The three main categories of the paradoxical situation of leisure/career, the centrality of Instagram in facilitating the possibility of challenge, and the creation of financial channels in the context of Instagram rituals were extracted from the interviews. In general, these users talked about the goals and methods of setting challenges, the conditions of creating these challenges, and how they turned casual leisure into serious leisure by paying for classes to increase their audience on Instagram and not be discouraged despite failures and the efforts they made.

In the European Union, the withdrawal of pharmaceutical zinc oxide (ZnO) poses challenges for post-weaning pigs management. The present work aims to elucidate, using a meta-analytical and a systematic review approach, the effects of different doses and forms of zinc (Zn) on health, performance, and gut health of weaning pigs. A total of 309 articles were identified from a literature research from 2001 to 2021; 85 were selected. Articles were divided in 3 datasets to evaluate: 1) the effects of ZnO doses (ZnO database); 2) the efficacy of ZnO on infection models (challenge database); 3) the effect of different Zn sources (special Zn database). The experimental groups were classified according to their Zn dose: low Zn (LZn: 0–200 ppm); medium (M1Zn: 201–630 ppm; M2Zn: 631–1600 ppm); high (HZn:>1601 ppm). Dataset 2 and 3 were analysed by a systematic review approach. Results showed that M1Zn and M2Zn guarantee comparable average daily gain, villus height and crypt depth to HZn. The HZn group had higher Escherichia coli (p = 0.04) in the small intestine. The ZnO database confirmed that Zn doses between 600 and 1600 ppm had comparable results for intestinal function and growth performance to pharmacological doses of Zn. The challenge dataset confirmed the positive effect of HZn in counteracting infections resulting in higher performance, lower diarrhoea and better intestinal morphology. The special zinc dataset suggested that coated, capsulated and nano Zn represent the most promising alternative sources to reduce the detrimental effects of weaning on pigs.

Although research has investigated how appraisals are linked with categories of emotions (e.g. pleasant and unpleasant emotions) in sport, research into how stress appraisal components are associated with specific discrete emotions commonly experienced in sport has received scant attention. This study examined how pre-performance stress appraisals were related to pre-performance anger, anxiety, dejection, excitement, and happiness. Athletes (N = 458) completed measures of pre-performance stress appraisals and emotions in relation to their latest competitive performance. Path analyses revealed challenge appraisal was positively linked to pleasant emotions, and threat appraisal with unpleasant emotions. Specific emotions also possessed discrete links with appraisal components. For example, uncontrollable-by-anyone appraisal was positively linked with anger and dejection but inversely linked with anxiety. Moreover, controllable-by-others appraisal was positively associated, and controllable-by-self appraisal was negatively associated, with anxiety. Excitement and happiness were similarly related with appraisal components. However, controllable-by-self appraisal was positively and more strongly associated with excitement, whereas controllable-by-others appraisal was also positively and directly linked with happiness. These findings highlight how stress appraisals are linked with common emotions in sport and offer applied implications for coaches, sport psychologists and athletes regarding ways that could help regulate pre-performance emotions in sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dear Editor, At present is the era of tremendous changes in human knowledge. The importance of knowledge transfers and the use of research results for decision makers, as a supplement to knowledge production, is increasing in developed and developing countries. In Iran, knowledge-based development is one of the pillars of the country's 20-year vision. Nevertheless, despite three decades of efforts in knowledge translation produced in medical sciences, the status of knowledge transfers and exchange is not satisfactory. On the other hand, due to the large amount of time, money and energy that is spent on conducting research, greater effectiveness and optimal use of its results are always the concern of managers and executives at all levels. In such a situation, it is necessary to move from the current situation to the ideal situation through review the current process, formulate intervention and solutions based on the existing context and platform, modify and improve the current trends.

Enhancing awareness of personal cleanliness and antibacterial resistance has intensified the antibacterial substance request on consumable products. Antibacterial agents that have been commercialized nowadays are produced from inorganic and non-renewable substances. This provides several drawbacks, particularly against health and environmental issues. Therefore, many scientists work on substituting fossil-fuel-based antibacterial agents with natural ones such as from biomass. Biomass derivatives, natural abundances of biopolymers in the world, amount to major compounds including polysaccharides (cellulose, hemicellulose, and chitosan) and polyphenol (tannin and lignin) substances which are capable to combat the growth of Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria. To date, no report focuses on a deep understanding of antibacterial properties derived from biomass and the internal and external factors effects. This work provides that gap because comprehensive knowledge is necessary before applying biomass to the products. The potency of biomass derivatives as antibacterial additives is also summarized. Basic knowledge of antibacterial characteristics to the application in products is highlighted in this review. Besides, the discussion about challenges and future perspectives is also delivered.

Task-based Learning (TBL) is a dynamic, student-centered approach where learners actively engage in guided learning tasks that mimic real-world scenarios. This hands-on experience encourages the practical application of language skills, fostering deeper understanding and retention. Meta-synthesis, in this context, involves the systematic integration and coordination of various educational components to maximize the benefits of TBL. Numerous studies have demonstrated the positive impacts of TBL on students’ language proficiency, critical thinking abilities, and overall engagement. Additionally, it enhances teachers’ competencies, allowing them to adapt their methodologies to better meet student needs and improves classroom organization by promoting active participation. However, challenges remain, particularly due to limited knowledge and skills surrounding TBL among educators. These insights are significant not only for enhancing the theoretical foundations of TBL but also for providing foresight into potential obstacles educators may face. By understanding these challenges, educators can develop effective strategies for resolution, ensuring a smoother implementation of TBL. Teachers are, therefore, encouraged to embrace this innovative approach within their teaching practices, as it holds the potential to vastly improve students’ language acquisition. Ultimately, integrating TBL can create a more interactive and engaging learning environment, equipping students with the essential skills needed for effective communication in English.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a disease of clinical and public health importance globally with over nine million cases occurring yearly. An increasing number of cases has been identified all over the world in the past two decades because of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus pandemic. The emergence of mutated drug resistant and multidrug resistant strains offers new challenges to the clinician as well as the public health physician. The present case report draws attention to the problem of multidrug resistant TB and the implications for TB control if not adequately tackled.

Abstract Background A challenge to pre-hospital emergency care is any barrier or obstacle that impedes quality pre-hospital care or impacts community pre-hospital utilization. The Addis Ababa Fire and Disaster Risk Management Commission (AAFDRMC) provides pre-hospital emergency services in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. These services operate under a government-funded organization that delivers free emergency services, including out-of-hospital medical care and transportation to the most appropriate health facility. This study aimed to assess the challenges of pre-hospital emergency care at the Addis Ababa Fire and Disaster Risk Management Commission in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods A qualitative descriptive study was conducted from November 20 to December 4, 2022. Data were collected through in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 21 experienced individuals in the field of pre-hospital emergency care, who were selected using purposeful sampling. A thematic analysis method was used to analyze the data. Results This study includes twenty-one participants working at the Addis Ababa Fire and Disaster Risk Management Commission. Three major themes emerged. The themes that arose were the participants’ perspectives on the challenges of pre-hospital emergency care in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Conclusion and recommendation The Fire and Disaster Risk Management Commission faces numerous challenges in providing quality pre-hospital emergency care in Addis Ababa. Respondents stated that infrastructure, communication, and resources were the main causes of pre-hospital emergency care challenges. There has to be more focus on emergency management in light of infrastructure reform, planning, staff training, and education, recruiting additional professional power, improving communication, and making pre-hospital emergency care an independent organization in the city.

Abstract Background This study aims to investigate international measures for pandemic control in the workplace based on guidelines from international organizations to learn from their experiences. Methods We conducted a qualitative study using content analysis. The search method involved reviewing published guidelines on preventing and responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in workplaces. After the screening process, ten guidelines were included in the content analysis. During the analysis, 200 meaning codes, 49 subcategories, and eleven categories were identified. Trustworthiness criteria were utilized to ensure the accuracy and strength of the findings. Results Eleven categories of international content during the COVID-19 pandemic were legal requirements and duties of employees and employers, structural and program changes, risk assessment, risk communication, information and training, internal and external consultation and cooperation, provision of facilities and tools for workplace hygiene, special conditions, special groups, closing and reopening workplaces, reducing contact and exposure and mental health. Conclusions Protecting employees during a pandemic requires a multifaceted approach and strong advocacy. The operational plan for pandemic control should be developed based on the level of risk, with support tailored to employees’ conditions and needs. Cooperation among international organizations is essential to develop a standardized plan and issue comprehensive guidelines in response to health emergencies with a global perspective and local implementation, drawing from the lessons learned during the COVID-19 pandemic.

NATO’s 2022 Strategic Concept views China as a “systemic challenge” to the Alliance. Joint statements regarding China began to appear several years before the adoption of the new Concept on the official NATO agenda in response to increasing pressure from the Trump administration. The military-political, technological and discursive power of the PRC is perceived by the bloc as a threat to their strategic interests. The greater military-political presence of China in the Arctic and in the Middle East and North Africa is regarded by NATO countries as strengthening the hegemonic aspirations of the PRC. Technological dependence on supplies from China harms the Alliance’s operational capabilities and military mobility. NATO has set itself the goal of adapting to strategic competition with China, particularly in the areas of advanced technologies, artificial intelligence and 5G. China’s influence on the media agenda, as well as its ability to promote its own narrative, threatens transatlantic solidarity and the “soft power” of the Alliance countries. Moreover, China is accused of systematically seeking to sow divisions in transatlantic relations and exploit differences between Western countries to its own advantage. China’s efforts to forge a multipolar world order pose a direct challenge to Western liberal democracies and the rules-based international order. European NATO states have begun to regularly encounter the “China factor” when interacting with the United States. However, there remains disagreement over what policies should be pursued toward Beijing. Those who see China as a security threat advocate general policy coordination with the United States. Those who recognize Beijing as a necessary economic partner and participant in global governance insist that Europe pursue independent policies that distance itself from US strategy. All this suggests that practical steps within the Alliance to counter China, especially outside the Euro-Atlantic region, will face resistance from the United States’ European allies.

ABSTRACT: With its more sustainable production mode and higher healthy food supplying, cultivated meat is gradually regarded as the promising alternative meat food in future by human beings. Most of the countries in the planet had participated in the cut-throat competition for sustainable protein searching, especially for the regions with low food self-sufficiency rate. In this paper, by reviewing the commercial market participation, product development stage, and technical research progress related to cultivated meat in detail, we demonstrated the industrialization progress of cultivated meat and explored the challenges of cultivated meat in the near future. 1) Seeded cell and serum free medium were the basic raw materials, which were directly related to the food safety regulation, production cost control and productivity improvement; 2) Bioreactor and regulation were the cornerstone of industrialization, which were closely related to the capacity expansion, product marketing; 3) Technological improvements in taste, texture, safety, scale, cost were the foundation of realizing product iterative upgrade and market acceptance.

With the continuous surge of production data in the field of oil exploration and development, the difficulty of integration and analysis is increasing, and manual analysis methods are difficult to meet the development needs of oil and gas fields on site. Machine learning can accurately and efficiently process data, and is a key technology in the field of data analysis and optimization. Utilizing machine learning to solve difficult problems in oil and gas field development has become the main focus of the industry. However, due to limitations in standardization construction, sample library establishment, and on-site integration, there are still many challenges and shortcomings in the application of machine learning in the field of oil exploration and development. In the future, efforts should be made to strengthen the standardization construction of machine learning, improve the data processing ability of deep learning algorithms, and pro-mote interdisciplinary research in the field of deep machine learning. Through multiple approaches, we can jointly promote the significant development of machine learning in the oil and gas field industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungi-mediated synthesis of Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) has advantages in: high efficiency, low energy consumption, no need for extra capping and stabilizing agents, simple operation, and easy isolation and purification. Many fungi have been found to synthesize AuNPs inside cells or outside cells, providing different composition and properties of particles when different fungi species or reaction conditions are used. This is good to produce AuNPs with different properties, but may cause challenges to precisely control the particle shape, size, and activities. Besides, low concentrations of substrate and fungal biomass are needed to synthesize small-size particles, limiting the yield of AuNPs in a large scale. To find clues for the development methods to solve these challenges, the reported mechanisms of the fungi-mediated synthesis of AuNPs were summarized. The mechanisms of intracellular AuNPs synthesis are dependent on gold ions absorption by the fungal cell wall via proteins, polysaccharides, or electric absorption, and the reduction of gold ions via enzymes, proteins, and other cytoplasmic redox mediators in the cytoplasm or cell wall. The extracellular synthesis of AuNPs is mainly due to the metabolites outside fungal cells, including proteins, peptides, enzymes, and phenolic metabolites. These mechanisms cause the great diversity of the produced AuNPs in functional groups, element composition, shapes, sizes, and properties. Many methods have been developed to improve the synthesis efficiency by changing: chloroauric acid concentrations, reaction temperature, pH, fungal mass, and reaction time. However, future studies are still required to precisely control the: shape, size, composition, and properties of fungal AuNPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing awareness of personal cleanliness and antibacterial resistance has intensified the antibacterial substance request on consumable products. Antibacterial agents that have been commercialized nowadays are produced from inorganic and non-renewable substances. This provides several drawbacks, particularly against health and environmental issues. Therefore, many scientists work on substituting fossil-fuel-based antibacterial agents with natural ones such as from biomass. Biomass derivatives, natural abundances of biopolymers in the world, amount to major compounds including polysaccharides (cellulose, hemicellulose, and chitosan) and polyphenol (tannin and lignin) substances which are capable to combat the growth of Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria. To date, no report focuses on a deep understanding of antibacterial properties derived from biomass and the internal and external factors effects. This work provides that gap because comprehensive knowledge is necessary before applying biomass to the products. The potency of biomass derivatives as antibacterial additives is also summarized. Basic knowledge of antibacterial characteristics to the application in products is highlighted in this review. Besides, the discussion about challenges and future perspectives is also delivered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]