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Copyright of Hipogrifo: revista de literatura y cultura del siglo de oro is the property of Hipogrifo: revista de literatura y cultura del siglo de oro and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Equine Veterinary Journal is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

La fascioliasis es una enfermedad endémica en la región Andina y de importante afección a la salud humana y animal. Por ello, el presente estudio se llevó a cabo en el distrito de Cajamarca, Perú, con el objetivo de determinar la prevalencia de Fasciola hepatica en caballos criollos mayores a un año de edad. Entre octubre y noviembre, se recolectaron heces directamente del recto de 237 animales que no fueron dosificados con algún antiparasitario en los últimos tres meses, el procesamiento se realizó con la técnica de sedimentación rápida y la lectura inicial fue con estereomicroscopio en aumento de 3X. La comprobación se realizó en microscopio a 10X y 40X y se obtuvo una prevalencia total de 3,80 ± 2,4 % (9/237), según la presencia de huevos en el análisis coproparasitológico. Los resultados no son alarmantes, más consisten en el primer reporte de la infección por F. hepatica en equinos de la zona norandina de Perú y se recomienda un mayor estudio de la forma clínica en esta especie; también es de vital importancia la implementación de medidas para vigilar y monitorear el rol que desempeñan los caballos criollos en la reserva o diseminación de esta parasitosis zoonótica.

In recent years, professionals in equine therapy have frequently faced challenges in the pursuit of evidence-based scientific knowledge to provide the best interventions for participants in this method. The aim of this study was to survey scientific research published on the topic of equine therapy in Brazil. An integrative literature review was conducted using the term "Equoterapia" in the Google Scholar and Scielo databases, with no restrictions on year or sample. A total of n=343 articles were selected following inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results indicated an increase in publications over the years. Among the fields contributing to equine therapy research, Physiotherapy stood out with the highest number of publications (n=127). In the majority of studies, the methodology was qualitative (n=210), and a significant portion of the research did not utilize measurement instruments (n=172). The journal Fisioterapia Brasil had the highest number of publications (n=13). In conclusion, there has been a growth in publications on Equine Therapy over the years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria is the property of Agrosavia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Sociales (13159518) is the property of Revista de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad del Zulia Venezuela and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Se describe el primer caso, debidamente confirmado, de salmonelosis en un equino en Costa Rica; una potra iberoamericana de siete meses de edad con un cuadro de diarrea de unas cuatro semanas de transcurso y baja condición corporal. Se confirmó la presencia de Salmonella entérica, subespecie entérica, mediante el estudio bacteriológico de muestras de heces. En el estudio post-mortem, se observó una tiflocolitis ulcerativa y necrotizante extensiva severa.

Los arbovirus silvestres son un grupo de virus transmitidos por vectores artrópodos (mosquitos, ácaros, garrapatas) que producen desde enfermedades febriles hasta encefalitis en equinos y humanos afectando la salud, economía y aspecto social de algunas naciones. El objetivo del estudio fue realizar un análisis de vulnerabilidad en humanos y equinos del sector de “Abras de Mantequilla” y en los alrededores de la represa y laguna de Chongón-Ecuador, a los arbovirus silvestres. Este estudio tiene un enfoque cuantitativo de tipo observacional, prospectivo y transversal. Se aplicó una encuesta a 382 personas, con edades entre 18 a 82 años, con diversos niveles de educación y actividad, todos interaccionan con áreas boscosas y con el ecosistema; el 25% de ellos poseen alguna enfermedad de inmunosupresión cómo cáncer, diabetes. Así mismo, los encuestados poseen equinos, con edades de entre 1 a 20 años, con el 65,7% de muy buena condición corporal, en donde el 52,9% se movilizan entre zonas, todos sin síntomas de enfermedad y sin antecedentes de vacunación. Los sectores estudiados presentaron diversidad ecológica con proliferación de mosquitos y garrapatas todo el año. Se concluye que de presentarse arbovirosis silvestres en los sectores estudiados, humanos y equinos pueden ser vulnerables a la infección.

Copyright of Journal of English Studies is the property of Universidad de la Rioja, Servicio de Publicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue d'élevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des pays Tropicaux is the property of CIRAD and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: The excess of antimicrobials and anthelmintics cause important dysbiosis processes in equines, as well as resistance phenomena mainly in the communities of bacteria, archaea, protozoa, and helminths. The study of the equine microbiome is becoming more and more relevant to understand the biotic processes of the gastrointestinal tract. In colon and cecum, the role of cyathostomins as part of the microbiome is still unexplored. While interaction with certain bacterial groups may be key to the understanding of parasitism. Objective: To characterize the microbiota in feces of yearling naturally infected with cyathostomins in a quarter-horse farm in Sierra de Lobos, Guanajuato, Mexico. Methodology: Weights were measured and obtained the parasite burden in feces, from which samples were transfer and processing in the laboratory for DNA extraction and later sent for sequencing and analysis. Results: Average weight of the colts was 399 kg, and the average weight of the fillies was 432 kg. All horses were high shedders: 1,390 ± 698 egg per gram of feces. Alpha and beta diversity analyses indicated no differences within the microbial community between colts and fillies. Main bacteria at Phyla in both groups (females; males) were Bacteroidetes (37%; 37%), Firmicutes (46%; 37%), Verrucomicrobia (4%; 10%), Spirochaetes 5%; 4%) and Proteobacteria (1%; 3%). At Class level the principal identified groups were Bacteroidia (31%; 31%), Clostridia (43%; 35%), at Order level are Bacteroidales (31%; 31%) and Clostridiales (43%; 35%). Main bacteria at Family level were Ruminococcaceae (19%; 11%), Lachnospiraceae (15%; 6%) and non-assigned family Bacteriodales (19%; 21%). The most abundant non-assigned bacterial Genra were Bacteroidales (26%; 27%), Ruminococcaceae (10%; 5%) y Lachnospiraceae (9%; 6%); the assigned bacterial Genra were Clostridium (5%; 9%) and Treponema (4% y 3%). The most abundant non-assigned bacterial Species were Methanocorpusculaceae sp (19%; 22%), Pedobacter sp (10%; 5%), Bacteroidales sp (9% y 6%) and Prevotella sp (4% y 3%); the assigned bacterial species were Fibrobacter succinogenes (2%; 1%), Succinispira mobilis (1%; 1%). Implications: It is suggested that environmental factors and feeding are aspects that regulate the parasitic burden and the bacterial composition in this studied population. This is a short communication of the finding of the components of the microbiota and is relevant in Mexico for future studies, however it is imperative to explore the composition of the metacommunity of a horse free of cyathostomines. Conclusion: Considering that these nematodes are in the cecum and colon, where this microbiota was inferred, and that it is not known whether this interaction is beneficial or detrimental, the study of the microbiome is imperative. In the study, no horse presented clinical signs or colic due to the presence of nematodes.

The objective of the current study is to determine the effects of intravenous application of ozone on blood biometrics and blood chemistry in clinically health and horses. The research was descriptive and experimental, of a transversal type. Also, the type of sampling was non-probabilistic of convenience, where fourteen animals were selected, and distributed in three groups: A and B, made up of six animals each, and group C, made of two animals. Ozone was applied using the major autohemotherapy. The blood was obtained from the jugular vein (400 ml), using the SANO3® Kit Copyright 2017, Paolo Gobbi Frattini, Srl Italy (all rights reserved). The animals were sampled 24 hours before the first application of ozone, and 24 hours after each application. A sampling was carried out fifteen days after the last application, for a total of seven samplings and five applications of ozone per animal. From the obtained samples the hemograms and hematic biochemical components were determined, ALT, AST, ALP, total proteins, albumin, BUN, total bilirubin and direct bilirubin. Next, results and differences for each variable were presented. It was concluded that the application of ozone at therapeutic doses did not cause negative alterations in the hematology and blood biochemistry of equines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to show how in some films that we consider to be part of the filmic personalism of classical Hollywood the presence of animals such as horses and dogs is that of authentic characters that interact with the human protagonists, and that move the plot forward. We see that even the intervention of these animals brings about a moral improvement in their owners. This is evident in the work of Frank Capra, especially in his feature film Broadway Bill (1934) and its remake Riding High (1951). In both films, the racehorse Broadway Bill becomes increasingly prominent. On the one hand, his loyalty, and the abnegation to which it leads him, suppose a moral breath in the corrupt world of the races. On the other, he becomes an emblem of values worth living for. Faced with the temptation of a safe and uninspiring life, the horse proposes a life based on joy, risk, self-improvement, and adventure, which will lead its owner to renew in a more authentic way his sense of marriage and family. In the twentieth century Jacques Derridá claimed that philosophers had not conceived of animals in their individuality, much less let themselves be looked at by them. Filmic personalism goes a step further because it takes up a positive fact that is part of the experience of many people in their dealings with dogs, cats, horses, etc.: they have relationships of affection and friendship with them. Animal life in our century, as Stanley Cavell points out, demands from us new ways of approaching reality, not only as an ethical imperative, but, above all, as an expression of a way of living that is more in keeping with our aspiration for the best. Filmic personalism leads to a personalist ecologism in which the experience of friendship and care for animals must be extended to a mentality of care for life on our planet, even more threatened as it is by our model of economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Goya is the property of Fundacion Lazaro Galdiano and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue d'élevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des pays Tropicaux is the property of CIRAD and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Neospora spp. es un parásito protozoario causante de abortos y enfermedad del Sistema Nervioso Central (SNC) en diversas especies domésticas y silvestres. En equinos, se le ha involucrado como causa de aborto, mortalidad neonatal y enfermedades del SNC. La especie identificada en equinos es distinta a Neospora caninum y se denomina Neospora hughesi. El objetivo del presente, fue detectar la presencia de anticuerpos anti-Neospora spp., asociados a factores de riesgo en caballos de México. Se realizó una encuesta de cada cuadra y animales individuales de cuatro regiones del país (Centro, Norte, Occidente y Sur) para identificación de los factores de riesgo. Se obtuvo un total de 684 muestras de sueros de caballos de las diferentes regiones, 52.3 % (358) machos y 47.7 % (326) hembras. Los sueros fueron conservados a -20 °C. El diagnóstico se realizó mediante la técnica de inmunofluorescencia indirecta (IFI), los resultados de este fueron analizados para estimar la asociación entre la seropositividad y los factores de riesgo. La seroprevalencia a Neospora spp. fue de 2.34 % en la población estudiada; los casos positivos se encontraron principalmente en tres de las cuatro regiones incluidas, que presentaron una relación significativa a la presencia de anticuerpos anti-Neospora spp.; la convivencia de los caballos con otros animales obtuvo un valor de OR de 2.34 (IC 95%: 0.28 - 19.0; P

The objective of this study was to determine the Caslick index in Peruvian Paso horse mares and its relationship with the conformation of the croup. It was found that the majority of the mares had a high tail set and an average Caslick index of 42.68. No relationship was found between tail set and the Caslick index, nor was there a correlation between age and croup inclination vs. the Caslick index. However, a negative correlation was found between the number of foals and the Caslick index. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Spal: Revista de Prehistoria y Arqueologia de la Universidad de Sevilla is the property of Spal. Revista de Prehistoria y Arqueologia de la Universidad de Sevilla and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

La laminitis crónica es una condición incapacitante que afecta el corion laminar de los cascos del caballo. Por lo general, se desarrolla como una lesión colateral de numerosas enfermedades sistémicas primarias. Se cree que el evento fisiopatológico crítico que hace que un casco sea vuelva laminítico es la pérdida de células madre mesenquimales. Esta pérdida perjudica en gran medida la capacidad del corion laminar para regenerarse. Aunque el trabajo previo proporciona credibilidad a esta noción, quedan cuestiones sin resolver que deben abordarse antes de aceptarla como un hecho bien fundado. Aquí, se reexaminó el principio central del modelo fisiopatológico de la laminitis mediante la infusión de células madre mesenquimales alogénicas derivadas de la médula ósea (CMM-AMO), a través de la vena palmar digital, en los cascos de los caballos afectados por laminitis crónica. Los caballos fueron monitoreados clínicamente durante 6 meses, evaluándolos mensualmente utilizando la escala de Obel-Glasgow de cojera modificada y la termografía de cascos. Se tomaron venogramas y biopsias laminares al principio y al final del período de estudio para reunir evidencia sobre la remodelación vascular y la regeneración del corion laminar. Los resultados mostraron que la infusión de CMM-AMO promueve la remodelación vascular y la regeneración del corion laminar, lo que respalda aún más que la pérdida de células madre es el evento crítico que conduce a la laminitis crónica. Este trabajo también demostró que la infusión de CMM-AMO es segura ya que los caballos tratados no desarrollaron manifestaciones clínicas negativas locales o sistémicas en sintonía con reacciones de rechazo, al menos durante el período de 6 meses en que se les dio seguimiento y bajo el esquema terapéutico propuesto.

This paper explores the history and political significance of black horsemen and horsewomen, using the appearance of mounted protesters at the 2020 Black Lives Matter rallies in the US to consider the role of the horse as both an adjunct of authority, in symbol and in material power, and as a partner in forms of protest and resistance. This paper begins with the brute power of the horse, and through its military and policing duties, its role supporting state authority. But we underline the racial framing of "the man on horseback," using this figure not merely as a metaphor for military authority but as a representation of racialized power and as an adjunct to racial regimes. The significance of this figure is explored through the history of black horse riders and the "threat" that the image of the black rider poses to majority white culture. We examine the political value of placing black horse riders in the position of authority long claimed by white men and celebrated in public statuary and in art. The final section considers the black horsewoman, however, warning against disconnecting the martial model of masculinity from gender privileges as well as racial ones. The paper uses the example of black horsewomanship to argue for a better understanding of the partnership between human and nonhuman. In the performative politics of assembly that we call "political dressage" we suggest a distinctively more-than-human variety of "counter-conduct." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La eritropoyetina es una hormona glicoproteica, utilizada como terapia biológica cuya función principal es la regulación del proceso de la eritropoyesis y la inhibición de la apoptosis, es usada también como método de dopaje al aumentar la masa eritroide lo cual mejora las capacidades físicas en competencia de los caballos de carrera. Sus adversos que van desde la formación de coágulos hasta la muerte del animal. La investigación, tuvo como objetivo describir las implicaciones de la eritropoyetina como terapia biológica y/o método de dopaje de caballos de carrera; que desarrollada mediante la búsqueda de artículos en revistas científicas y bases de datos como Elsevier, pubmed y scielo validando palabras claves en DeCS como altitud, caballos, doping, eritropoyetina e hipoxia, teniendo en cuenta criterios de inclusión como la vigencia en tiempo seleccionado y la exclusión de textos incompletos, obteniéndose como resultado la identificación de 80 artículos relacionados con los criterios de inclusión, de los que se seleccionaron los 40 más relevantes y finalmente se concluyó que la eritropoyetina es una hormona fundamental que induce al comienzo de la eritropoyesis, aumenta la masa eritrocitaria y mejora el transporte de oxígeno a los tejidos; de manera ilícita mejora el desempeño en competencia y expone al animal a efectos secundarios y al personal responsable con implicaciones éticas y legales.

Introducción. Los caballos de trabajo de la Policía Nacional tienen un estrecho contacto con sus manejadores y la población en general durante las actividades recreativas y de patrullaje, lo cual puede favorecer la transmisión de la leptospirosis en los caballos y el personal ocupacionalmente expuesto. Objetivo. Caracterizar epidemiológicamente la leptospirosis mediante pruebas de serología, urocultivo y reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (Polymerase Chain Reaction, PCR) en caballos de trabajo y personal con riesgo ocupacional pertenecientes a seis unidades de la Policía Nacional de Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se evaluaron 153 caballos machos castrados y 123 personas en las seis unidades en los municipios de Manizales, Pereira, Armenia, Ibagué, Tuluá y Cali. Se utilizaron tres formatos estructurados para recabar información y se obtuvieron muestras sanguíneas de las personas y de los caballos, las cuales se procesaron con la prueba de aglutinación microscópica (Macroscopic Agglutination Test, MAT) para 24 serogrupos. Se practicó el examen clínico de los caballos y se obtuvieron muestras de orina para el urocultivo y la PCR convencional. Resultados. La seroprevalencia de Leptospira spp. fue de 3,25 % (n=4) en las personas y de 85 % (n=130) en los caballos. Entre los caballos, los serogrupos Djasiman y Shermani fueron los más prevalentes. El urocultivo fue positivo en el 64,7 % (99/153) de las muestras, en tanto que los análisis de PCR fueron negativos. Se encontró una asociación estadísticamente significativa de la frecuencia de salida de las instalaciones (p=0,009) y la presencia de fauna silvestre (p=0,051) con la infección por el serogrupo Shermani. Conclusión. Las características epidemiológicas de la leptospirosis en los caballos sugieren una presentación endémica de la infección y su papel como reservorios de la bacteria; sin embargo, debe dilucidarse la patogenia de la enfermedad con estudios complementarios.

Antecedentes: La leptospirosis es la zoonosis más extendida en la actualidad. Numerosas especies animales actúan como reservorios de la espiroqueta. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo establecer su comportamiento estacional en equinos. Métodos: Para ello se utilizó la información relativa a 1 099 sueros equinos reactores a Leptospira colectados mensualmente durante 10 años. Se realizó una descomposición estacional por el método multiplicativo, con el cual se estableció la estacionalidad con periodicidad trimestral de la proporción de reactores positivos durante el decenio. Resultados: La mayor proporción de reactores correspondió al trimestre octubre, noviembre y diciembre, con un factor estacional por encima del 100 %. Coincidente con período poco lluvioso, resultado que no se corresponde con la mayoría de lo referido para humanos y otras especies animales. Conclusiones: La mayor proporción de equinos reactores a Leptospira correspondió con el trimestre cuarto del decenio estudiado; período poco lluvioso, lo cual difiere de gran parte de lo publicado, por lo que es preciso abundar más al respecto.

Neospora spp. is a protozoan parasite that causes abortions and diseases in the Central Nervous System (CNS) of several domestic and wild animal species. In horses, this parasite causes abortions, neonatal mortality, and CNS diseases. The Neospora species identified in horses is different from Neospora caninum and is called Neospora hughesi. This study aimed to detect the presence of anti-Neospora spp. antibodies associated with different risk factors in horses from Mexico. Risk factors were identified by surveying each stable and individual animal from four different regions (Center, North, West, and South). A total of 684 serum samples were obtained from horses in the different regions, 52.3 % (358) males and 47.7 % (326) females. Samples were subjected to an indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) assay; results were analyzed to estimate the association between seropositivity and risk factors. The seroprevalence of Neospora spp. was 2.34 %. The positive cases were mainly found in three of the four regions included in this study and were significantly associated with anti-Neospora spp. antibodies. The coexistence of the horses with other animals obtained an OR value of 2.34 (95% CI: 0.28 - 19.0; P<0.04). This study concludes that Neospora spp. is present in horses from Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetivo. Determinar los parámetros hematológicos según el estado reproductivo en caballos peruanos de Paso en la provincia de Lambayeque. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó la investigación con 60 caballos adultos (>4 años), clínicamente sanos y sin tratamiento farmacológico previo; según su estado reproductivo se formaron cuatro grupos de 15 ejemplares cada uno: macho castrado, macho entero, yegua vacía y yegua gestante. Primero se realizó el examen clínico general para confirmar su buen estado de salud, luego se extrajo sangre de la vena yugular a todos los caballos. Las muestras se procesaron por análisis hematológicos y se determinaron las variables de la serie roja (hemoglobina, hematocrito, glóbulos rojos, volumen corpuscular medio [VCM], hemoglobina corpuscular media [HCM] y concentración de hemoglobina corpuscular media [CHCM]). Igualmente, la serie blanca (leucocitos, neutrófilos segmentados y abastonados, basófilos, monocitos, linfocitos, eosinófilos) y serie trombocítica fueron procesados y determinados. Se utilizaron métodos manuales, fórmulas matemáticas y método Drabkin en el laboratorio de patología clínica. Se aplicó la prueba estadística de Kruskal Wallis y se obtuvo la media, desviación estándar y rangos de las variables. Resultados. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la serie blanca, roja y trombocítica de acuerdo con el sexo o estado reproductivo, a excepción del número de los basófilos que fue mayor en machos enteros. Conclusiones. Los parámetros hematológicos según el estado reproductivo del caballo peruano de paso se encuentran dentro de los rangos establecidos por la literatura especializada. Sin embargo, el número los linfocitos que fue mucho menor.

Objetivo. Determinar los parámetros morfométricos ultrasonográficos de los tendones y ligamentos metacarpales palmares de caballos criollos colombianos clínicamente sanos. Materiales y métodos. Treinta caballos criollos colombianos clínicamente sanos de 6.4 ± 2.5 años se evaluaron en diferentes zonas del departamento de Córdoba (Colombia). Se midieron las variables área transversal (cm2), ancho latero medial (ALM) (cm) y espesor dorso palmar (EDP) (cm) en las estructuras de la región metacarpiana en los dos miembros anteriores mediante ultrasonografía. Resultados. La ecografía reveló que el área transversal del ligamento suspensorio fue la estructura de mayor área en las regiones proximales (1A, 1B y 2A), tanto para la extremidad izquierda como para la derecha. Por otro lado, no hubo una diferencia significativa (p>0.05) entre la extremidad izquierda y derecha para las mediciones de las estructuras en cualquier zona, y no hubo una diferencia significativa entre los grupos de edades e índice de masa corporal (IMC) de los caballos. Conclusiones. Se obtuvieron valores de referencia para los tendones y ligamentos en la región metacarpiana palmar en equinos proporcionando una guía de referencia cuando se sospechan condiciones patológicas metacarpo en equinos.

Objective. To determine the haematological parameters according to the reproductive status of Peruvian Paso horses in the Province of Lambayeque. Materials and methods. The research was conducted on 60 clinically healthy adult horses (> 4 years), without previous drug treatment. Four groups of 15 horses were formed: gelding, entire male, empty mare and pregnant mare. First, a general clinical examination was performed to confirm their good health. Blood was drawn from the jugular vein of all the horses. The samples were processed by haematological analysis and the parameters of the red series (haemoglobin, haematocrit, red blood cells, mean corpuscular volume [MCV], mean corpuscular haemoglobin [MCH] and the mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration [MCHC] were determined. Likewise, the white series (leukocytes, neutrophils segmented and stacked, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophils) and the thrombocytic series were processed and the unit range determined. Manual methods, mathematical formulas and the Drabkin method were used in the clinical pathology laboratory. The Kruskal Wallis Statistical test was applied and consequently the mean, standard deviation and ranges of variables were obtained. Results. No significant statistical differences were found in the white, red and thrombocytic series according to sex or reproductive status, except the number of basophils was higher in the entire males. Conclusions. The haematological parameters according to the reproductive status of the Peruvian Step horse are within the normal ranges (as per the literature pertaining to this area). However, the number of lymphocytes was much lower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge of newly identified and well established adverse drug reactions (ADR) in horses will limit the amount of iatrogenic medical interventions, and will hasten recovery of equine patients from a given disease. ADRs can occur at any given time and under a great variety of clinical settings. However, if clinicians reinforce their continuous education on this subject, and become aware of the underlying mechanisms that induce ADRs they can both administer drugs with a greater margin of safety and certainly, predict the likelyhood of the presentation of ADRs. In turn, clinicians will be capable of suggesting the use of an alternative drug. The aim of this review is to bring up-to-date the reported knowledge on ADRs in horses, identifying the modus operandi, the incidence, the possible extension of the organic damage and when possible, the adequate treatment. It is our hope that busy equine practitioners and their patients will benefit from this retrospective analysis of ADRs in horses. This review also attempts to encourage practitioners to report new ADRs that will enrich the knowledge of pharmacological peculiarities of drugs used in equine practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate a glycogenic feed additive in terms of performance and response in blood metabolites in weaned horses. Twenty weaned horses of the Unidad de Policía Montada Metropolitana del Ministerio de Seguridad Pública del Gobierno de la Ciudad de México, México, were randomly assigned to two treatment groups: control or an oral dose of the glycogenic additive (10 g/d). The additive was based on propylene glycol and Na/Ca propionate and was supplied for 30 days. Data were tested for normality and initial weight was used as a covariate for analyzing the average daily gain (ADG). The ADG was negatively affected (P < 0.01) by the glycogenic compound (0.468 vs. 0.517 kg), while there were no significant differences (P > 0.10) in blood glucose, globulins, total glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, creatinine or urea in horses from either treatment group. It was concluded that the glucogenic additive, based on propylene glycol and Na/Ca propionate, negatively affected the performance of the horses. Therefore, administration of the additive is not recommended in weaned horses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To determine the ultrasonographic morphometric parameters of the palmar metacarpal tendons and ligaments of clinically healthy Colombian creole horses. Materials and methods. Thirty clinically healthy Colombian creole horses of 6.4 ± 2.5 years were evaluated in different areas of the department of Córdoba (Colombia). The variables cross-sectional area (cm2), medial lateral width (ALM) (cm) and dorsal palmar thickness (EDP) (cm) in the structures of the metacarpal region in the two anterior members were measured by means of ultrasound. Results. Ultrasonography revealed that the transverse area of the suspensory ligament was the structure with the largest area in the proximal regions (1A, 1B and 2A), for both the left and right limbs. On the other hand, there was no significant difference (P> 0.05) between left and right limb for measurements of structures in any area, and there was no significant difference between age groups and body mass index (BMI) of horses. Conclusions. Reference values for tendons and ligaments in the palmar metacarpal region were obtained in equines providing a reference guide when metacarpal pathological conditions in equines are suspected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Center for Interdisciplinary Training in Equine Therapy (CFIE) of the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ) is formed by a multidisciplinary team that develops since 2014 teaching, research and extension activities in the sphere of hippotherapy. The team consists of veterinarians, animal husbandry assistant, psychologists, physical educators and architects. This opportunity for professional insertion of the veterinarian is still not widespread and disseminated, especially among students and professionals in the area. The present study aims to evaluate the knowledge and perception of vet students from UFRRJ on hippotherapy. For that, a questionnaire was applied to 252 vet students with questions that assessed their personal profile and knowledge about hippotherapy. It was verified that vet students from UFRRJ are majority women and have already received information on hippotherapy. In its view the main purpose of this activity is therapeutic and most believe to be indicated to autistics, people with disabilities and with Down syndrome. Most of the interviewees recognize that the use of hippotherapy brings benefits to the practitioners, knows that the CFIE exists in the UFRRJ and sees this practice as a professional opportunity. However, they don't known as well about the performance of the veterinarian in the multidisciplinary team and his importance in maintenance of the horses' sanity. It is concluded that the vet students from UFRRJ have some knowledge about hippotherapy, but the purpose and applicability of this activity is still shallow among the students. The activities of the CFIE are known in the university community and the vet students see the hippotherapy as professional opportunity, without, however, actually knowing the competences developed by the veterinarian in the context of the activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Veterinaria is the property of Universidad Nacional del Nordeste and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: equine Herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1)‚ belongs to the Hespesviridae family of the Varicellovirus genus‚ is the causal agent of Equine Rhinopneumonitis or Equine Viral Abortion and one of the most important pathogens in equids‚ highly contagious‚ inducing respiratory‚ reproductive‚ and neurological diseases. Objective: The aim of this study was determining EHV-1 prevalence in equines from Ibagué-Tolima using molecular techniques‚ as well as to establish the risk factors associated with its presence. Methods: blood‚ serum‚ and semen samples (108‚ 87 and 31 respectively) were collected from 109 clinically healthy equines from different zones of Ibagué. Genomic DNA was purified via the phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol method and verified for quality using spectrophotometry and ACTB gene amplification by endpoint PCR. For EHV-1 detection‚ hemi-nested PCR was carried out using specific primers for the amplification of the glycoprotein H (gH) gene. Moreover‚ risk factors were assessed based on an epidemiological survey which included information on sex‚ age‚ number of live and stillborn foals‚ abortions‚ natural mating‚ and artificial insemination. Results: overall prevalence for the 226 samples was 48.63 % (110/226)‚ for whole blood samples was 29.07 % (31/108)‚ for serum 32.18 % (28/87) and for semen 9.68 % (3/31). The positive detection rate of EHV-1 DNA in horses was not significantly influenced by sex (mare‚ OR = 0.66‚ p = 0.41; stallion‚ OR = 1.51‚ p = 0.41)‚ age (young‚ OR = 1.36‚ p = 0.41; adult‚ OR = 0.98‚ p = 1; old‚ OR = 0.76‚ p = 0.74)‚ number of foaling (OR = 0.39‚ p = 0.35)‚ abortions in mares (OR = 0.25‚ p = 0.20)‚ or natural mating (OR = 1.71‚ p = 0.56) and artificial insemination methods in stallions (NM‚ OR = 3.88‚ p = 0.1; SC‚ OR = 0.53‚ p = 0.54). Conclusion: the present study established a significant prevalence of EHV-1 among horses from Ibagué-Tolima. Moreover‚ it was demonstrated that the infectious agent can be found in blood‚ serum‚ and semen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antecedentes: las úlceras gástricas son lesiones de naturaleza multifactorial que afectan a todos los équidos (caballos‚ burros y mulares)‚ con prevalencias reportadas hasta del 100 % en animales adultos y del 50 % en potros. Si bien los estudios de úlceras gástricas son abundantes en los équidos jóvenes‚ adultos y geriátricos‚ no se reporta información en fetos y neonatos menores de 48 horas. Objetivo: describir y clasificar las úlceras en mucosa escamosa y glandular de estómagos de fetos de équidos‚ obtenidos de una planta de beneficio. Métodos: un total de 25 estómagos de fetos (11 caballos‚ 13 burros y 1 mular)‚ ambos sexos (12 hembras y 13 machos)‚ fueron recolectados inmediatamente después del sacrificio de hembras con gestaciones en su último tercio (> 7‚5 meses). Los estómagos fueron sometidos a cortes longitudinales a través de la curvatura mayor entre el cardias y el antro pilórico para la exposición y evaluación de ambas mucosas gástricas. Las lesiones fueron clasificadas con la adaptación de escalas propuestas para équidos adultos‚ ante la ausencia de parámetros para fetos. Resultados: se observaron úlceras en el 91 % (10/11) de los fetos de caballos‚ en el 92 % (12/13) de los fetos de burros y en el mular‚ siendo la mucosa glandular la más afectada (88%)‚ principalmente a nivel del fundus. En general‚ 23 de los fetos evaluados‚ fueron clasificados con úlceras ≥ 2 grados. En cuatro (4) de los fetos evaluados (2 caballos y 2 burros) se observaron úlceras en ambas mucosas gástricas. Conclusiones: el presente estudio evidenció la ocurrencia de lesiones gástricas en fetos en periodo perinatal‚ una vez que solo existen reportes en neonatos a partir de 48 horas de vida‚ por tanto‚ en conocimiento de los autores‚ este es el primer reporte de lesiones en mucosa glandular y escamosa de fetos de caballos‚ burros y mulares en el mundo. Por los hallazgos anteriores‚ se requiere de estudios para dilucidar la fisiopatología e identificar factores de predisposición a estas lesiones en vida gestacional de estos ejemplares. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RESUMEN Los estudios para predecir la energía digestible (ED) de alimentos (materias primas y piensos compuestos) para equinos a partir de los componentes químicos del esquema analítico de Weende (utilizado para el etiquetado de los piensos comerciales en numerosos países) son escasos. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue desarrollar una ecuación para la estimación del contenido de ED de alimentos para equinos, usando como predictores los valores de composición química de Weende. Se seleccionaron 116 materias primas (MP) vegetales (cereales, leguminosas, oleaginosas, numerosos subproductos y forrajes secos) con valores de composición química conocida. En dichas MP se estimó la fracción digestible de los componentes analíticos mediante ecuaciones de regresión desarrolladas a partir de la bibliografía. Se comprobó que la materia orgánica digestible (suma de los componentes digestibles calculados con las ecuaciones obtenidas) estuvo en consonancia con la calculada por otros autores. A partir de las ecuaciones de predicción de cada uno de los componentes digestibles y los respectivos calores de combustión, se obtuvo la ecuación general: ED (kcal/kg de MS) = -236 + 48,5 x PB + 90,1 x EE – 6,7 x FB + 37,3 x ELN, donde PB es proteína bruta, EE es extracto etéreo, FB es fibra bruta, ELN son extractivos libres de nitrógeno y MS es materia seca. Los valores obtenidos con la aplicación de esta ecuación a las 116 MP utilizadas en el estudio no fueron diferentes (P > 0,05) de la predicción obtenida con ecuaciones de otros autores. En conclusión, la nueva ecuación podría utilizarse en la publicación de tablas de valor nutritivo de MP para equinos. También sería útil para calcular de forma rápida y precisa el contenido de ED de piensos comerciales. ABSTRACT The prediction of the digestible energy (DE) content of feeds (either single feedingstuffs or compound feeds) for horses from the chemical components of Weende analytical scheme (used for the labelling of compound feeds in several countries) has not been much studied. The objective of the present work was to develop an equation for the estimation of DE content of commercial compound feeds, using the values of the analytical components declared on the label as predictors. A total of 116 feedingstuffs of plant origin (cereal and legume grains, several by-products and dry forages) with known chemical composition were selected, and the digestible fractions were calculated from regression equations developed from several papers. The digestible organic matter obtained from the sum of the digestible components was in agreement with that calculated according to other authors. A general equation derived from the prediction equations of each of the digestible components and their respective heats of combustion was obtained to predict the DE content: DE (kcal/kg DM) = -236 + 48.5 x CP + 90.1 x EE - 6.7 x CF + 37.3 x NFE, where PB is crude protein, EE is ether extract, FB is crude fiber, ELN are nitrogen-free extractives and DM is dry matter. The DE values calculated after the application of this equation to the 116 feedingstuffs used in this study were not different (P > 0.05) to those obtained with the equations of other authors. In conclusion, the new equation could be used for the publication of tables of nutritional value of feeds for horses. It could also be useful for the fast and reliable calculation of the DE content of commercial compound feeds for horses.

Conocer las patologías más frecuentes facilita la orientación clínica mejorando el pronóstico de los pacientes. Para determinar las patologías que se presentan en caballos (Equus ferus caballus) en la Clínica Veterinaria U.D.C.A, se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, entre enero y diciembre de 2017. Se analizaron 242 historias, clasificando los casos, según la fecha, procedencia, raza, sexo, edad, diagnóstico definitivo, sistema, tratamiento médico-quirúrgico y evolución. La procedencia más frecuente fue del departamento de Cundinamarca y de Bogotá; 55,8% fueron hembras, 44,2% machos, con edad entre 1 día y 25 años; 24% jóvenes, 76% adultos, con edad promedio de 81,5 meses y desviación estándar de 51,7 meses; la raza predominante fue Caballo Criollo Colombiano (CCC). Los sistemas más afectados fueron músculo esquelético (SME), digestivo (SD), y reproductivo; los casos más frecuentes fueron Arpeo idiopático o hipertonía equina refleja, que ocurrió únicamente en CCC; alteraciones del intestino grueso, y criptorquidia, respectivamente. Tratamiento quirúrgico, se dio a 66,5% de los casos, principalmente, a los del SME, digestivo y reproductivo. La mortalidad fue de 13,7%; fallecieron 13 equinos y a 22, se les practicó eutanasia; los casos mortales, se presentaron principalmente en los del SD, relacionados con cólico y ninguno en los de los sistemas respiratorio, órganos de los sentidos y tegumentario. La casuística es amplia y variada; el SME fue el más afectado en los caballos. El compromiso funcional y vital para los animales hace necesario investigar sobre factores de riesgo del Arpeo idiopático y cólico equino.

Objective/Context: This article analyzes the environmental dimension of the debate that prompted the replacing of the tramway system from animal-drawn trams for electrical ones in Santiago de Chile towards the end of the nineteenth century. The objective is to delve into the correlation between the use of energy resources and urban progress through the study of the modernization of the collective locomotive system in Chile's capital. Methodology: Based on data from newspapers, technical, business and municipal documents, it is argued that the negative consequences of horse use for inhabitants' transportation in the city had an impact on the technological and cultural legitimacy on the exploitation of hydric resources for energy production. Originality: In a context prone to the removal of animals from the urban setting and its subsequent substitution for new means of transport, Santiago was the site of the coalescing of transnational investors in the tecno-electric industry, the circulation of medical and sanitary discourses and the spreading of a bourgeois urban imaginary. Thus, electricity would replace animal-driven means in the tramway system, which led to the re-signifying of nature's contribution to urbanization and the industrialization of the country. Conclusions: The water ways in central Chile became the much-needed new source for locomotive energy that would change the traditional image of Santiago. This process led to its transformation into a modern and international metropolis. Even though the urban elite did favor the use of electricity for the public transport system, other actors, in contrast, voiced their dissent against the alleged contribution, and expressed fears and distrust with respect to the benefits that such technology would bring forth to the population, especially to the poorer inhabitants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Introduction: Equine piroplasmosis is a notifiable disease. It is caused by two different parasites, Theilera equi and Babesia caballi, each of which displays different clinical and immunological features. Their natural vectors are ticks of different species. Objectives: To analyze the seroprevalence of equine piroplasmosis over time, differentiating the two etiological agents. Material and methods: Serum samples from mares from the Equine Breeding Center of Mazcuerras (Cantabria) obtained in 2010, 2014 and 2018. Serum antibody analysis was performed with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The study shows that 84.37% of the animals analyzed are seropositive to one or both etiological agents of equine piroplasmosis. In addition, a significant increase in seropositivity was observed between 2010 and 2014, from a 65.51% seroprevalence in 2010 to 95.56% in 2014 and 89.48% in 2018. The seroprevalence for T. equi has progressively increased during the studied period. B. caballi only increased from 2010 to 2014, as a slight decrease was observed in 2018. Conclusion: T. equi is increasing its presence in northern latitudes of Spain. This is reflected in the progressive seropositivity increase observed over the years in the Equine Breeding Center of Mazcuerras in Cantabria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an autologous blood-derived product with several therapeutic applications. Platelet growth factors have been shown to stimulate healing and reduce pain. Its use in the equine industry, particularly for orthopedic problems such as osteoarthritis or tendonitis has been increasing. However, PRP lacks reproducibility and, sometimes, quality since not only individual (breed, age, gender) and environmental (time of the day, hydration status) factors, but also laboratory methods can affect its final quality. Aims: we aimed to develop and normalize a protocol for PRP preparation, which will be repeatable for equine use, through a sterile disposable kit with a standard centrifuge, which minimizes laboratory variants. Methods and results: The final protocol resulting in a PRP with very high platelet concentration (6.4 ± 1.3 fold increase) and low white blood cell counts (3.7 ± 1.8 x106/mL) was stablished. The usual fold increase reported is 2 to 3. The final PRP had concentrations of platelet-derived growth factor with an average of 37ng/ml. Conclusion: The protocol is highly repeatable and simple to perform and the kit is suitable to use under field conditions because it does not permit contact between the sample and ambient air along the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Police working horses live in close contact with their handlers and the general population during recreational and patrol activities, an aspect that may favor the transmission of leptospirosis between horses and occupationally personnel. Objective: To characterize the epidemiology of leptospirosis by serology, uroculture and PCR in working horses and population with occupational risk of six Colombian police units. Material and methods: A total of 153 castrated male horses and 123 people from six police units of Manizales, Pereira, Armenia, Ibagué, Tuluá and Cali municipalities were evaluated. Three structured instruments were applied and blood samples from people and horses were obtained, which were processed by MAT with 24 serogroups. A clinical examen of horses was done and urine samples were obtained for urine culture and a conventional PCR. Results: The seroprevalence of human leptospira spp. was 3.25 % (n=4) and 85 % (n=130) in horses. The serogroups L. Djasiman y L. Shermani were the most prevalent in horses. The urine culture was positive in 64.7 % (99/153) of the samples, whereas the PCR analyzes were negative. A statistically significant association was found in the frequency of departure from the facilities (P=0.009) and the presence of wildlife (P=0.051), with infection by L. Shermani serogroup. Conclusion: The epidemiological characteristics of horse leptospirosis suggest an endemic presentation of the infection, and the role of horses as reservoirs of the bacteria, but it is necessary to elucidate the pathogenesis of the disease with complementary studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Biomédica: Revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud is the property of Instituto Nacional de Salud of Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study analyzes the prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes in farm horses in rural communities in some provinces of Panama. Fecal samples from horses were collected between January and November 2021 to assess the prevalence of these parasites. The results suggest that 90% of rural farm horses in Panama are affected by gastrointestinal nematode infections, with Trichostrongylus spp and Strongylus spp being the most common. It is concluded that it is necessary to implement control strategies to reduce infestation and improve the health and well-being of horses. [Extracted from the article]

The article presents a study on the validation of field tests for the evaluation of blood glucose in horses. The objective of the study was to compare glucose measurements made with a veterinary glucometer and a human glucometer, using a reference chemical analyzer. Blood glucose was measured in 16 horses in training, with three measurements taken per animal before, after, and two hours after exercise. The results showed that both the veterinary glucometer and the human glucometer showed comparable results to the reference method. It is concluded that reliable glucose measurements can be made in the field with the Glucoquick equipment. [Extracted from the article]

The article presents the welfare project for working horses in Chirripó National Park in Costa Rica. The project, initiated in 2017 by the Costa Rica Equine Welfare Association (CREW) in collaboration with the National Animal Health Service (SENASA) and the Chirripó Community Rural Consortium (CRC), aims to improve the quality of life for working horses through strategic partnerships. Welfare inspections and evaluations were carried out, owners and operators were trained, and sanitary orders were issued to ensure compliance with established regulations. The results showed an improvement in body condition and a decrease in the number of injuries per animal and their causes. [Extracted from the article]

The article titled "Characterization of the role of the horse and its welfare in the rural community in Panama" presents a study conducted by the Foundation for Training and Assistance to Horses in Panama (FUCAEP) in 2019. The objective of the study was to analyze the role of the horse and its welfare in the rural community of Panama. Surveys were conducted with 500 rural families, as well as observations, report collection, and interviews with owners and authorized personnel. The results showed that horses play a vital role in transportation and work in rural communities in Panama. It is concluded that it is important to improve the welfare of these animals through health programs, proper nutrition, and strengthening knowledge about the costs of horse care. [Extracted from the article]

El presente trabajo se realizó en la región litoral del Ecuador, en donde se analizaron los hemogramas de 100 caballos criollos clínicamente sanos, mayores a dos años de edad y criados entre los 0 y 500 metros sobre el nivel del mar, para cumplir con los objetivos de determinar los valores hematológicos de referencia y comparar los resultados obtenidos con los valores de referencia de un estudio previo, realizado a más de 3000 m.s.n.m en la sierra centro norte ecuatoriana. Se obtuvieron las muestras sanguíneas de animales en reposo, se realizaron los análisis de laboratorio con el equipo de auto-hematología Mindray RBC2800Vet y posteriormente se hizo un análisis estadístico utilizando el complemento de Microsoft Excel R“Reference Value Advisor” para determinar los valores de referencia y eliminar los valores anómalos. Se prefirió tomar la muestra de caballos criollos ecuatorianos para tener una muestra con parámetros sanguíneos homogéneos y una referencia de esta variedad antes solamente estudiada sobre los 3000 m.s.n.m. Se encontraron los siguientes valores; eritrocitos: 4,90-9,38x106/mL, hematocrito: 24,83-45,10%, hemoglobina: 8,59-14,87g/L, VCM: 42,35-55,19fL, HCM: 14,25-18,20pg, CHCM: 32,10-36,70g/L, glóbulos blancos: 5,64-12,81x103/mL, linfocitos: 1,04-5,85x103/mL, monocitos: 0,20-0,90x103/mL, granulocitos: 2,90-8,26x103/mL y plaquetas: 78,10-314,90x103/mL. En la comparación con los resultados obtenidos se encontraron diferencias significativas (P

This research aimed to test the effectiveness of doramectin by intramuscular administration against nematodes of horses, as it is evacuated, observed in the reduction in egg counts per gram of feces (epg). To this end, six donkeys and ten mestizo horses of different sexes and ages were used, all naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes. Animals were randomly divided into two groups: 1 (control), three donkeys and four horses that didn’t receive anthelmintic treatment; and 2 (treated), three donkeys and six horses treated with doramectin at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg by intramuscular administration, single dose, applied on the neck. At days 5, 12, 16, 24, 34, 41, 47, 56, 60 and 140 post-treatment all animals were subjected to stool tests, allowing to define epg values by McMaster technique. The results determined that doramectin by intramuscular administration was highly effective in controlling nematodes in field conditions and in animals subjected to continual reinfestation.

The present study was carried out in the littoral region of Ecuador, analyzing the hemograms of 100 horses clinically healthy, over two years of age and reared between 0 and 500 masl, in order to determinate hematological reference values and compare the results obtained with the reference values of a previous study performed to more than 3000 masl, in the Ecuadorian north central sierra. Therefore, blood samples were taken from animals at rest and were submitted to laboratory analysis with the Mindray R auto-hematology equipment BC2800Vet, and with this information the statistical study was made using Microsoft Excel R "Reference Value Advisor" to identify possible references values and to eliminate outlier data. These blood samples were taken from Ecuadorian creole horses in order to maintain a statistical sample with homogeneous blood parameters and a reference of this variety, which has only been studied before over 3000 masl. The following values were identified: erythrocytes: 4.90-9.38x106/µL, hematocrit: 24.83-45.10%, hemoglobin: 8.59-14,87g/dL, mean corpuscular volume: 42,35-55,19fL, mean corpuscular hemoglobin: 14,25-18.20pg, concentration of mean corpuscular hemoglobin: 32.10-36.70g/dL, white blood cells: 5.64-12.81x103/µL, lymphocytes: 1.04-5.85x103/µL, monocytes: 0.20-0.90x103/µL, granulocytes: 2.90-8.26x103/µL, and blood platelets between: 78.10-314.90x103/µL. In the comparison with the obtained results, significant differences were found (P<0.05) in the erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit and platelets reference values due to the height influence; while significant differences (P<0.05) were also found in the white series (leukocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes) but this due to physiological or pathological influence and not thanks to the altitudinal effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vertebral venous plexus is a vascular network that runs from the cervical to sacral vertebral canal in the spine of mammals. The objective of this study was to perform an anatomical study of the internal vertebral venous plexus (IVVP) in horses. The spine of five horse specimens (four adults and one foal) was dissected for morphological analysis of the IVVP. The IVVP was observed in the ventral epidural space of the vertebral canal and was composed by two symmetrical longitudinal veins. There was a difference in the IVVP diameter and morphology between foal and adult horses. In all the specimens, the IVVP was more developed at cervical segments, while a decrease in the IVVP diameter was seen in sacral and caudal segments. The cervical IVVP communicated cranially with the basilar, interbasilar and sigmoid sinuses. Transverse communicating branches between left and right IVVP were occasionally observed at the cervical, sacral and caudal vertebral segments. In conclusion, the IVVP in horses is similar to other domestic animals, has transverse connections and is more developed at cervical segment. The diameter of the longitudinal veins decreased and at the caudal segment reaches its thinnest development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intraerythrocytic parasites Babesia caballi and Theileria equi are the etiological agents of equine piroplasmosis. This disease affects different horse breeds and it has a significant economic impact on the horse industry. The objective of the present study was to determine the presence of B. caballi and T. equi by blood smear and their association with the hematological parameters. Fifty-eight blood samples were taken from clinically healthy horses, which were diagnosed with B. caballi and T. equi infections by blood smear; in addition, the hematological examination of the red and white series was carried out. The mean value of all the hematological parameters evaluated was among the physiological values described for the horse species. From the total samples analyzed, intraerythrocytic formations compatible with B. caballi and T. equi were observed in 3/58 (5.2 %) and 8/58 (13.8 %) animals, respectively. Of these animals, 6/11 (10.3 %) had hematocrit values lower than those physiological. The association between positive animals and possible risk factors (age, sex, presence of ticks and contact with bovines) was evaluated. The statistical analysis showed significant differences when evaluating the relationship between hematocrit values and positive samples to T. equi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]