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Climate change scenarios established by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change have developed a significant tool for analyzing, modeling, and predicting future climate change impacts in different research fields after more than 30 years of development and refinement. In the wake of future climate change, the changes in forest structure and functions have become a frontier and focal area of global change research. This study mainly reviews and synthesizes climate change scenarios and their applications in forest ecosystem research over the past decade. These applications include changes in (1) forest structure and spatial vegetation distribution, (2) ecosystem structure, (3) ecosystem services, and (4) ecosystem stability. Although climate change scenarios are useful for predicting future climate change impacts on forest ecosystems, the accuracy of model simulations needs to be further improved. Based on existing studies, climate change scenarios are used in future simulation applications to construct a biomonitoring network platform integrating observations and predictions for better conservation of species diversity. Key words: global change, carbon stocks, forest vulnerability, CMIP6, land surface models, 1. Introduction Based on the Sixth Assessment Report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the recent worldwide average surface temperature for 2011-2020 was 1.09 [degrees]C warmer than that [...]

Spatial lifecourse epidemiology is an interdisciplinary field that utilizes advanced spatial, location-based, and artificial intelligence technologies to investigate the long-term effects of environmental, behavioural, psychosocial, and biological factors on health-related states and events and the underlying mechanisms. With the growing number of studies reporting findings from this field and the critical need for public health and policy decisions to be based on the strongest science possible, transparency and clarity in reporting in spatial lifecourse epidemiologic studies is essential. A task force supported by the International Initiative on Spatial Lifecourse Epidemiology (ISLE) identified a need for guidance in this area and developed a Spatial Lifecourse Epidemiology Reporting Standards (ISLE-ReSt) Statement. The aim is to provide a checklist of recommendations to improve and make more consistent reporting of spatial lifecourse epidemiologic studies. The STrengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement for cohort studies was identified as an appropriate starting point to provide initial items to consider for inclusion. Reporting standards for spatial data and methods were then integrated to form a single comprehensive checklist of reporting recommendations. The strength of our approach has been our international and multidisciplinary team of content experts and contributors who represent a wide range of relevant scientific conventions, and our adherence to international norms for the development of reporting guidelines. As spatial, location-based, and artificial intelligence technologies used in spatial lifecourse epidemiology continue to evolve at a rapid pace, it will be necessary to revisit and adapt the ISLE-ReSt at least every 2-3 years from its release.

Urban ecosystems are complex systems with anthropogenic features that generate considerable C[O.sub.2] emissions, which contributes to global climate change. Quantitative estimates of the carbon footprint of urban ecosystems are crucial for developing low-carbon development policies to mitigate climate change. Herein, we reviewed more than 195 urban carbon footprint and carbon footprint related studies, collated the recent progress in carbon footprint calculation methods and research applications of the urban ecosystem carbon footprint, analyzed the research applications of the carbon footprint of different cities, and focused on the need to study the urban ecosystem carbon footprint from a holistic perspective. Specifically, we aimed to: (i) compare the strengths and weaknesses of five existing carbon footprint calculation methods [life cycle assessment, input-output analysis, hybrid life cycle assessment, carbon footprint calculator, and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)]; (ii) analyze the status of current research on the carbon footprint of different urban subregions based on different features; and (iii) highlight new methods and areas of research on the carbon footprint of future urban ecosystems. Not all carbon footprint accounting methods are applicable to the carbon footprint determination of urban ecosystems; although the IPCC method is more widely used than the others, the hybrid life cycle assessment method is more accurate. With the emergence of new science and technology, quantitative methods to calculate the carbon footprint of urban ecosystems have evolved, becoming more accurate. Further development of new technologies, such as big data and artificial intelligence, to assess the carbon footprint of urban ecosystems is anticipated to help address the emerging challenges in urban ecosystem research effectively to achieve carbon neutrality and urban sustainability under global change. Key words: accounting systems, climate change, carbon sequestration, C[O.sub.2] emissions assessment, hybrid life cycle assessment. Les ecosystemes urbains sont des systemes complexes presentant des caracteristiques anthropiques qui generent des emissions considerables de C[O.sub.2] contribuant aux changements climatiques mondiaux. Les estimations quantitatives de l'empreinte carbone des ecosystemes urbains sont cruciales pour l'elaboration de politiques de developpement a faible emission de carbone visant a attenuer les changements climatiques. Dans cet article, les auteurs ont passe en revue plus de 195 etudes sur l'empreinte carbone urbaine et reliees a l'empreinte carbone urbaine, collige les progres recents en matiere de methodes de calcul de l'empreinte carbone et les applications de la recherche sur l'empreinte carbone des ecosystemes urbains, analyse les applications de recherche de l'empreinte carbone de differentes villes et mis l'accent sur la necessite d'etudier l'empreinte carbone des ecosystemes urbains d'un point de vue holistique. Plus precisement, ils ont cherche a: (i) comparer les forces et les faiblesses de cinq methodes existantes de calcul de l'empreinte carbone [evaluation du cycle de vie, analyse entree-sortie, evaluation hybride du cycle de vie, calculateur de l'empreinte carbone et celle du Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur revolution du climat (GIEC)]; (ii)analyser l'etat de la recherche actuelle sur l'empreinte carbone de differentes sous-regions urbaines en fonction de differentes caracteristiques; et (iii) mettre en lumiere de nou-velles methodes et de nouveaux domaines de recherche sur l'empreinte carbone des futurs ecosystemes urbains. Toutes les methodes de comptabilisation de l'empreinte carbone ne sont pas applicables a la determination de l'empreinte carbone des ecosystemes urbains; bien que la methode du GIEC soit plus largement utilisee que les autres, la methode hybride d'evaluation du cycle de vie est plus precise. Avec les avancees de la science et l'emergence de nouvelles technologies, les methodes quantitatives de calcul de l'empreinte carbone des ecosystemes urbains ont evolue et sont devenues plus precises. Le developpement ulterieur de nouvelles technologies, telles que celles qui utilisent les donnees massives et l'intelligence artificielle, pour evaluer l'empreinte carbone des ecosystemes urbains devrait aider a relever efficacement les nouveaux defisde la recherche sur les ecosystemes urbains afind'atteindre la neutralite carbone et la durabilite urbaine dans le contexte des changements climatiques mondiaux. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles: systemes de comptabilite, changements climatiques, sequestration du carbone, evaluation des emissions de CO2, analysehybrideducycledevie., Introduction Approximately half of the Earth's terrestrial surface is currently affected by human activities that are accelerating C[O.sub.2] emissions and increasingly becoming detrimental for several ecosystems (Lambin et al. 2003). [...]

Recently, increasing heat and drought events have threatened the resilience of Chinese fir forests. Trees primarily respond to these threats by downregulating photosynthesis including through stomatal limitation that causes a drop in productivity at noon (known as the midday depression). However, the effects of these events on midday and afternoon GPP inhibition are rarely analyzed on a fine timescale. This may result in negligence of critical responses. Here, we investigated the impact of climatic events on the midday depression of photosynthesis at a subtropical fir forest in Huitong from 2016 to 2022 using data from the Himawari 8 meteorological satellite and flux tower. Our results indicated that the highest number of midday depression occurred in 2022 (126 times) with the highest average temperature (29.1 °C). A higher incidence of midday depression occurred in summer and autumn, with 48 and 34 occurrences, respectively. Compound drought, heat, and drought events induced increases in midday depression at 74.3%, 66.0%, and 47.5%. Thus, trees are more likely to adopt midday depression as an adaptive strategy during compound drought and heat events. This study can inform forest management and lead to improvements in Earth system models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: For pandemic preparedness, researchers used online systematic searches to track unplanned school closures (USCs). We determine if Twitter provides complementary data. Methods: Twitter handles of Michigan public schools and school districts were identified. All tweets associated with these handles were downloaded. USC-related tweets were identified using 5 keywords. Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression were performed in R. Results: Among 3469 Michigan public schools, 2003 maintained their own active Twitter accounts or belonged to school districts with active Twitter accounts. Of these 2003 schools, in 2015-2016 school year, at least 1 USC announcement was identified for 349 schools via the current method only, 678 schools via Twitter only, and 562 schools via both methods. No USC announcements were identified for 414 schools. Rural schools were less likely than city schools to have active Twitter coverage (adjusted relative risk [adjRR] = 0.3956, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.3312-0.4671), and to announce USCs on Twitter (adjRR = 0.5692, 95% CI 0.4645-0.6823), but more likely to have USCs identified by the current method (adjRR = 1.4545, 95% CI 1.3545-1.5490). Conclusions: Each method identified USCs that were missed by the other. Our results suggested that identifying USCs on Twitter is complementary to the current method.

A reversible solid thermally responsive deep‐blue pure organic room temperature phosphorescent material is constructed by terephthalic acid (PPA), β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD), and poly(vinylalcohol) (PVA). Attributed to the host‐guest interaction of β‐CD to isolate PPA chromophore and the rigid environment offered by hydrogen bonds to suppress the nonradiative decays, amorphous supramolecular assembly PPA‐CD/PVA not only induces a deep‐blue phosphorescence at 410 nm that differing from traditional PPA derivatives with green emission but also enhances the quantum yield up to 30.52%. Uncommonly, this film exhibits a unique reversible thermal stimulation response property with blue and cyan phosphorescence color transitions because heating can destroy the binding behavior between β‐CD and PPA, resulting in redshift phosphorescence emission from PPA stacking. Additionally, with the incorporation of Rhodamine B (RhB) or Sulforhodamine 101 (SR101) into the supramolecular film, color‐tunable phosphorescence from blue to white, yellow, and red relying on the thermal stimulation is realized through triplet‐to‐singlet Förster resonance energy transfer (TS‐FRET) platform. These thermochromic phosphorescence materials are successfully applied in multilevel anticounterfeiting and information encryption, which provides a new simple approach for temperature‐responsive TS‐FRET multicolor luminescence supramolecular materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interoception refers to the sensation and perception of internal bodily sensations, and may be related to depressive symptoms. Schemata concerning the body vary across different cultures and may influence interoception and symptom presentations of depression. This study explored the relationship between interoception, depressive symptoms, and schema of somatic focus in Chinese people with subsyndromal depression. Thirty‐nine individuals with subsyndromal depression (SD) and 40 healthy controls (HCs) were assessed at baseline and after 3 months. Participants completed the self‐report questionnaires for assessing interoceptive sensibility, somatic and psychological symptoms of depression, and somatization tendency. They also completed the heartbeat perception behavioral task for estimating interoceptive accuracy. The results showed that both the SD and the HC groups showed similar interoceptive accuracy, although the SD group showed heightened interoceptive sensibility. The discrepancy between interoceptive sensibility and interoceptive accuracy is termed the interoceptive trait prediction error (ITPE). The ITPE was positive in SD participants but was negative in HCs. In the entire sample, interoceptive sensibility and the ITPE were correlated with somatic symptoms rather than with psychological symptoms of depression. Interoceptive sensibility partially mediated the relationship between somatization tendency and somatic symptoms, after controlling for psychological symptoms of depression. These results remained stable after 3 months. The shortcomings of the present study were a lack of clinical interview to ascertain diagnosis and a short follow‐up duration. In conclusion, our study suggests that altered interoception occurs in subsyndromal depression. Interoception is related to somatic symptoms of depression. The schema of body was related to depressive symptoms, partially through interoception, in Chinese people with subsyndromal depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Opuntia ficus‐indica fruit (OFI) is rich in bioactive compounds, which can promote human health. In this work, the purified OFI extract was prepared from OFI and its bioactivities were investigated. Xanthine oxidase (XOD) and α‐glucosidase (α‐Glu) inhibitors of the purified OFI extract were screened and identified by bio‐affinity ultrafiltration combined with UPLC‐QTRAP‐MS/MS technology. The inhibitory effect of these inhibitors on enzymes were verified, and the potential mechanism of action and binding sites of inhibitors with enzymes were revealed based on molecular docking. The results showed that the total phenolic content of the purified OFI extract was 355.03 mg GAE/g DW, which had excellent antioxidant activity. Additionally, the extract had a certain inhibitory effect on XOD (IC50 = 199.00 ± 0.14 µg/mL) and α‐Glu (IC50 = 159.67 ± 0.01 µg/mL). Seven XOD inhibitors and eight α‐Glu inhibitors were identified. Furthermore, XOD and α‐Glu inhibition experiments in vitro confirmed that inhibitors such as chlorogenic acid, taxifolin, and naringenin had significant inhibitory effects on XOD and α‐Glu. The molecular docking results indicated that inhibitors could bind to the corresponding enzymes and had strong binding force. These findings demonstrate that OFI contains potential substances for the treatment of hyperuricemia and hyperglycemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a Supreme Court ruling that rejected the use of "bright-line" rules previously relied upon in evaluating materiality claims, this study examines how heightened materiality uncertainty impacts audit pricing. We expect the heightened uncertainty to make it more difficult for auditors and clients to assess materiality and to reach a consensus on materiality assessment, which increases audit effort and engagement risk, leading to higher audit fees. Consistent with this prediction, we find that after the ruling, audit fees increase significantly for treatment firms in the circuits using bright-line rules in the pre-ruling period, relative to control firms not affected by the ruling. This effect is stronger when auditors have lower quality or lower industry expertise, and when investors have more diverse opinions. We also find that for firms audited by low-expertise auditors, auditor turnover due to auditor-client disagreement on materiality-related issues increases significantly for treatment firms relative to control firms. Data Availability: Data are available from the public sources cited in the text. JEL Classifications: K2; M41; M42. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]