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In response to the increasing pollution caused by unseparated garbage, classification systems for garbage separation have become very popular. First, we constructed a complex data augmentation combination for model training. Second, we designed a novel lightweight neural network garbage classification system called WasNet. This proposed network's 1.5 million parameters on the ImageNet dataset are one-half of mainstream neural networks, while at 3 million floating point operations per second (FLOPs) it is one third of mainstream neural networks that have obtained the best performance among known lightweight neural networks. The accuracy on the ImageNet data set is 64.5%, on the Garbage Classification dataset it is 82.5%, and on the TrashNet dataset it is 96.10%. Furthermore, we transplanted the model to the hardware platform and assembled an intelligent trash can; we developed a garbage recognition application to facilitate users to directly identify and receive platform information; we built a visualization and decision support platform to help managers monitor traffic in real time. We combined the intelligent trash can, application, visualization and decision-making platform into a system, which is the most complete and effective system among the known research works. The results of the test we conducted on our platform using our extended dataset showed that our scheme is very reliable. At the same time, we also open source our extended datasets for use by other researchers.

Real networks are not only multi-layered yet also dynamic. The role of coordinated network evolution regarding dynamic multi-layer networks where both network and strategy evolution simultaneously show diverse interdependence by layers remains poorly addressed. Here, we propose a general and simple coevolution framework to analyze how coordination of different dynamical processes affects strategy propagation in synergistically evolving interdependent networks. The strategic feedback constitutes the main driving force of network evolution yet the inherent cross-layer self-optimization functions as its compensation. We show that these two ingredients often catalyze a better performance of network evolution in propagating cooperation. Coordinated network evolution may be a double-edged sword to cooperation and the network-adapting rate plays a crucial role in flipping its double-sided effect. It often economizes the cost and time consumption for driving the system to the full cooperation phase. Importantly, strongly coupled slow-tuned networks can outperform weakly coupled fast-regulated networks in solving social dilemmas, highlighting the fundamental advantages of coordinated network evolution and the importance of synergistic effect of dynamical processes in upholding human cooperation in multiplex networks.

The evolution of cooperation on interdependent networks is arousing increasing concern based on the fact that more and more complex systems in the real-world have been proven to be organized in the form of multi-layer networks rather than single-layer networks. In this study, we examine the effects of self-organized interdependence on the evolution and stabilization of cooperation with social dilemmas depicted by the Prisoner’s Dilemma Game (PDG) and the Public Goods Game (PGG) in which agents with the most common strategy have the chance to be rewarded proportionally to the fitness of corresponding agents belonging to the other network. We show that such a type-free rewarding rule, independent of game strategy, establishes a time-varying interdependence between two initially independent populations whereby cooperation is highly promoted as well as stabilized both in the two-player PDG and in the multi-player PGG. Majority-pressure based interdependence at stake has proven pretty neutral in regard to game strategy because it is contingent on strategy configuration rather than strategy itself, which thus gives birth to homologous communities, including cooperative as well as non-cooperative, and thereby an enhanced spatial reciprocity between non-identical networks is triggered. Of particular interest is the double-edged sword effect of network interdependence on cooperation although in most instances the heavier the interdependence, the better the evolution of cooperation. Furthermore, interpretations of the nontrivial relationship between cooperation and benchmark threshold measuring the strategy’s local popularity highlight that rewarding the minimum majority is optimal for the evolution of cooperation in such scenario. Finally, we claim our observations are also quite robust with respect to mutation.

Most previous studies concerning linking dynamics often assumed that links pairing individuals should be identified and treated differently during topology adjusting procedure, in order to promote cooperation. A common assumption was that cooperators were expected to avoid being exploited by quickly breaking up relationships with defectors. Then the so-called prosocial links linking two cooperators (abbreviated as CC links hereafter) would be much favored by evolution, whereby cooperation was promoted. However, we suggest that this is not always necessary. Here, we developed a minimal model in which an aspiration-based partner switching mechanism was embedded to regulate the evolution of cooperation in social dilemmas. Individuals adjusted social ties in a self-questioning manner in line with the learning theory. Less game information was involved during dynamic linking and all links were tackled anonymously irrespective of their types (i.e., CD links, DD links, or CC links). The main results indicate that cooperation flourishes for a broad range of parameters. The denser the underlying network, the more difficult the evolution of cooperation. More importantly, moderate aspirations do much better in promoting the evolution of altruistic behavior and for most cases there exists the optimal aspiration level that most benefits cooperation. Too strong or too weak selection intensity turns out to be pretty conducive to the evolution of cooperation in such a dynamical system.

We report on a theoretical study of the electronic structures of InSb and GaSb nanowires oriented along the [001] and [111] crystallographic directions. The nanowires are described by atomistic, tight-binding models, including spin-orbit interaction. The band structures and the wave functions of the nanowires are calculated by means of a Lanczos iteration algorithm. For the [001]-oriented InSb and GaSb nanowires, the systems with both square and rectangular cross sections are considered. Here, it is found that all the energy bands are doubly degenerate. Although the lowest conduction bands in these nanowires show good parabolic dispersions, the top valence bands show rich and complex structures. In particular, the topmost valence bands of the nanowires with a square cross section show a double maximum structure. In the nanowires with a rectangular cross section, this double maximum structure is suppressed, and the top valence bands gradually develop into parabolic bands as the aspect ratio of the cross section is increased. For the [111]-oriented InSb and GaSb nanowires, the systems with hexagonal cross sections are considered. It is found that all the bands at the Γ-point are again doubly degenerate. However, some of them will split into non-degenerate bands when the wave vector moves away from the Γ-point. Although the lowest conduction bands again show good parabolic dispersions, the topmost valence bands do not show the double maximum structure. Instead, they show a single maximum structure with its maximum at a wave vector slightly away from the Γ-point. The wave functions of the band states near the band gaps of the [001]- and [111]-oriented InSb and GaSb nanowires are also calculated and are presented in terms of probability distributions in the cross sections. It is found that although the probability distributions of the band states in the [001]-oriented nanowires with a rectangular cross section could be qualitatively described by one-band effective mass theory, the probability distributions of the band states in the [001]-oriented nanowires with a square cross section and the [111]- oriented nanowires with a hexagonal cross section show characteristic patterns with symmetries closely related to the irreducible representations of the relevant double point groups and, in general, go beyond the prediction of a simple one-band effective mass theory. We also investigate the effects of quantum confinement on the band structures of the [001]- and [111]-oriented InSb and GaSb nanowires and present an empirical formula for the description of quantization energies of the band edge states in the nanowires, which could be used to estimate the enhancement of the band gaps of the nanowires as a result of quantum confinement. The size dependencies of the electron and hole effective masses in these nanowires are also investigated and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of dynamical topologies in the evolution of cooperation has received considerable attention, as some studies have demonstrated that dynamical networks are much better than static networks in terms of boosting cooperation. Here we study a dynamical model of evolution of cooperation on stochastic dynamical networks in which there are no permanent partners to each agent. Whenever a new link is created, its duration is randomly assigned without any bias or preference. We allow the agent to adaptively adjust the duration of each link during the evolution in accordance with the feedback from game interactions. By Monte Carlo simulations, we find that cooperation can be remarkably promoted by this adaptive dynamical linking mechanism both for the game of pairwise interactions, such as the Prisoner's Dilemma game (PDG), and for the game of group interactions, illustrated by the public goods game (PGG). And the faster the adjusting rate, the more successful the evolution of cooperation. We also show that in this context weak selection favors cooperation much more than strong selection does. What is particularly meaningful is that the prosperity of cooperation in this study indicates that the rationality and selfishness of a single agent in adjusting social ties can lead to the progress of altruism of the whole population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cross-section ratios R of transfer ionization to single electron capture of Helium atom induced by fluorine ions in the strong-interaction region were measured by means of the position-sensitive-detection and the time-of-flight (TOF) technologies. The velocity and charge state dependence of R were studied. It is found that the R decreases when the 2q/v increases, where q and v are the charge state and velocity of projectile respectively. In this energy region the transfer ionization can be look as Two-Step process that one target electron is captured, and another electron is ionized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experimental investigation of Molybdenum L-shell X-ray emission is reported in the collision of highly charged Xeq+ (q = 26,27,30) ions with Molybdenum surface in the energy range 400 to 600 keV. Based on the X-ray spectra obtained and by the extrapolation of experimental data to the lower incident energy range, a limit was found for the energy of the incident ions. The influence of initial charge state on X-ray emission from the target L-shell was observed. The difference of the initial charge state and electron configuration of the incident ions may lead to observably different contribution to the target atom vacancy production and L-shell X-rays emission. Based on COB model, a simple explanation was presented to interpret the features of the experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spectra of highly charged titanium ions produced by the interaction of 120 MeV titanium ions with carbon foil were investigated with the so-called beam-foil technique using the HI-13 tandem accelerator in China Institute of Atomic Energy. Spectral lines emitted from fifty-three excited energy levels were observed in the wavelength range 120–220 Å, among which eleven lines were new. Our experimental results show good agreement with the results of laser plasma experiments, and are in reasonable agreement with theoretical calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of cooperation on interdependent networks is arousing increasing concern based on the fact that more and more complex systems in the real-world have been proven to be organized in the form of multi-layer networks rather than single-layer networks. In this study, we examine the effects of self-organized interdependence on the evolution and stabilization of cooperation with social dilemmas depicted by the Prisoner’s Dilemma Game (PDG) and the Public Goods Game (PGG) in which agents with the most common strategy have the chance to be rewarded proportionally to the fitness of corresponding agents belonging to the other network. We show that such a type-free rewarding rule, independent of game strategy, establishes a time-varying interdependence between two initially independent populations whereby cooperation is highly promoted as well as stabilized both in the two-player PDG and in the multi-player PGG. Majority-pressure based interdependence at stake has proven pretty neutral in regard to game strategy because it is contingent on strategy configuration rather than strategy itself, which thus gives birth to homologous communities, including cooperative as well as non-cooperative, and thereby an enhanced spatial reciprocity between non-identical networks is triggered. Of particular interest is the double-edged sword effect of network interdependence on cooperation although in most instances the heavier the interdependence, the better the evolution of cooperation. Furthermore, interpretations of the nontrivial relationship between cooperation and benchmark threshold measuring the strategy’s local popularity highlight that rewarding the minimum majority is optimal for the evolution of cooperation in such scenario. Finally, we claim our observations are also quite robust with respect to mutation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report studies on both target and projectile K-shell ionization by collisions of Cu9+ ions on the thin Zn target in the energy range of 60–100 MeV. In this work, the relative ratio for the production of the target to projectile K-vacancy is measured. The result shows that it almost remains stable over this energy range and has good consistency with the predictions by vacancy transfer via the 2pσ–1sσ rotational coupling, which gives experimental evidence for K-vacancy sharing between two partners. Furthermore, the discussion for comparisons between the experimental ionization cross sections and the possible theoretical estimations is presented. These comparisons suggest that the experimental data agree well with those predicted by the Binary–Encounter approximation (BEA) model but are not in good agreement with the modified BEA calculations. It allows us to infer that the direct ionization (and/or excitation) is of importance to initial K-vacancy production before 2pσ–1sσ transitions in the present collision condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hitherto, there has been an increasing interest in the ultimatum game, an elegant metaphor constituted for decoding the self-organization of fair behavior. Most previous studies have been done in the context of unbiased partner selection and symmetric role assignation. However, this is not always the case. To investigate the role of partner choice and role allocation on fairness, we develop a co-evolutionary ultimatum game in which agents can dynamically choose interacting neighbors as well as allocate game roles based on the real-time feedback from interactions. By the Monte Carlo simulation, we find that the related biases always play a crucial role in transforming the evolution of fairness. More specifically, the fairness level can be strikingly promoted when agents often aspire for interactions with more successful players and frequently designate reputable ones as proposers in the ultimatum game. For other cases, however, fairness is often remarkably inhibited. Compared with weak selection, strong selection turns out to be more favorable to the evolution of fair behavior. Finally, with proper parameters we witness the spontaneous emergence of social fairness in a totally self-regarding population under the noisy condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]