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The neutron tube is the core component of the controllable neutron source logging instrument. Its working stability, temperature resistance, neutron yield and other indicators have an important impact on the working performance of instrument. At present, with the requirement of deep logging, the neutron tube used in logging is supposed to improve neutron yield, temperature resistance, operating life and working stability. In this paper, the structure, materials and manufacturing process of drive-in target neutron tube are designed and optimized to reduce power consumption and improve operating time. The temperature resistance, operating life, and neutron yield of sample tube have tested to estimate the performance of ENT2465 with an outer diameter of 25 millimeters. Place the sample tube in the oil tank of the neutron testing platform and connect the cable. Record the temperature, cumulative working time, neutron yield, target voltage, target current and anode current during the work of the sample tube. The results show that under the target voltage of 80 kV and target current less than 60 μA, the accumulated operating life of the sample tube exceeds 1 000 hours, including 23 hours of continuous operation at 175℃ and more than 500 hours of accumulated operation, and 36 hours of continuous operation at room temperature. The neutron yield only decreases by 5.3 % after 1 000 hours under the same target voltage and current.

Abstract Hypertrophy and fiber transformation are two prominent features of postnatal skeletal muscle development. However, the role of epigenetic modifications is less understood. ATAC-seq, whole genome bisulfite sequencing, and RNA-seq were applied to investigate the epigenetic dynamics of muscle in Hu sheep at 3 days, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months after birth. All 6865 differentially expressed genes were assigned into three distinct tendencies, highlighting the balanced protein synthesis, accumulated immune activities, and restrained cell division in postnatal development. We identified 3742 differentially accessible regions and 11799 differentially methylated regions that were associated with muscle-development-related pathways in certain stages, like D3-M6. Transcription factor network analysis, based on genomic loci with high chromatin accessibility and low methylation, showed that ARID5B, MYOG, and ENO1 were associated with muscle hypertrophy, while NR1D1, FADS1, ZFP36L2, and SLC25A1 were associated with muscle fiber transformation. Taken together, these results suggest that DNA methylation and chromatin accessibility contributed toward regulating the growth and fiber transformation of postnatal skeletal muscle in Hu sheep.

The goal of the present study is to examine differences in cognitive, psychomotor, and social-emotional development scores between only children and children with siblings aged 6-30 months in rural China using data of 1802 children across 351 villages in 174 townships, disaggregating according to child gender. The results indicate that having a sibling is negatively associated with cognitive, psychomotor, and socioemotional development for girls, but not for boys. Despite this, girls appear to be developmentally advantaged compared to boys, even when they have a sibling. Our results, however, are not conclusive regarding why only-girls are affected while boys are not affected by the existence of siblings. Parenting behaviours (such as playing with children, reading to children, reading to children with books, and singing to children), appear to be unrelated to the developmental differences between only-girls and girls with siblings.

In this study, we investigate the association between family environment and early childhood development among children aged 6-24 months in rural counties in China. To do this, we used cross-sectional data from a large scale survey, including 1809 child-caregiver dyads across 22 nationally designated poverty counties. We found that 53.95% of children were at the risk of cognitive development delay, 60.26%, 36.27%, 40.69% of children were at the risk of language, motor, and social-emotional development delay respectively. Moreover, the good quality of family environment was significantly associated with the child's development. Rural family environments are providing insufficient stimulation for children, especially a low variety of developmental enriching materials and lacking play activities. Our study confirms the need for programmatic interventions that provide reliable ways to learn how to play with their children and build a stimulating environment to improve early childhood development in the region.

The declines in laying performance during the late production period have adverse effects on the length of the production cycle. Improving the nutrition of laying hens is a crucial measure to reverse this declination. This study investigated the effect of selenium yeast (SY) on egg production, ileal gene expression and microbiota, as well as elucidating their associations in aged laying hens. A total of 375 Jinghong laying hens at 76 weeks old were randomly assigned into 5 dietary treatments, which included a selenium-deficient basal diet based on corn-soybean meal, and dietary supplementation of SY at 0.15, 0.30 and 0.45 mg/kg, and sodium selenite at 0.45 mg/kg. The results showed that SY ameliorated the depression in aged laying performance in the 0.30 mg/kg group (P

We aimed to evaluate the validity of the Ages and Stages Questionnaires Edition 3 (ASQ-3) and the MacArthur communicative development inventory (CDI) as a screening measure for children at risk of language development delay in western rural China, by comparing them to the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (BSID-III). We administered the BSID-III on 1,079 children (aged 8-24 months) and administered the ASQ-3 and the CDI to their caregivers. We found a significant, low-to-moderate correlation between the three scales. Further, correlation strength increased with age of the child and was stronger when the mother was the primary caregiver. We also found that the sensitivity and specificity of the ASQ-3 ranged widely. The overall findings suggest that the ASQ-3 and the CDI may not be very accurate screening tools for identifying language development delays in children, especially those under 17 months or whose primary caregiver is not their mother.

TGF-β-activated kinase-1 (TAK1), tightly related to innate immunity, is phosphorylated and activated by X-linked protein kinase (PRKX) in humans and mammals, which belongs to the c-AMP-dependent protein kinase family. However, the relationship between PRKX and TAK1 remains unknown in teleost. It has been reported in vertebrates for the first time that TAK1 of black carp (bcTAK1) interacts with bcIRF7 and is capable to up-regulate bcIRF7-mediated IFN signaling in our previous study. In this study, the role of PRKX homologue of black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) (bcPRKX) in bcTAK1/IFN signaling has been explored. Overexpression of bcPRKX suppressed the transcription of interferon promoters but enhanced the transcription of NF-κB promoter. Mylopharyngodon piceus kidney (MPK) cells transfected with shRNA targeting bcPRKX gene presented enhanced antiviral activity against spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV), in which the mRNA levels of the antiviral proteins were increased, including MX1, Viperin and PKR. Overexpressed bcPRKX dampened bcTAK1/bcIRF7/IFN signaling in the luciferase reporter assay and plaque assay. The interaction between bcTAK1 and bcPRKX has been identified by the immunofluorescence (IF) staining and co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) assay. In addition, we found that bcPRKX can trigger the degradation of bcTAK1. However, the lysosome inhibitor chloroquine, but not the proteasome inhibitor MG-132, prevented the bcTAK1 degradation mediated by bcPRKX. Thus, we conclude that bcPRKX inhibits bcTAK1/bcIRF7/IFN signaling during the innate immune activation by targeting bcTAK1 and triggers lysosome-dependent degradation of bcTAK1.

Sheep growth performance, mainly skeletal muscle growth, provides direct economic benefits to the animal husbandry industry. However, the underlying genetic mechanisms of different breeds remain unclear. We found that the cross-sectional area (CSA) of skeletal muscle in Dorper (D) and binary cross-breeding (HD) was higher than that in Hu sheep (H) from 3 months to 12 months after birth. The transcriptomic analysis of 42 quadriceps femoris samples showed that a total of 5053 differential expression genes (DEGs) were identified. The differences in the global gene expression patterns, the dynamic transcriptome of skeletal muscle development, and the transcriptome of the transformation of fast and slow muscles were explored using weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) and allele-specific expression analysis. Moreover, the gene expression patterns of HD were more similar to D rather than H from 3 months to 12 months, which might be the reason for the difference in muscle growth in the three breeds. Additionally, several genes (GNB2L1, RPL15, DVL1, FBXO31, etc.) were identified as candidates related to skeletal muscle growth. These results should serve as an important resource revealing the molecular basis of muscle growth and development in sheep.

Staphylococcus aureus infections pose a potential threat to livestock production and public health. A novel strategy is needed to control S. aureus infections due to its adaptive evolution to antibiotics. Autophagy plays a key role in degrading bacteria for innate immune cells. In order to promote S. aureus clearance via Toll-like receptor (TLR)-induced autophagy pathway, the domain fusion TLR2-4 with the extracellular domain of TLR2, specific recognizing S. aureus, and transmembrane and intracellular domains of TLR4 is assembled, then the goat expressing TLR2-4 is generated. TLR2-4 substantially augments the removal of S. aureus within macrophages by elevating autophagy level. Phosphorylated JNK and ERK1/2 promote LC3-puncta in TLR2-4 macrophages during S. aureus-induced autophagy via MyD88 mediated the TAK1 signaling cascade. Meantime, the TRIF-dependent TBK1-TFEB-OPTN signaling is involved in TLR2-4-triggered autophagy after S. aureus challenge. Moreover, the transcript of ATG5 and ATG12 is significantly increased via cAMP-PKA-NF-κB signaling, which facilitates S. aureus-induced autophagy in TLR2-4 macrophages. Overall, the novel receptor TLR2-4 enhances the autophagy-dependent clearance of S. aureus in macrophages via TAK1/TBK1-JNK/ERK, TBK1-TFEB-OPTN, and cAMP-PKA-NF-κB-ATGs signaling pathways, which provide an alternative approach for resistant against S. aureus infection.

This study aims to investigate the developmental status of rural Chinese children, the extent of interactive parenting they receive, and the relation between the two. A sample of 448 six to eighteen-month-old children and their caregivers were randomly selected from two rural counties in Hebei and Yunnan provinces. According the third edition of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, 48.7% of sample children exhibited cognitive delays, 40.6% language delays, and 35% social-emotional delays. According to responses from caregivers, parenting in rural China is largely passive, lacking in interactive practices like storytelling, singing, and playing. Children-with-siblings, left-behind children, and children with less-educated mothers were even less likely to receive interactive practices. Children of caregivers who did engage in best parenting practices showed better cognitive, language, and social-emotional development; however, the public health system provides no platform for learning about optimal parenting.

Internal egg and eggshell quality are often deteriorated in aging laying hens, which causes huge economic losses in the poultry industry. Selenium yeast (SY), as an organic food additive, is utilized to enhance laying performance and egg quality. To extend the egg production cycle, effects of selenium yeast supplementation on egg quality, plasma antioxidants and selenium deposition in aged laying hens were evaluated. In this study, five hundred and twenty-five 76-week-old Jing Hong laying hens were fed a selenium-deficient (SD) diet for 6 weeks. After Se depletion, the hens were randomly divided into seven treatments, which included an SD diet, and dietary supplementation of SY and sodium selenite (SS) at 0.15, 0.30, and 0.45 mg/kg to investigate the effect on egg quality, plasma antioxidant capacity, and selenium content in reproductive organs. After 12 weeks of feeding, dietary SY supplementation resulted in higher eggshell strength (SY0.45) (p < 0.05) and lower shell translucence. Moreover, organs Se levels and plasma antioxidant capacity (T-AOC, T-SOD, and GSH-Px activity) were significantly higher with Se supplementation (p < 0.05). Transcriptomic analysis identified some key candidate genes including cell migration inducing hyaluronidase 1 (CEMIP), ovalbumin (OVAL), solute carrier family 6 member 17 (SLC6A17), proopiomelanocortin (POMC), and proenkephalin (PENK), and potential molecular processes (eggshell mineralization, ion transport, and eggshell formation) involved in selenium yeast’s effects on eggshell formation. In conclusion, SY has beneficial functions for eggshell and we recommend the supplementation of 0.45 mg/kg SY to alleviate the decrease in eggshell quality in aged laying hens.

A series of Mn promoted CuZnAl catalysts were prepared by coprecipitation method. Doping of manganese in CuZnAl strongly enhanced the AWS activity and propionic acid selectivity. The interaction between Cu and Mn ions results in suppressed the hydrogenation of propanal to propyl alcohol and enhanced the selectivity of propionic acid. According to our results, the most favorable Mn/Cu molar ratio is 1:1. Higher temperature is also beneficial to the selectivity of propionic acid on CuZnAl-based catalysts.

As an important micronutrient, selenium (Se) plays many essential roles in immune response and protection against pathogens in humans and animals, but underlying mechanisms of Se-based control of salmonella growth within macrophages remain poorly elucidated. In this study, using RNA-seq analyses, we demonstrate that Se treatment (at an appropriate concentration) can modulate the global transcriptome of chicken macrophages HD11. The bioinformatic analyses (KEGG pathway analysis) revealed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mainly enriched in retinol and glutathione metabolism, revealing that Se may be associated with retinol and glutathione metabolism. Meanwhile, Se treatment increased the number of salmonella invading the HD11 cells, but reduced the number of salmonella within HD11 cells, suggesting that enhanced clearance of salmonella within HD11 cells was potentially modulated by Se treatment. Furthermore, RNA-seq analyses also revealed that nine genes including SIVA1, FAS, and HMOX1 were differentially expressed in HD11 cells infected with salmonella following Se treatment, and GO enrichment analysis showed that these DEGs were mainly enriched in an extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway. In summary, these results indicate that Se treatment may not only affect retinol and glutathione metabolism in macrophages, but could also inhibit salmonella-induced macrophage apoptosis via an extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway involving SIVA1.

Lepidic predominant adenocarcinoma (LPA) (formerly known as bronchioalveolar carcinoma) has rarely been reported to cause refractory hypoxia with intrapulmonary shunting [1–7]. We describe a case who underwent the palliative strategy of intravascular right lower pulmonary artery embolisation with an 18 mm Amplatzer II vascular plug to reduce intrapulmonary shunting. This is the first report we are aware of using this minimally invasive procedure to treat this condition.

Many educational systems have struggled with the question about how best to give out financial aid. In particular, if students do not know the amount of financial aid that they can receive before they make a decision about where to go to college and what major to study, it may distort their decision. This study utilizes an experiment (implemented by the authors as a Randomized Control Trial) to analyze whether or not an alternative way of providing financial aid--by providing an early commitment on financial aid during the student's senior year of high school instead of after entering college--affects the college decision making of poor students in rural China. We find that if early commitments are made early enough; and they are large enough, students will make less distorting college decisions. (Contains 5 tables and 3 figures.)

China's water shortage is severe and has become one of the factors hindering economic growth. It is widely accepted that changes in water technology play a profound role in sustainable development. However, because water technology is embedded in water resources, it is difficult to clarify the effects of water technologies as a means of alleviating water scarcity to achieve sustainable development. The level of water technology can be measured by total-factor water efficiency. This study analyzes panel data from 2002–2018 using the stochastic frontier model and addresses water inputs and water technology by introducing the concept of water productivity into economic growth framework. We found that, with the introduction of water technology, the importance of water resources for economic growth increases; water inputs increase by 1%, and GDP increases by 0.349%. The progress of 1% water technology can drive 0.142% of GDP growth and have great potential as a water scarcity remedy for the economy. Due to lower prices, the substitution rate of water technology to water is six times that of water-to-water technology, which is very detrimental to water technology progress. In the short term, water technology can be policy-driven in water-scarce developing economies, and price-induced in the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of the present study is to examine differences in cognitive, psychomotor, and social-emotional development scores between only children and children with siblings aged 6–30 months in rural China using data of 1802 children across 351 villages in 174 townships, disaggregating according to child gender. The results indicate that having a sibling is negatively associated with cognitive, psychomotor, and socioemotional development for girls, but not for boys. Despite this, girls appear to be developmentally advantaged compared to boys, even when they have a sibling. Our results, however, are not conclusive regarding why only-girls are affected while boys are not affected by the existence of siblings. Parenting behaviours (such as playing with children, reading to children, reading to children with books, and singing to children), appear to be unrelated to the developmental differences between only-girls and girls with siblings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we investigate the association between family environment and early childhood development among children aged 6–24 months in rural counties in China. To do this, we used cross-sectional data from a large scale survey, including 1809 child-caregiver dyads across 22 nationally designated poverty counties. We found that 53.95% of children were at the risk of cognitive development delay, 60.26%, 36.27%, 40.69% of children were at the risk of language, motor, and social-emotional development delay respectively. Moreover, the good quality of family environment was significantly associated with the child's development. Rural family environments are providing insufficient stimulation for children, especially a low variety of developmental enriching materials and lacking play activities. Our study confirms the need for programmatic interventions that provide reliable ways to learn how to play with their children and build a stimulating environment to improve early childhood development in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]