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Both real-time physiological data transmission and reduced energy consumption are critical to wireless body area network (WBAN). A joint optimization strategy for offloading and scheduling was proposed to minimize the weighted sum of age of information (AoI) and energy consumption by determining whether data should be processed at sensor nodes or the Sink. To handle the strong coupling between offloading and scheduling decisions, a two-layer Markov decision process (MDP) was used to approximate the optimal solution. A deep reinforcement learning (DRL) approach was introduced to address the dimensionality issue. Simulations show that the DRL strategy performs comparably to the MDP under various weight factors and frame lengths. Furthermore, as the number of sensor nodes increases, the DRL strategy reduces the weighted sum by 3.58% and 24.9% compared to RRG and EG strategies, respectively, and converges twice as fast as the MDP.

Interdisciplinary research plays a crucial role in addressing complex problems by integrating knowledge from multiple disciplines. This integration fosters innovative solutions and enhances understanding across various fields. This study explores the historical and sociological development of interdisciplinary research and maps its evolution through three distinct phases: pre-disciplinary, disciplinary, and post-disciplinary. It identifies key internal dynamics, such as disciplinary diversification, reorganization, and innovation, as primary drivers of this evolution. Additionally, this study highlights how external factors, particularly the urgency of World War II and the subsequent political and economic changes, have accelerated its advancement. The rise of interdisciplinary research has significantly reshaped traditional educational paradigms, promoting its integration across different educational levels. However, the inherent contradictions within interdisciplinary research present cognitive, emotional, and institutional challenges for researchers. Meanwhile, finding a balance between the breadth and depth of knowledge remains a critical challenge in interdisciplinary education.

The highlight model is widely used as a simple and convenient method in the radar field but its accuracy is not high. Based on the traditional highlight model, the algorithm has been improved to address the acoustic scattering problems of underwater vehicles with more complex line shapes. The basic idea is to partition the model into micro-bodies to calculate the scattered sound pressure, consider the phase interference of each part, and then synthesise the scattered sound pressure to approximate the target’s actual shape. A computational model of the wedge-shaped convex structure on the back of the underwater vehicles is developed using a highlight model of a trapezoidal plate. The results of the calculations using the highlight model approach are consistent with those of the planar element method. Utilising the modified highlight model method, the accuracy of acoustic scattering characteristics calculations for the stern and overall structures of underwater vehicles has proven satisfactory. Finally, fast acoustic scattering prediction software is developed for underwater vehicles, enabling the calculation of the acoustic scattering characteristics for individual structures, combined structures, and coated silent tiles. This software provides algorithmic support for the fast prediction of the acoustic stealth performance of underwater vehicles.

Functional tics is one type of functional movement disorders (FMD) with overlapping clinical manifestations of primary tics. It is difficult to distinguish them in clinical practice. In this text, we will introduce the epidemiology, risk factors, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of functional tics by comparing with primary tics (especially Tourette's syndrome), with the aim to improve the rate of accurate diagnosis, and avoid misdiagnosis and mistreatment.

Currently, there is no consensus on whether maintenance dialysis increases cancer risk in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Therefore, this study was to systematically evaluate the risk of cancer among ESRD patients undergoing maintenance dialysis. Related studies on the impact of maintenance dialysis on cancer risk were retrieved from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and other databases from their respective inceptions to 19 February 2021. ESRD patients receiving maintenance dialysis were classified into cancer including non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) and cancer excluding NMSC. Standardized incidence ratio (SIR) with its 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was calculated to assess cancer risk. Fourteen studies were included in the meta-analysis. The risk of cancer in patients undergoing maintenance dialysis (with or without NMSC) was significantly higher than controls both in cancer including NMSC (SIR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.27–1.49, P < 0.001) and cancer excluding NMSC (SIR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.23–1.47, P < 0.001). Subgroup results identified the higher risk of cancer incidence in both men and women receiving maintenance dialysis. Meanwhile, elevated excess risks were observed among patients with younger age and shorter follow-up time (P < 0.001). Meanwhile, the combined SIR of bladder, cervix, colorectum, kidney, liver, thyroid, tongue, and other cancers were all increased (P < 0.05). ESRD patients undergoing dialysis has higher risk of cancer.

Planar optical elements have attracted widespread attentions because of their precise light modulation. Liquid crystals (LCs) are well known for their applications in the current displaying field, and show great potential in planar optical elements with the development and innovation of LC micro-operation technology. However, previous researches on LC elements mainly involved only one type of optical manipulation, which inevitably limited the functional diversity. In this work, we propose a multifunctional LC element which integrates the surface display into a binary-phase focusing lens by controlling the complex amplitude of the incident light. The light modulation of the anisotropic LC molecule satisfies a sinusoidal variation, which can be regarded as the combination of a continuous amplitude modulation and a binary phase modulation. The element with millimeter size is then fabricated, and the experimental measurements agree well with our design with a high-definition surface pattern and high-quality optical focusing/imaging performance. Furthermore, as the complex amplitude modulation changes from sine to cosine function after rotating the sample by 45°, a bifocal lens with two different focal lengths is also demonstrated. We expect the proposed multifunctional LC elements can find applications in information multiplexing, image displaying, etc.

Objective To investigate the incidence and risk factors for impulsive control disorders (ICDs) in Parkinson's disease (PD). Methods A total of 201 patients with PD were included from May 2016 to September 2017. ICDs were assessed by Questionnaire for Impulsive⁃Compulsive Disorders in Parkinson's Disease (QUIP). Mentation, behavior and mood, activities of daily living, motor function, and complications for therapy were assessed by Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS). Disease severity was assessed by Hoehn⁃Yahr staging, and depression was assessed by Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Univariate and multivariate forward Logistic regression analyses were used to analyze the risk factors for PD patients with ICDs. Results Among 201 PD patients, 41 patients (20.40%) were diagnosed with ICDs, including 17 cases of compulsive medicine use (8.46%), 15 cases of compulsive eating (7.46%), 13 cases of punding (6.46%), 8 cases of compulsive shopping (3.98%), 3 cases of pathological gambing (1.49%) and one case of hypersexuality (0.49%). Logistic regression analysis showed that the longer treatment duration (OR=1.237, 95%CI: 1.038-1.474; P=0.018), severe complications for therapy (high UPDRS Ⅳ score; OR=1.389, 95%CI: 1.077-1.790, P=0.011), depression (OR=2.417, 95%CI: 0.174-0.984; P=0.046) were the risk factors for PD patients with ICDs. Conclusions The incidence of ICDs in PD is high, which is affected by many factors. The risk of ICDs can be evaluated by the QUIP scale to guide medication.

Geometric metasurfaces have shown superior phase control capacity owing to the geometric nature of their phase profile. The existing geometric metasurfaces are generally composed of metal-dielectric composites or all-dielectric subwavelength structures. Here, a novel configuration, all-metallic structure, is proposed to achieve broadband and high-performance electromagnetic wavefront manipulation based on the geometric phase. A catenary model is built to describe the optical dispersion and guide the design of metasurfaces. Two metadevices including a beam deflector and a hologram are designed and experimentally demonstrated in the infrared regime, with the measured optical efficiency up to 84% (the simulated efficiency reaches 93%). Compared to previous metal-insulator-metal structures, this approach can realize higher efficiency and broader operating bandwidth owing to its lower ohmic loss. This design strategy is universal and can be easily scaled to any other spectra without complex optimization. Moreover, since metals have excellent mechanical and physical properties, such as good thermal and electrical conductivity, this all-metallic structure may provide a new thinking on interdisciplinary research.

The homogenized Mg-5.3Gd-2.6Y-1.1Nd-0.3Zr(mass fraction/%) ingots were extruded at different temperatures.The microstructures and mechanical properties of the solution-treated ingot and those extruded at different temperatures were investigated by optical microscopy(OM) and tensile test. The corrosion resistance of the alloys in Hank's solutions was evaluated by mass loss, hydrogen evolution and Tafel polarization tests. The surface corrosion morphology of the specimens after immersion was examined by scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the grains of the investigated alloy are refined substantially after extrusion, and their strength and ductility increase along with the decrease of the extrusion temperature, and the yield strength of the extruded alloy under 450℃ reaches 223.4MPa, which is about 60% higher than that of T4 alloy (139.8MPa). The extrusion deformation also has positive effects on the alloys' corrosion resistance, and corrosion resistance of the alloy increases first and then decreases along with the decrease of the extrusion temperature. The one extruded under 450℃ seems to show the best corrosion resistance,whose corrosion rate is 0.74mm/a.

Dispersion control is crucial in optical systems, and chromatic aberration is an important factor affecting imaging quality in imaging systems. Due to the inherent property of materials, dispersion engineering is complex and needs to trade off other aberration in traditional ways. Although metasurface offers an effective method to overcome these limits and results in well-engineered dispersion, off-axis dispersion control is still a challenging topic. In this paper, we design a single-layer metalens which is capable of focusing at three wavelengths (473 nm, 532 nm, and 632 nm) with different incident angles (0°, -17° and 17°) into the same point. We also demonstrate that this metalens can provide an alternative for the bulky color synthetic prism in a 3-chips digital micromirror device (DMD) laser projection system. Through this approach, various off-axis dispersion controlling optical devices could be realized.

Residents mainly set the temperature at the range of 25°C to 27°C under cooling conditions. However, they may feel uncomfortable after staying a period in a steady-temperature environment. To make themselves more comfortable, residents will change their postures and even regulate the temperature. To analyze the regulation characteristics, this study combined thermal environment testing, questionnaire survey, video collection, and data mining methods to collect the thermal environment and comfort background, posture, and temperature regulation characteristics. The results showed that Mean Thermal Sensation Vote gradually deviated from neutrality and tended to be cooler even though the thermal environment and thermal comfort were both within the acceptable zone. 12 typical posture regulations were captured and divided into 3 categories: head (face) postures, trunk postures, and limb postures. Head (face) postures were the concentrated expression of adaptive postures (80%). Although the total posture frequency remained unchanged, the head (face) postures gradually increased, which reflected the increase in discomfort. The temperature regulations accounted for nearly 25%. Most people (90%) regulated the temperature at 1 °C with the frequencies of once or twice, and they preferred to set the temperature up than down. In the first 3 hours, there would be a regulation peak every 20 or 30 minutes, while the regulation decrease after 3 hours.

The output voltage computation model of a magnetostrictive displacement sensor was established considering the influence of the hysteresis effect based on the Jiles-Atherton hysteretic model, Wiedemann effect, and piezomagnetic effect. The consistency between the calculated data and experimental data shows the correctness of the output voltage model. The structure of the traditional Fe-Ga magnetostrictive displacement sensor was improved, eliminating displacement measurement hysteresis caused by the hysteresis effect of the magnetostrictive material, thereby reducing the influence of the residual magnetization and the driving pulse current on the output voltage so that the voltage signal-to-noise ratio increased from 14.7 to 27.6 dB. A type of Fe-Ca magnetostrictive displacement sensor was fabricated. The experiments show that the new structure can improve the linearity, repeatability, hysteresis, and precision of the magnetostrictive displacement sensor. Based on this new sensor structure, the research provides a theoretical and experimental basis for optimization and manufacture of magnetostrictive displacement sensors.

Speech perception requires inferring category membership from varied acoustic cues, with listeners adeptly adjusting cue utilization upon encountering novel speech inputs. This adaptivity has been examined through the dimension-based statistical learning (DBSL) paradigm, which reveals that listeners can quickly de-emphasize secondary cues when cue correlations deviate from long-term expectations, resulting in cue-reweighting. Although multiple accounts of cue-reweighting have been proposed, direct comparisons of these accounts against human perceptual data are scarce. This study evaluates three computational models–cue normalization, Bayesian ideal adaptor, and error-driven learning–against classic DBSL findings to elucidate how cue reweighting supports adaptation to new speech patterns. These models differ in how they map cues onto categories for categorization and in how recent exposure to atypical input patterns influences this mapping. Our results show that both the error-driven learning and ideal adaptor models effectively capture the key patterns of cue-reweighting phenomena, whereas prelinguistic cue normalization does not. This comparison not only highlights the models' relative efficacy but also advances our understanding of the dynamic processes underlying speech perception adaptation.