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Given the increasing frequency of simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplants performed in recipients with Type II diabetes and CKD, we sought to evaluate possible differences in the rates of allograft rejection, infection, and surgical complications in 298 Type I (T1D) versus 47 Type II (T2D) diabetic recipients of simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplants between 2006-2017. There were no significant differences in patient or graft survival. The risk of biopsy-proven rejection of both grafts was not significantly different between T2D and T1D recipients (HRpancreas = 1.04, p = 0.93; HRkidney = 0.96; p = 0.93). Rejection-free survival in both grafts were also not different between the two diabetes types (ppancreas = 0.57; pkidney = 0.41). T2D had a significantly lower incidence of de novo DSA at 1 year (21% vs. 39%, p = 0.02). There was no difference in T2D vs. T1D recipients regarding readmissions (HR = 0.77, p = 0.25), infections (HR = 0.77, p = 0.18), major surgical complications (HR = 0.89, p = 0.79) and thrombosis (HR = 0.92, p = 0.90). In conclusion, rejection, infections, and surgical complications after simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplant are not statistically significantly different in T2D compared to T1D recipients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We are writing in response to the Lesak et al. (2021) article regarding recommendations for educating youth about sex trafficking. Although the authors raise very important points, we want to highlight factors not discussed but which are nonetheless critical to consider in prevention. These include (1) moving beyond victimization reduction only initiatives and instead focusing on how prevention efforts can target potential bystanders and perpetrators; (2) thinking more critically about the safety and acceptability of mixed gender groups in the delivery of trafficking prevention programs; and most importantly (3) thinking about programming at the outer realms of the social ecology that move beyond a sole focus on youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The #MeToo movement brought new attention to sexual harassment in legislatures. The number of scandals is disconcerting, especially in light of how institutes of higher education (IHEs) send students, particular those in Political Science Departments, to intern in these offices. This article examines what protections are provided for interns by the legislatures and, specifically, looks at the Title IX responsibilities IHEs have in these situations. While, in spirit, Title IX would apply to these environments--it is not clear that IHEs could actually be held liable. We make the case that IHEs should still provide protections and provide details for the types of trainings that could be developed to provide protection to our student interns.

Although there are high rates of commercial sexual exploitation of Native American children, there are still not established best practices for interviewing them about their experiences. This pilot study sought to learn more about best practices for interviewing Native including gender diverse youth in the United States about sex trafficking. In the process, lessons were learned about conducting this kind of research. The initial practices suggested included ways of linking with participants, incorporating culturally-specific healing elements, orienting clinicians to cultural humility and agility, and preparing to provide a clear rationale for how and why the information learned would be disseminated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined trends in group research published in Social Psychology Quarterly (SPQ) from 1975 to 2005. We identified a total of 332 papers about groups published during the time period. Following Moreland, Hogg, and Hains (1994), we created an index of interest in groups by dividing the number of pages in papers about groups by the total number of journal pages. Results show that interest in groups in SPQ generally fell from the late 1970s through the 1980s, rose during most of the 1990s, but stalled in the late 1990s and early 2000s. In 2005 interest in groups hovered just under the 31-year average. We examined the impact of European and social cognition approaches, expectation states theory, social exchange theory, and symbolic interactionism on these trends. The most popular topic of research is group structure. The most common research method is the laboratory experiment. Papers about groups have increased in length, number of references, and number of authors. Most papers report a single study. The most productive authors and most influential papers are identified. (Contains 3 figures and 6 tables.)

The authors discuss the implications of COVID-19 pandemic, stay-at-home orders, and interpersonal violence for emergency response efforts. They discuss features that can impede help-seeking from response systems, efforts made to respond to interpersonal violence and its various manifestations, and opportunity presented by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Understanding the motives, behaviors, demographic characteristics, and deterrence strategies of those involved in purchasing commercial sex have focused on samples of men. Through an online survey of men (n = 381) and women who purchase sex (n = 143) in the United States, this study provides an exploratory examination on the differences of purchasing by gender. While men reported purchasing sexual services at a higher rate, women who purchased were less likely to be in a relationship. No differences in the deterrence of purchasing were found by gender, yet current deterrence strategies were not found to be effective among the sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The effects of HLA mismatching on pancreas outcomes among pancreas after kidney (PAK) recipients are undefined. Outcomes might potentially differ depending on whether there is a mismatch between pancreas donor and recipient (PD‐R) or pancreas donor and kidney donor(PD‐KD). All primary PAK at our centre were included in this study. Patients were divided into two groups based on the degree of HLA mismatching: low (L‐MM) as 0–4 and high (H‐MM) as 5–6. We analysed all (N = 73) PAK for PD‐R mismatch and the subset of PAK for PD‐KD mismatch (N = 71). Comparing PD‐R L‐MM (n = 39) and H‐MM (n = 34) PAKs, we observed no difference in the rate of pancreas graft failure. There was also no difference in the rate of rejection (L‐MM 33% vs. H‐MM 41%) or the severity of rejection. However, we observed a significantly (P < 0.01) shorter time to acute pancreas rejection in the H‐MM group (6.8 ± 8.7 mo) versus the L‐MM cohort (29.0 ± 36.2 mo) (P < 0.001). Similar to the PD‐R mismatched cohort, we did not observe a detrimental effect of HLA mismatching on graft outcomes in the PD‐KD cohort; time to rejection was again shorter in the H‐MM subset. In this study, we found no impact of HLA mismatch on either pancreas graft survival or rejection rates, though rejection occurred earlier in high mismatched PAK transplants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines how binary gender (male or female) interacts with trans status (cis or trans) to determine rape myth acceptance (RMA), perceived similarity, victim empathy, and victim blaming. Utilizing vignette methodology with an acquaintance rape scenario with a heterosexual female victim, we analyze these variables using multivariate ordinary least squares (OLS) and ordered logit regression. We find support for the argument that both harm avoidance and blame avoidance are operating to predict similarity, empathy, and victim blaming experienced by cisgender and transgender individuals. We argue that this is based on in-group identification from both gender identity and perceived likelihood of future victimization. Specifically, we find that cisgender men have the lowest rates of perceived similarity. Transgender women have the highest rates of empathy whereas cisgender women and trans men have lower rates of victim blaming than cisgender men. Results suggest that the interaction between binary gender and trans status influence perceptions of rape myths and victimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper solves an approximate form of conservation of mass and momentum for a turbine in a wind farm array. The solution is a fairly simple explicit relationship that predicts the streamwise velocity distribution within a wind farm with an arbitrary layout. As this model is obtained by solving flow-governing equations directly for a turbine that is subject to upwind turbine wakes, no ad hoc superposition technique is needed to predict wind farm flows. A suite of large-eddy simulations (LES) of wind farm arrays is used to examine self-similarity as well as validity of the so-called conservation of momentum deficit for turbine wakes in wind farms. The simulations are performed with and without the presence of some specific turbines in the wind farm. This allows us to systematically study some of the assumptions made to develop the analytical model. A modified version of the conservation of momentum deficit is also proposed to provide slightly better results at short downwind distances, as well as in the far wake of turbines deep inside a wind farm. Model predictions are validated against the LES data for turbines in both full-wake and partial-wake conditions. While our results highlight the limitation in capturing the flow speed-up between adjacent turbine columns, the model is overall able to acceptably predict flow distributions for a moderately sized wind farm. Finally, the paper employs the new model to provide insights on the accuracy of common wake superposition methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The optimal transfusion threshold for most patient populations has been defined as hematocrit (HCT) <21%. However, some specific patient populations are known to benefit from higher transfusion thresholds. To date, the optimal postoperative transfusion threshold for patients undergoing liver transplant has not been determined. To define the ideal transfusion threshold for liver transplant patients, we designed a retrospective study of 496 liver transplant recipients. Methods: Using HCT prior to discharge as a surrogate marker for transfusion thresholds we grouped patients into three groups of transfusion thresholds (HCT <21%, <24%, and >30%). Transfusion rates (intra‐ and postoperative), graft and patient survival, and complications requiring readmission were compared between groups. Results: Ninety‐two percent of patients were transfused during their hospital stay. Graft survival, patient survival, and rates of readmission within 30 days of discharge were no different between the three discharge HCT groups. Patients discharged with HCT >30% were less likely to be readmitted with infectious complications; however, this group also had the lowest model of end‐stage liver (MELD) score at time of transplantation and were less likely to have received a transfusion during their hospital stay. Conclusion: Transfusion thresholds of HCT <24%, and potentially as low as 21% are acceptable in postoperative liver transplant recipients. The conduct of a randomized clinical trial, as supported by these data, will be necessary to support the use of lower thresholds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the difference in blame attribution between men and women, heterosexuals and homosexuals, and heterosexual males, heterosexual females, gay males, and lesbians in response to a vignette depicting the acquaintance rape of a heterosexual female (n = 177). While the levels of empathy for the victim and blaming of the perpetrator were high for every group and blaming of the victim and rape myth acceptance were low for every group, some important trends emerged. Consistent with previous research, women reported higher rates of empathy for the victim, lower rape myth acceptance, and lower victim blaming than did men. Men and homosexuals had higher rates of victim blaming and were more likely to excuse the perpetrator's behavior than were women and heterosexuals, respectively. Lesbians had various patterns where they were at times more similar to heterosexual males (e.g., how much they blamed the perpetrator) or heterosexual females (e.g. in terms of empathy levels). They were consistently different from gay males. Further, the majority of differences were attributed to gay males, who had the highest levels of victim blaming and empathy for the perpetrator, were the most likely to excuse the perpetrator's behavior, and had the highest rate of rape myth acceptance of all of the groups. We conclude that sex and sexual identity interact to shape attributions about rape and discuss avenues for future research to explore these patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite good organ quality, pancreata from extremely small pediatric donors (<30 kg) are generally avoided by many centers because of concerns of reduced islet cell mass and early technical failure. Therefore, we sought to compare the outcomes of small pancreas grafts (<30 kg) to those from higher weight donors from transplants performed between 1994 and 2015 (n = 1183). A total of 33 pancreata were from donors' ≤30 kg (3%), with a mean weight of 23.8 kg and mean age of 7.8 years. Patient survival was similar at 1, 5, and 10 years between recipients of ≤30 and >30 kg donors (≤30 kg: 96.8%, 86.8%, and 78.1% vs. >30 kg: 96.8%, 89.5%, and 79.1%, P = 0.5). Pancreas graft survival at 1, 5, and 10 years was also similar, ≤30 kg: 93.9%, 73.2%, and 61.0% vs. >30 kg: 87%, 73.3%, and 58.3% (P = 0.7). This graft survival pattern was also seen when comparing pancreata from ≤20 kg donors to those from >20 to 30 kg. Cause of graft loss, and metabolic and physiologic outcomes did not differ between the groups. After assessing the impact of donor weight as a continuous variable and calculating recipient‐to‐donor weight ratio (RDWR), we observed no effect of donor weight on patient and graft outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trauma recovery processes may be understood within a socioecological model. Individual factors (such as sex of the survivor) and microsystem factors (including trauma characteristics) have been studied extensively. However, there is a paucity of research examining the effects of macrosystem factors on the impact of trauma—especially examining how the response of the first person to whom the survivor disclosed affects trauma-related cognitions and distress. Sixty-three college student participants reported a history of disclosing at least one traumatic event in an online, anonymous survey. Participants also provided information on the first person they told about the trauma, the social reactions of that person, general social reactions to trauma disclosure, the participants’ trauma-related cognitions and psychological distress (PTSD, other mental health issues), details about the traumatic event, and basic demographic information. Paired sample t tests showed that participants experienced the responses of the first person they told about their trauma as more favorable than the responses of the all of the people to whom they told about the event. Women and survivors of non-interpersonal trauma reported more supportive responses than men and survivors of interpersonal trauma. Hierarchical linear regressions showed that interpersonal trauma and victim blame on the part of the first person the survivor told were associated with more negative trauma-related cognitions. Interpersonal trauma, emotional support, and victim blame were associated with a greater degree of trauma-related distress. The results suggest that participants perceived the response of the first person they told as more beneficial than the response of the rest of their exosystem. However, the reactions of the first person the survivor told differed based on the sex of the survivor and the type of trauma they experienced. Consistent with previous research, interpersonal trauma and victim blame by the first person the survivor told about the trauma were associated with more trauma-related distress and negative cognitions. Trauma-related distress was also associated with greater emotional support by the disclosure partner. The results support the use of the socioeological model to better understand the complex nature of trauma recovery and have implications for prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]