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Most scholarly attention within sport management leadership research has focused on four main leadership theories: authentic, servant, transactional, and transformational. While recent research included the social construction of leadership and a call to explore more follower-centric aspects of leadership, little empirical research has focused on how leaders develop, or more succinctly -- leader development. Much of the leader development literature to date has mainly focused on large interventions or outcomes, oftentimes overlooking day-to-day, micro-moments of leader development. In sport-related research there has been a paucity of research directly addressing development of women and girls as leaders. The purpose of the current study, therefore, was to determine how female intercollegiate student-athletes develop into leaders through micro-moments. This study employed a qualitative approach using interviews and observations. Participants included two National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division III female teams. Three themes emerged from qualitative semi-structured interviews (N = 30) and observations (12 hours total) identifying the micro-moments of development: empowerment, modeling leadership, and peer-to-peer leadership. Findings explain how these micro-moments aid in the leader development process. The study enhances a theoretical understanding of intercollegiate student-athlete leader development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: New Rb-Sr phlogopite and U-Pb perovskite age determinations for 12 of 38 known ultramafic bodies in the Buffalo Head Hills area of north-central Alberta show that kimberlitic magmatism occurred [...]

Drug and alcohol treatment research, policy and practice are poorly linked in the drug and alcohol field, compared with other areas of health care. The reasons for this situation are explored from the perspective of treatment providers, researchers and policy makers. It is suggested that the improvement of research dissemination and uptake will rely upon more (and better) quality research studies, and upon the development of clearer methods of summarising and presenting findings to the target audience. Potential pitfalls in this process are briefly discussed, and details of two recently conducted Australian projects are provided as an example of how these difficulties are being dealt with in Australia.

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses articles in the issue on topics including the use of predictive policing technologies (PPTs) in crime prevention, concerns about opacity and bias in the use of artificial intelligence (AI) tools, and the use of AI tools to address rule of law failings.

The current discussions around algorithms, legal ethics, and expanding legal access through technological tools gravitate around two themes: (1) protection of the integrity of the legal profession and (2) a desire to ensure greater access to legal services. The hype cycle often pits the desire to protect the integrity of the legal profession against the ability to use algorithms to provide greater access to legal services, as though they are mutually exclusive. In reality, the arguments around protecting the profession from the threats posed by algorithms represent an over-fit in relation to what algorithms can actually achieve, while the visions of employing algorithms for access to justice initiatives represent an under-fit in relation to what algorithms could provide. A lack of precision about algorithms results in blunt protections of professional integrity leaving little room for the potential benefits of algorithmic tools. In other words, this incongruence persists because of imprecise understandings and unrealistic characterizations of the algorithmic technologies and how they fit within the broader technology of law itself. This Article provides an initial set of tools for empowering lawyers with a better understanding of, and critical engagement with, algorithms. With the goal of encouraging a more nuanced discussion around the ethical dimensions of using algorithms in legal technology--a discussion that better fits technological reality--the Article argues for lawyers and non-technologists to shift away from evaluating legal technology through a lens of mere algorithms--as though they can be evaluated outside of a specific context--to a focus on understanding algorithmic systems as technology created, manipulated, and used in a particular context. To make this argument, this Article first reviews the current use of algorithms in legal settings, both criminal and civil, reviewing the related literature and regulatory responses. This Article then uses the shortcomings of legal technology lamented by the current literature and the related regulatory responses to demonstrate the importance of shifting our collective paradigm from a consideration of law and algorithms to law and algorithmic systems. Finally, this Article offers a framework for use in assessing algorithmic systems and applies the framework to algorithmic systems employed in the legal context to demonstrate its usefulness in accurately separating true tensions from those that merely reverberate through the hype cycle. In using the framework to reveal areas at the intersection of law and algorithms truly most ripe for progress, this Article concludes with a call to action for more careful design of both legal systems and algorithmic ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article, the authors discuss the health-related digital autonomy (HRDA) as one of the tools in addressing the challenges of digital autonomy in healthcare. Other topics include the need for HRDA to balance against ethical demands like health-related social innovation, the use of artificial intelligence depression detectors (AIDD) in public health research and individual clinical intervention and the paradigm of the traditional doctor-patient relationship.

Turner, Jerrold R., Eric D. Black, Jeff Ward, Chung-Ming Tse, Frederick A. Uchwat, Halima A. Alli, Mark Donowitz, James L. Madara, and Jason M. Angle. Transepithelial resistance can be regulated by the intestinal brush-border [Na.sup.+]/[H.sup.+] exchanger NHE3. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 279: C1918-C1924, 2000.--Initiation of intestinal [Na.sup.+]-glucose cotransport results in transient cell swelling and sustained increases in tight junction permeability. Since [Na.sup.+]/[H.sup.+] exchange has been implicated in volume regulation after physiological cell swelling, we hypothesized that [Na.sup.+]/[H.sup.+] exchange might also be required for [Na.sup.+]-glucose cotransport-dependent tight junction regulation. In Caco-2 monolayers with active [Na.sup.+]-glucose cotransport, inhibition of [Na.sup.+]/[H.sup.+] exchange with 200 [micro]M 5-(N,N-dimethyl)-amiloride induced 36 [+ or -] 2% increases in transepithelial resistance (TER). Evaluation using multiple [Na.sup.+]/[H.sup.+] exchange inhibitors showed that inhibition of the [Na.sup.+]/[H.sup.+] exchanger 3 (NHE3) isoform was most closely related to TER increases. TER increases due to NHE3 inhibition were related to cytoplasmic acidification because cytoplasmic alkalinization with 5 mM [NH.sub.4]Cl prevented both cytoplasmic acidification and TER increases. However, NHE3 inhibition did not affect TER when [Na.sup.+]-glucose cotransport was inhibited. Myosin II regulatory light chain (MLC) phosphorylation decreased up to 43 [+ or -] 5% after inhibition of [Na.sup.+]/[H.sup.+] exchange, similar to previous studies that associate decreased MLC phosphorylation with increased TER after inhibition of [Na.sup.+]-glucose cotransport. However, NHE3 inhibitors did not diminish [Na.sup.+]-glucose cotransport. These data demonstrate that inhibition of NHE3 results in decreased MLC phosphorylation and increased TER and suggest that NHE3 may participate in the signaling pathway of [Na.sup.+]-glucose cotransport-dependent tight junction regulation. [Na.sup.+]/[H.sup.+] exchange; tight junction regulation; [Na.sup.+]-glucose cotransport

Ecstasy has become one of the most widely used illicit drugs in Australia. This study investigated outcome expectancies as possible motivating and maintaining factors in ecstasy use and sexual risk-taking behaviour. A sample of regular ecstasy users ( N = 220) from Sydney and Canberra, Australia, was recruited for structured face-to-face interviews. They also completed an Ecstasy Expectancy Questionnaire. Seven of eight subscales significantly differentiated regular users from non-users. Interestingly, light and heavier users held similar outcome expectancies, except that light users endorsed items on the sexual enhancement subscale more strongly than heavier users. Further investigation showed that the level of sexual risk taking observed in this sample was high, with the majority of participants reporting multiple partners, 'casual' sexual encounters, sex under the influence of substances, and inconsistent condom use. Using logistic regression analyses, a key finding was that positive sex-related ecstasy outcome expectancies were associated with involvement in disinhibited sexual behaviour under the influence of ecstasy. These effects persisted after statistically controlling for the frequency of ecstasy use. The findings suggest that sexual risk taking is related not only to the disinhibiting properties of ecstasy but also to beliefs that users hold about the effects of the drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional biomarkers for hydrocarbon exposure are not induced by all petroleum substances. The objective of this study was to determine if exposure to a crude oil and different refined oils would generate a common hydrocarbon-specific response in gene expression profiles that could be used as generic biomarkers of hydrocarbon exposure. Juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed to the water accommodated fraction (WAF) of either kerosene, gas oil, heavy fuel oil, or crude oil for 96 h. Tissue was collected for RNA extraction and microarray analysis. Exposure to each WAF resulted in a different list of differentially regulated genes, with few genes in common across treatments. Exposure to crude oil WAF changed the expression of genes including cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) with known roles in detoxification pathways. These gene expression profiles were compared to others from previous experiments that used a diverse suite of toxicants. Clustering algorithms successfully identified gene expression profiles resulting from hydrocarbon exposure. These preliminary analyses highlight the difficulties of using single genes as diagnostic of petroleum hydrocarbon exposures. Further work is needed to determine if multivariate transcriptomic-based biomarkers may be a more effective tool than single gene studies for exposure monitoring of different oils. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:2034–2043. © 2010 SETAC [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the transformation of applications in the realm of technological innovations such as service -oriented application (SOA), rich Internet applications (RIA), and software as a service. It discusses next-generation application architecture as a collection of different components including SOA and RIA, wherein their integrations can provide a powerful and new applications. It suggests community developer and information technology (IT) professionals to understand the very nature of the transformation and make significant adjustments to their practices. It highlights the need for IT professionals to be involved in an open communication and participate in a discussion and education for them to be updated on whatever application development to exist.

This paper examines population trends in morphine prescriptions in Australia, and contrasts them with findings from annual surveys with regular injecting drug users (IDU). Data on morphine prescriptions from 1995 to 2003 were obtained from the Drug Monitoring System (DRUMS) run by the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. Data collected from regular IDU as part of the Australian Illicit Drug Reporting System (IDRS) were analysed (2001 – 2004). The rate of morphine prescription per person aged 15 – 54 years increased by 89% across Australia between 1995 and 2003 (from 46.3 to 85.9 mg per person). Almost half (46%) of IDU surveyed in 2004 reported illicit morphine use, with the highest rates in jurisdictions where heroin was less available. Recent morphine injectors were significantly more likely to be male, unemployed, out of treatment and homeless in comparison to IDU who had not injected morphine. They were also more likely to have injected other pharmaceutical drugs and to report injection related problems. Among those who had injected morphine recently, the most commonly reported injecting harms were morphine dependence (38%), difficulty finding veins into which to inject (36%) and scarring or bruising (27%). Morphine use and injection is a common practice among regular IDU in Australia. In some cases, morphine may be a substitute for illicit heroin; in others, it may be being used to treat heroin dependence where other pharmacotherapies, such as methadone and buprenorphine, are perceived as being unavailable or undesirable by IDU. Morphine injection appears to be associated with polydrug use, and with it, a range of problems related to drug injection. Further research is required to monitor and reduce morphine diversion and related harms by such polydrug injectors. [Degenhardt L, Black E, Breen C, Bruno R, Kinner S, Roxburgh A, Fry C, Jenkinson R, Ward J, Fetherston J, Weekley J, Fischer J. Trends in morphine prescriptions, illicit morphine use and associated harms among regular injecting drug users in Australia . Drug Alcohol Rev 2006;25:403 – 412] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The popular recreational drug MDMA or "ecstasy" is a selective serotonin neurotoxin in many species and has been found to be associated with memory dysfunction in human beings. Recent studies suggest that this impairment persists after cessation of use for periods up to at least one year. However, there is no clear indication as yet concerning which stage of memory processing is impaired as a result of MDMA use. In the current study, 31 current MDMA users and 30 MDMA users who had been abstinent for more than two years were compared with 30 controls on the WMS-III. The results suggest that MDMA use is associated with memory dysfunction and that this dysfunction persists for up to two years after cessation of use. Importantly, the findings suggest that this memory dysfunction may be due to interference at the encoding stage of memory processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sex differences in romantic jealousy have been widely reported in the recent psychological literature. According to this literature, men are more likely than women to report being more distressed at sexual than emotional infidelity. There are two explanations for this difference: an evolutionary psychological and a social cognitive explanation. According to the evolutionary psychological account, men and women exhibit differences in jealousy because they faced different reproductive challenges during human evolution. According to the social cognitive account, men and women exhibit these differences because they have been socialised to believe that attachment and sex are weighted differently by each gender. In this study, 268 participants completed a questionnaire designed to compare predictions based on these two theories. The results are generally consistent with the evolutionary account. Men are more distressed by sexual infidelity than by emotional infidelity, and this is not accounted for by beliefs about jealousy that they hold about men, women or themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the validity of two methods for assessing self-discrepancies: an idiographic method (The Selves Questionnaire, SQ) and a nomothetic method (Adjective Rating List, ARL). It also tested several major hypotheses of self-discrepancy theory regarding the relations between self-discrepancies and emotional discomfort. SQ and ARL scores from 220 participants demonstrated moderate correlations between instruments and high intercorrelations between discrepancy scores within instruments. Self-discrepancy scores were related to negative emotional states, but the specificity of these relations was not demonstrated, nor did they make a substantial contribution to the prediction of negative emotional states after controlling for negative self-concept. Overall, these findings raise significant concerns about the relevance of self-discrepancies as measured by the SQ and ARL and fail to support the main contentions of self-discrepancy theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the changes that have occurred in methadone maintenance programmes in response to the advent of HIV and the adoption of harm minimization policies, and the implications of these changes for research. A need for the use of more rigorous research methods is identified and recommendations are made that take into account both the ethical and practical difficulties of conducting research in this area. Both old, unanswered questions that have resurfaced with the recent massive growth in methadone programmes in some countries, and new questions that need to be answered in order to improve the effectiveness of methadone maintenance in the fight against HIV infection are identified as future areas in need of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a study which examined the prevalence and predictors of psychopathology among opioid users. Characteristics of the participants; Data and methods used; Results and discussion.

This article presents a new instrument with which to assess the effects of opiate treatment. The Opiate Treatment Index (OTI) is multi-dimensional in structure, with scales measuring six independently measured outcome domains: drag use; HIV risk-taking behaviour; social functioning; criminality; health; and psychological adjustment. Psychometric properties of the Index are excellent, suggesting that the OTI is a relatively quick, efficient means of obtaining reliable and valid data on opiate users undergoing treatment over a range of relevant outcome domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses the New South Wales experience with methadone maintenance treatment in prison to address the question: should methadone maintenance treatment be provided in Australian prisons for opioid‐dependent prisoners? First, it outlines three rationales for providing drug dependence treatment in prisons: as a way of giving prisoners access to community‐based forms of drug treatment in the prison‐setting; as a measure to reduce recidivism in opioid‐dependent prisoners; and as a measure to prevent the transmission of HIV and other infectious diseases within prisons, and to the sexual partners of prisoners on their release. Second, it reviews the kind of research evidence that supports the effectiveness of community‐based methadone maintenance treatment in Australia. Third, the effectiveness of the New South Wales Prison Methadone Program, one of the few prison‐based methadone programs in the world, is evaluated in the light of the available research evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: Time is often not characterized as a variable in ecotoxicogenomic studies. In this study, temporal changes in gene expression were determined during exposure to crude oil and a subsequent recovery period. Juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, were exposed for 96h to the water accommodated fractions of 0.4, 2 or 10mgl−1 crude oil loadings. Following 96h of exposure, fish were transferred to recovery tanks. Gill and liver samples were collected after 24 and 96h of exposure, and after 96h of recovery for RNA extraction and microarray analysis. Fluorescently labeled cDNA was hybridized against matched controls, using salmonid cDNA arrays. Each exposure scenario generated unique patterns of altered gene expression. More genes responded to crude oil in the gill than in the liver. In the gill, 1137 genes had altered expression at 24h, 2003 genes had altered expression levels at 96h of exposure, yet by 96h of recovery, no genes were significantly altered in expression. In the liver at 10mgl−1, only five genes were changed at 24h, yet 192 genes had altered expression after 96h recovery. At 2mgl−1 in the liver, many genes had altered regulation at all three time points. The 0.4mgl−1 loading also showed 289 genes upregulated at 24h after exposure. The Gene Ontology terms associated with altered expression in the liver suggested that the processes of protein synthesis, xenobiotic metabolism, and oxidoreductase activity were altered. The concentration-responsive expression profile of cytochrome P450 1A, a biomarker for oil exposure, did not predict the majority of gene expression profiles in any tissue or dose, since direct relationships with dose were not observed for most genes. While the genes and their associated functions agree with known modes of toxic action for crude oil, the gene lists obtained do not match our previously published work, presumably due to array analysis procedures. These results demonstrate that changes in gene expression with time and dose may be complicated, and should be characterized in controlled laboratory settings before attempts are made to interpret responses in field-collected organisms. Further, processes for analyzing microarray data need to be developed such that standardized gene lists are developed, or that analysis does not rely on lists of significantly altered genes before arrays can be further evaluated as a monitoring tool. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]