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This study was conducted in Hezhang County, Bijie City, Guizhou Province. The soil in the zinc smelting area has been contaminated with cadmium, lead, and zinc. Therefore, these elements are the focus of this research. Rice husk biochar was used as the passivation material. The Fourier infrared spectrum was utilized to study the biochar’s morphology, element content, mineral composition, structure, and surface functional groups. Moreover, the physical and chemical properties of the biochar were analyzed to explore its passivation effect. Biochar is beneficial in the cleaning of cadmium, lead, and zinc minerals and can be used for the passivation of heavy metals in contaminated soil. This study aims to understand the detailed mechanism behind this process and provide experimental data and ideas for pollution control. The results indicate that the biochar contains many functional groups, including -OH, C-H, C-O, C=O, C=C, and C-O-C. It also consists of a significant quantity of potassium salt, calcite, and quartz. Biochar has a noticeable pore structure, and as the pyrolysis temperature increases, the pore structure becomes more developed and thinner, with a smooth surface. The main minerals in the soil are quartz, mica, zeolite, illite, and chlorite. The aromatic degree of biochar increased with pyrolysis temperature. In contrast, the aromatic degree and polarity first increased and then decreased. The 0.2-0.45 mm biochar exhibited the best passivation effect on cadmium, lead, and zinc.

Left-behind children's internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors have become an important public health issue that may affect their well-being and mental health. Interparental conflict, a stronger and cannot be hidden family risk factor, is easily perceived by LBC and further affects LBC's internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors. Moreover, in LBC's families, interparental conflict are more likely to occur due to the poor economic status and the low quality of communication and interaction between parents. However, no research has examined the relationship between perceived interparental conflict and LBC's internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors. Besides, previous research of the association between parents and children's problem behaviors have been largely restricted to the unidirectional effect of parental traits on children. This study aimed to examine the reciprocal relationships between perceived interparental conflict and LBC's internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors following a three-wave longitudinal design. A total of 660 LBC (442 boys and 218 girls) aged 8-11 years (Mage = 9.58, SDage = 0.67 at T1) in China completed a battery of questionnaires at three time points. The results indicated that perceived interparental conflicts positively predicted LBC's internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors. In turn, LBC's internalizing problem behaviors exacerbated the perception of interparental conflicts. Furthermore, perceived interparental conflict mediated the longitudinal relation between LBC's internalizing problem behaviors and externalizing problem behaviors. The findings provide evidence for the accumulating disadvantage for LBC that results from the mutual reinforcement of perceived interparental conflict and problem behaviors over time., Author(s): Die Wang [sup.1] , Ruibo Xie [sup.1] , Wan Ding [sup.1] , Xinyu Li [sup.1] , Weijian Li [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.453534.0, 0000 0001 2219 2654, Parent Education [...]

Due to the lack of parental care, the issue of left-behind children (LBC)'s mental health has been highlighted in the academic field. In LBC's families, a large proportion of fathers migrated to other cities for work. Migrated fathers' involvement also has crucial impacts on children's development, but previous studies focused less on it. Thus, using the longitudinal data of two waves, current study examined the relationship between fathers' involvement and the LBC's mental health from the perspective of the Dual-Factor Model of Mental Health and its underlying mechanism. A total of 613 LBC at primary schools in China completed questionnaires twice about fathers' involvement, paternal and maternal attachment, life satisfaction, prosocial behavior, internalizing problems, and externalizing problems. The results showed that the total effects of fathers' involvement on LBC's life satisfaction and prosocial behavior were significant, while those on problem behaviors were insignificant. Also, father-child attachment played a mediating role in the association between fathers' involvement and the positive indicators of LBC's mental health. Meanwhile, mother-child attachment mediated the relationships between fathers' involvement and LBC's problem behaviors. The study not only highlights the positive influence of fathers' involvement on LBC as well as the relations among different subsystems in the family but also implies the different effects of paternal and maternal attachment on LBC's mental health, which brings inspiration for improving the mental health of LBC in China., Author(s): Wei Wu [sup.1] , Ruibo Xie [sup.1] , Wan Ding [sup.2] , Die Wang [sup.1] , Lilun Zhu [sup.4] , Dan Ding [sup.4] , Weijian Li [sup.3] Author Affiliations: [...]

The market demand for optoelectronic devices is increasing, leading to a need for low‐cost, high‐performance image sensors that can operate effectively in challenging environments such as darkness and fog. The emerging 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have garnered significant interest due to their exceptional optoelectronic properties and compatibility with silicon (Si) complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. However, the large‐scale synthesis of TMD films and uniform preparation of photodiode arrays remain challenging. This paper reports a synthesis method for heteroepitaxial growth of 2H‐ molybdeum diyelluride (MoTe2) semiconducting films on 3D wafer‐level Si substrates. Using this method, arrays of 2H‐MoTe2/Si heterojunction photodiodes are prepared that demonstrate excellent uniformity and 100% device yield. The photodiodes exhibit satisfactory optoelectronic properties, including a small dark current maintained within a range of 1–3 nA and a maximum responsivity of 521.1 mAW−1 under near‐infrared light at 800 nm, with rise and fall times of less than 4 ms. To demonstrate the image‐sensing capabilities of the photodiode array under visible and near‐infrared (NIR) light illumination, a complete imaging system is designed.The MoTe2/Si photodiode arrays examined in this study offer a practical solution for integrating Si‐based readout circuits and photodetector arrays on a single chip. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To establish a simple model for arteriosclerosis (AS) screening to provide a viable tool for the timely identification of AS risk among residents aged 40-65 years. Methods Data were obtained from the Sleep and Chronic Diseases Program in Fuquan City. The original dataset was divided into a training subset and a validation subset (80%: 20%). LASSO and logistic regression models were used to screen variables, perform multivariate regression analyses. Internal validation was performed using the Bootstrap method. Nomogram Plot was constructed, and risk score thresholds were determined based on ROC curves to classify high-risk populations. Results RS Model was established to include age, gender, napping, sleep efficiency, sleep disorders, hypertension and diabetes, with AUC = 74.80% and a model risk score threshold = 84.20. PHC Model was established to include age, gender, napping, sleep efficiency, systolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, and pulse variables, with AUC = 82.80% and a risk score threshold of 78.00. Decision curves showed that both models performed well in terms of calibration and actual benefits for health management. Conclusion The two AS screening models exhibit acceptable accuracy and differentiation. Therefore, it can be applied in residents' self-health management and in primary care organizations' screening work in a large scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2D semiconductors have emerged as candidates for next‐generation electronics. However, previously reported 2D transistors which typically employ the gate‐first process to fabricate a back‐gate (BG) configuration while neglecting the thorough impact on the dielectric capping layer, are severely constrained in large‐scale manufacturing and compatibility with complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology. In this study, dual‐gate (DG) field‐effect transistors have been realized based on wafer‐scale monolayer MoS2 and the gate‐last processing, which avoids the transfer process and utilizes an optimized top‐gate (TG) dielectric stack, rendering it highly compatible with CMOS technology. Subsequently, the physical mechanism of TG dielectric deposition and the corresponding controllable threshold voltage (VTH) shift is investigated. Then the fabricated TG‐devices with a large on/off ratio up to 1.7 × 109, negligible hysteresis (≈14 mV), and favorable stability. Additionally, encapsulated TG structured photodetectors have been demonstrated which exhibit photo responsivity (R) up to 9.39 × 103 A W−1 and detectivity (D*) ≈2.13 × 1013 Jones. The result paves the way for future CMOS‐compatible integration of 2D semiconductors for complex multifunctional IC applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous studies have shown that co-parenting plays an important role in marital and parent-child interactions. However, little is known about the bidirectional associations between positive co-parenting and marital and parent-child factors, as well as the dynamic underlying mechanisms. This study used cross-lagged panel model (CLPM) to explore the bidirectional longitudinal relationship between positive co-parenting, marital satisfaction, and parental involvement among Chinese parents from a positive family multiple systems perspective. A sample of 668 father-mother dyads (father's M age = 36.47, SD age = 5.34; mother's M age = 35.45, SD age = 5.07) completed a series of questionnaires at three time points (approximately spaced 1 year between each time point). The results showed that positive co-parenting positively predicted marital satisfaction and parental involvement and that marital satisfaction positively influenced parents' positive co-parenting, whereas the effect of parental involvement on positive co-parenting was significant among fathers. Additionally, fathers' marital satisfaction can affect their involvement, but this effect is negligible among mothers. Finally, parental marital satisfaction mediated the relationship between positive co-parenting and the next stage of positive co-parenting. This study provided new ideas and interventions to strengthen family cohesion and harmony. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study used the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model to examine how parents' adult attachment influences their their own and the partners' co-parenting and parent-child relationships. Participants were from a cross-sectional sample of 1313 Chinese heterosexual married couples (fathers' Mage = 39.74, SD = 5.61; mothers' Mage = 37.55, SD = 5.04) whose biological children were pupils (Mage = 10.25, SD = 2.35). Results revealed that: (a) Couple members' actor effects from adult attachment avoidance to positive and negative co-parenting and parent-child closeness and conflict were found both significant; (b) The actor effects from adult attachment anxiety to negative co-parenting and parent-child conflict were found significant, whereas only partner effect from attachment avoidance to positive co-parenting and from attachment anxiety to parent-child conflict were significant. The results highlight the negative effects of parents' attachment avoidance and anxiety on their partners' parenting function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Sleep problems are a significant risk factor for identifying and preventing suicidal involvement among adolescents. However, there is limited evidence to assess the underlying mechanisms between them. This study investigated the longitudinal relationship between sleep problems and suicidal behavior and examined whether this relationship was moderated by negative emotions, low self‐control, and nonsuicidal self‐injury (NSSI). Methods: From December 2020 onward, we assessed 1214 Chinese secondary school adolescents (60.7% were boys, aged 13–19 years) three times, 6 months apart. Results: In the direct effects model, sleep problems were found to have a positive impact on adolescent suicidal behavior. In the indirect effects model, we observed that sleep problems were associated with an elevated risk of suicidal behavior through several pathways: one‐mediator path of negative emotions, low self‐control, and NSSI, respectively; two‐mediator path of negative emotions via low self‐control, negative emotions via NSSI, and low self‐control via NSSI, and three‐mediator path from negative emotions to NSSI via low self‐control. Conclusions: This longitudinal study provides evidence that sleep problems in adolescents may increase suicidal behavior by exacerbating negative emotions, weakening self‐control, and promoting NSSI. The findings suggest sleep problems should be addressed in suicide prevention and intervention efforts for adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of the Internet of Things (IoT) technology, massive amounts of sensor data in applications such as fire monitoring need to be transmitted to edge servers for timely processing. However, there is an energy-hole phenomenon in transmitting data only through terrestrial multi-hop networks. In this study, we focus on the data collection task in an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-assisted mobile edge computing (MEC) network, where a UAV is deployed as the mobile data collector for the ground sensor nodes (SNs) to ensure high information freshness. Meanwhile, the UAV is equipped with an edge server for data caching. We first establish a rigorous mathematical model in which the age of information (AoI) is used as a measure of information freshness, related to both the data collection time and the UAV's flight time. Then a mixed-integer non-convex optimization problem is formulated to minimize the peak AoI of the collected data. To solve the problem efficiently, we propose an iterative two-step algorithm named the AoI-minimized association and trajectory planning (AoI-MATP) algorithm. In each iteration, the optimal SN–collection point (CP) associations and CP locations for the parameter ε are first obtained by the affinity propagation clustering algorithm. The optimal UAV trajectory is found using an improved elite genetic algorithm. Simulation results show that based on the optimized ε , the AoI-MATP algorithm can achieve a balance between data collection time and flight time, reducing the peak AoI of the collected data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Using actor–partner interdependence modeling, this study examined the dyadic associations of marital satisfaction and harsh discipline and the mediating role of self‐compassion. Background: Harsh discipline is a negative parenting style commonly used by parents, especially Chinese parents. This parenting approach has been reported by some researchers as harmful and universal. It is important to identify the causes and internal mechanisms supporting use of harsh discipline. Method: Participants were 349 Chinese father–mother dyads with school‐age children (Mage of father = 35.4 years, SDage = 5.4 years; Mage of mother = 34.4 years, SDage = 4.9 years). Father and mother self‐reported their marital satisfaction, self‐compassion, and use of harsh discipline at three time points. Results: The results revealed that fathers' and mothers' marital satisfaction negatively predicted the fathers' and mothers' harsh discipline, respectively. However, fathers' and mothers' marital satisfaction did not significantly predict the mothers' and fathers' harsh discipline. Second, we also found that mothers' marital satisfaction positively predicted fathers' and mothers' self‐compassion, while fathers' marital satisfaction did not significantly predict the fathers' and mothers' self‐compassion. Finally, fathers' self‐compassion played a mediating role in the relationship between mothers' marital satisfaction and fathers' harsh discipline. Conclusion: Parents' marital satisfaction promotes the development of self‐compassion and reduces the use of harsh discipline. Implications: Enhancing parents' marital satisfaction may play a role in reducing parents' use of harsh discipline. The researchers highlight the importance of mothers' marital satisfaction in improving mothers' and fathers' self‐compassion, which may be an effective measure to mitigate fathers' harsh discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), as flexible and stretchable materials, have attracted considerable attention in the field of novel flexible electronics due to their excellent mechanical, optical, and electronic properties. Among the various TMD materials, atomically thin MoS2 has become the most widely used material due to its advantageous properties, such as its adjustable bandgap, excellent performance, and ease of preparation. In this work, we demonstrated the practicality of a stacked wafer-scale two-layer MoS2 film obtained by transferring multiple single-layer films grown using chemical vapor deposition. The MoS2 field-effect transistor cell had a top-gated device structure with a (PI) film as the substrate, which exhibited a high on/off ratio (108), large average mobility (∼8.56 cm2 V−1 s−1), and exceptional uniformity. Furthermore, a range of flexible integrated logic devices, including inverters, NOR gates, and NAND gates, were successfully implemented via traditional lithography. These results highlight the immense potential of TMD materials, particularly MoS2, in enabling advanced flexible electronic and optoelectronic devices, which pave the way for transformative applications in future-generation electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we employed the chain mediation model to examine the associations between teacher-student relationships, resilience, learning engagement, and subjective happiness among left-behind children (LBC). A sample of 431 LBC from southwestern China was assessed at three different time points at six-month intervals. The Subjective Happiness Scale, Teacher-Student Relationship Scale, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, and Learning Engagement Questionnaire were utilised for measurement purposes. The findings revealed that the subjective happiness of LBC was influenced by their teacher-student relationships through the separate pathways of resilience and learning engagement. Moreover, the teacher-student relationship could predict LBC's subjective happiness either via a pathway from resilience to learning engagement or through a pathway from learning engagement to resilience. This study underscores the crucial role of teachers in facilitating positive development among LBC and highlights implications for policymakers to prioritise quality training for teachers in rural primary schools. By enhancing childhood teachers' understanding of key factors influencing children's positive development, appropriate strategies can be implemented effectively to support LBC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atmospheric aerosols affect the global energy budget by scattering and absorbing sunlight (direct effects) and by changing the microphysical structure, lifetime, and coverage of clouds (indirect effects). Both aerosol direct and indirect effects are affected by the vertical distribution of aerosols in the atmosphere, which is further influenced by a range of processes, such as aerosol dynamics, long-range transport, and entrainment. However, many observations of these processes are based on ground measurements, limiting our ability to understand the vertical distribution of aerosols and simulate their impact on clouds and climate. In this work, we examined the vertical heterogeneity of aerosols over the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains (SGP) using data collected from the Holistic Interactions of Shallow Clouds, Aerosols and Land Ecosystems (HI-SCALE) campaign. The vertical profiles of meteorological and aerosol physiochemical properties up to 2500 m above are examined based on the 38 flights conducted during the HI-SCALE campaign. The aerosol properties over the SGP show strong vertical heterogeneity and seasonal variabilities. The aerosol concentrations at the surface are the highest due to strong emissions at ground level. In general, the mode diameter of aerosols during summer (∼ 100 nm) is larger than that during spring (∼ 30 nm), a result of enhanced condensational growth due to enriched volatile organic compounds in summer. The concentration of aerosols below 30 nm in the boundary layer (BL) (e.g., below 1000 m) during spring is higher than that during summer, a result of the stronger new particle formation (NPF) events due to the reduced condensation sink in spring. In the BL, the size of the aerosols gradually increases with altitude due to condensational growth and cloud processing. However, the chemical composition of the aerosols remained similar, with organics and sulfates representing 59.8 ± 2.2 % and 22.7 ± 2.1 %, respectively, of the total mass in the BL. Through the vertical profiles of aerosol properties, we observed NPF events in the upper BL during 7 out of 38 research flights, where the newly formed particles continue to grow as they are mixed down to the surface. There is also an indication that deep convection brings aerosols from the free troposphere (FT) to the surface, where they grow to contribute to the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Overall, the vertical heterogeneity of aerosols over the SGP is influenced by aerosol dynamics (new particle formation, growth, and cloud processing) and transport processes (mixing in the BL, long-range transport, entrainment, and convective downward transport). Case studies showing the influence of these factors are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Left‐behind childre (LBC) in China are deeply concerned by society because of their high risk of emotional and behavioral problems. Depression and nonsuicidal self‐injury are the most harmful and worrying negative emotional and behavioral problems in LBC. Unfortunately, LBCs are in unfavorable environments for a long time and are prone to negative interpersonal interactions. Child maltreatment and bullying victimization, as the two most typical negative interpersonal interactions in family and school environments, maybe the key risk factors for depression and nonsuicidal self‐injury among LBCs. However, we are less known of the longitudinal effects of child maltreatment and bullying victimization on LBC's depression and nonsuicidal self‐injury and their underlying mechanisms. Aims: This study used a two‐year longitudinal design with three‐time points to investigate the longitudinal effects of child maltreatment and bullying victimization on depression, nonsuicidal self‐injury, and the mediating role of negative thoughts and self‐compassion. Materials & Methods: A sample of 592 LBC (390 were males, Mage at time 1 = 9.56, SDage = 0.65; 202 were females, Mage at time 1 = 9.43, SDage = 0.63) completed a set of questionnaires at three‐time points. This study used SPSS software (version 25.0) and MPLUS software (version 8.3) for all analyses. Results: (1) Child maltreatment not only affects depression and nonsuicidal self‐injury but also affects depression and nonsuicidal self‐injury through negative thoughts. Child maltreatment affects depression through self‐compassion and does not affect nonsuicidal self‐injury. (2) Bullying victimization affects depression and nonsuicidal self‐injury through negative thoughts and bullying victimization further affects depression through self‐compassion but does not affect nonsuicidal self‐injury. Conclusion: This study revealed the effects of negative interpersonal interactions (child maltreatment, bullying victimization) on LBC's adverse emotions and behaviors, and their underlying mechanisms, which helps to provide parents, schools, and psychoeducational workers with a new perspective on intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long term observations of deep convective cloud (DCC) vertical velocity and mass flux were collected during the GoAmazon2014/5 experiment. Precipitation echoes from a surveillance weather radar near Manaus, Brazil are tracked to identify and evaluate the isolated DCC lifecycle evolution during the dry and wet seasons. A Radar Wind Profiler (RWP) provides precipitation and air motion profiles to estimate the vertical velocity, mass flux, and mass transport rates within overpassing DCC cores as a function of the tracked cell lifecycle stage. The average radar reflectivity factor (Z), DCC area (A), and surface rainfall rate (R) increased with DCC lifetime as convective cells were developing, reached a peak as the cells matured, and decreased thereafter as cells dissipated. As the convective cells mature, cumulative DCC properties exhibit stronger updraft behaviors with higher upward mass flux and transport rates above the melting layer (compared to initial and later lifecycle stages). In comparison, developing DCCs have the lowest Z associated with weak updrafts, and negative mass flux and transport rates above the melting layer. Over the DCC lifetime, the height of the maximum downward mass flux decreased whereas the height of maximum net mass flux increased. During the dry season, the tracked DCCs had higher Z, propagation speed, and DCC area, and were more isolated spatially compared to the wet season. Dry season DCCs exhibit higher Z, mass flux, and mass transport rate while developing whereas wet season DCCs exhibit higher Z, mass flux, and mass transport rates at later stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic coatings provide an effective way to improve the corrosion resistance of metals. Traditional organic varnishes, however, either contain highly polluting or toxic components or lack self-healing ability. In this article, we report a feasible method of preparing polyaniline-modified halloysite nanotubes (PANI@HNTs). They were loaded with a corrosion inhibitor, benzotriazole (BTA), and were tested as multifunctional anticorrosion additives for environmentally friendly epoxy waterborne coatings. The PANI@HNTs were formed via the in situ polymerization of aniline in the presence of halloysites. The BTA loading was then carried out and reached up to 14.5 wt.%. The BTA retention ability of the PANI@HNTs was significantly improved in comparison to that of pure HNT. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests of the coatings immersed in a 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution showed that the barrier and corrosion inhibition effects were enhanced by two to four orders of magnitude with the incorporation of BTA-loaded PANI@HNTs. The salt spray tests on artificially scratched coatings revealed that the surfaces protected by varnishes doped with the BTA-loaded PANI@HNTs exhibited the lowest degree of corrosion compared to the control samples, illustrating the self-healing potential of the modified coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy management system (EMS) is able to coordinate the generation and load to ensure economic and reliable operation and improve performance metrics of microgrids (MGs). However, most the previous studies have focused mainly on the optimal dispatch of the gas turbines and/or energy storage systems inside a normal MG. Very few works have been carried out to address the potential power outage in MGs. In this study, a novel optimal approach in the EMS based on online forecasts is proposed to minimise the system-wide outages of MG, specifically through pre-emptive load shedding. Online distributed generations' output forecasts are updated to predict the state of system and characterise potential upcoming outages. Proper control strategies based on receding horizon methods are introduced in this study. Outage mitigation actions using pre-emptive load shedding are then performed to avoid power outages or minimise the duration of unavoidable outages. The effectiveness of proposed approach can be demonstrated in the presence of various fluctuations, which can be easily integrated in the EMS for both islanded and grid-connected MGs.