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Although the use of algorithms has become increasingly prominent in the digital market, such algorithms are often opaque and prone to risks of making biased decisions. Algorithms could also be used to harm competition, such as by facilitating cartels. Such developments make it necessary to examine the readiness of existing competition law to tackle cases involving algorithms. This paper focuses on analysing Indonesian competition law to address the following issues: (1) how current Indonesian competition law deals with algorithms-related cases; (2) which indicators could detect anti-competitive algorithms; and (3) which competition policy approach could be considered in Indonesia to tackle the problem resulted from the use of algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth of the digital market has challenged competition policy in terms of how innovation should be considered. This article deals with the current market development in Indonesia as a showcase for how innovation responds to market demand faster than state regulations. The study focuses on Go-Jek, a technology company that offers a wide range of online services, including transportation, delivery, and mobile payment, by bringing together consumers and service providers; hence, Go-Jek plays a role as an intermediary and at the same time also as an infomediary that collects information from users and shares it with its users. While policy makers and regulators struggle to find the most workable policies and regulations, markets take initiatives to regulate themselves to protect the interests of the contracting parties. Questions remain about the extent to which party interests are balanced out and how self-regulation could meet established public policy. The analysis in this article considers Indonesian competition authority (KPPU) Regulation No. 4. In the European Union (EU), the desire to advocate self-regulation has been emphasized in the EU Agenda on Better Regulation in 2015 by considering "well-designed non-regulatory means" in the policy for better regulation. Taking a lesson from the EU, this article discusses three key issues. First, how and to what extent does self-regulation of online platforms govern transactions being made on the platform. Second, what challenges do self-regulation of online platforms pose to competition. Third, which policies could the government make to deal with the self-regulation of online platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the largest economy in Southeast Asia and the fourth‐largest population in the world, Indonesia has tremendous entrepreneurial potential. The recent fast development of Internet‐based businesses there brings opportunities for startups to flourish. Some have already achieved remarkable success, despite a lack of institutional support to provide the necessary networks, material resources, and other elements of an entrepreneurial culture. Increasingly, these factors for success are being provided by entrepreneurial ecosystems in which entrepreneurial networks play a major role. The experiences of #StartupLokal illustrate how an entrepreneurial network can sprout from the field, relying on the passion and drive of successful serial entrepreneurs. They also reveal how the entrepreneurial community can inspire potential and new startup leaders, strengthen the entrepreneurial culture, and facilitate access to resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Online platforms have the characteristics of a particular type of market known as ‘multi-sided’. These businesses create value by bringing advertisers and users together. Access to user data is critical to this process. On the basis of economic literature, the features of multi-sided platforms will be discussed. It will be argued that the characteristics of multi-sided platforms increase the likelihood that successful companies become dominant due to the existence of indirect network effects. In these circumstances, dominant platforms may foreclose competition by raising barriers to entry in the large collections of user data. This may give rise to access problems for competitors and new entrants that need access to data gathered by dominant platforms in order to provide competing or complementary services. A comparative legal analysis will be used to assess the standards that are applicable in the United States (US) and the European Union (EU) for finding liability for refusals to deal under antitrust or competition law. The private antitrust cases that have already occurred regarding access to user data in the US show that the scope of applicability of the US essential facilities doctrine is very limited after the judgment of the Supreme Court in Trinko . Although the European Commission and the European Court of Justice seem to be willing to accept liability for a refusal to deal more easily than their US counterparts, high legal hurdles still have to be met under the essential facilities doctrine in the EU. Nevertheless, there are scenarios in which liability for refusals to give access to data will likely be accepted in the EU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the issue over the right to data portability introduced in the European Commission Proposal for the European General Data Protection Regulation. It entails a certain degree of interoperability, including between social networking sites (SNS). SNS interoperability for the purpose of data portability raises issues with regard to how far copyright protection under the European Software Directive.

The remarkable development of the Indonesia's retail industry draws attention due to its complexities with regard to the business characteristics and the relation between retailers as well as between retailers and suppliers. This brings competition law into relevance, which one of the fundamental elements for the analysis is the definition of relevant market, in terms of both product and geographical market. The study focuses on the relevance of "demand-side oriented market" analysis with the application of cross shopping approach to define Indonesia's retail industry taking both the development and formats of retail into consideration. The focal point of this study is assigned in two subjects: the first aims at finding a suitable approach in order to enable the identification of the market definition in the perspective of competition law. The study is restricted to food retailing. The second issue emphasizes on the key factors of ''demand-side oriented market" analysis using cross shopping approach to define Indonesia's retail industry. This paper constitutes a recommendation to take the particular natures of food retailing in the respective country into account for the assessment of the market definition within the competition law framework. This includes the rapid shift from a certain pattern of consumer behaviour to another that affects how consumer defines a product and geographical market of food retail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]