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The article examines the effect of biofertilizers seed treatment on growth and yield of wheat in North-Western plain zone in India. The field experiments compare plant height, dry weight, number of tillers, number of spikes per plants and grains per spike under different doses and biofertilizers and decomposers including seed treatment without any inoculant, Azotobactor, phosphate solubilizing biofertilizer (PSB), Azotobacter + PSB, Pusa decomposer, and Azobactor + PSB + Pusa decomposer.

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Drought stress remains a major environmental factor which decreases the yield and productivity of most cereals growing worldwide. The research was carried out to assess correlation and path coefficient among 20 bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes. The treatments under drought conditions affected all agronomic traits, and the genotypes showed a significant difference. However, the results from the ambient tunnel were satisfactory, and some interesting observations were made. The present experiment was undertaken to estimate the correlation coefficient between grain yield and different yield contributing characters. The experiment was laid-out with two replications using an alpha lattice design. The study aimed to determine the degree of association between yield and yield attributing characters of drought-tolerant wheat populations using correlation and path analyses. The experiment's results demonstrated a highly significant difference in all the attributes examined between the wheat varieties, and water restriction dramatically reduced those traits. Partitioning of correlation coefficients into direct and indirect effects revealed. strong positive direct effects of spike weight on grain yield under drought-stressed conditions. Spike weight expressed the highest positive correlation (0.696) with grain yield, whereas spikelet per spike showed the lowest positive correlation (0.2) with tiller/m² [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seed priming is a pre-germinated technique that can enhance seed germination percentage, faster and synchronized germination, better seedling growth, and yield under stress conditions. To ascertain the most effective seed priming method that would ensure the potential yield of wheat in Bangladesh, two experiments were carried out from December 2021 to March 2022 at the Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Agricultural University. Two wheat varieties namely BARI Gom-28 and BWMRI Gom-1 were subjected to a range of priming chemicals in both lab and pot tests. These compounds included the following: control (no priming), hydropriming (distilled water), 10000 ppm KNO3, 15000 ppm KNO3, 40000 ppm Mannitol, 60000 ppm Mannitol, 10000 ppm NaCl, 20000 ppm NaCl, 100 ppm PEG, 150 ppm PEG, 500 ppm NaOCl, 1000 ppm NaOCl, 10000 ppm CaCl2, 20000 ppm CaCl2, 10000 ppm KCl and 20000 ppm KCl. A complete randomized design (CRD) with three replications was used to set up the experiments. The results showed that BARI Gom-28 and BWMRI Gom-1 responded best to KCl priming in terms of rapid seed germination and strong seedling development. On the other hand, the best priming agents for plant growth and productivity turned out to be CaCl2 and KCL. The results of this study support the possibility of using seed priming as a technique to improve wheat plant development and output by raising seed emergence and survival rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The limited engagement of farmers and their community agents in the process of variety development and evaluation is one of the main factors for lower rates of variety adoption, which resulted in lower crop productivity. Participatory bread wheat variety evaluation was jointly conducted by breeders, members of seed producer cooperative (SPC) and local experts with the objectives to identify farmers' selection criteria, to assess farmers' preferred varieties and to increase the SPC's variety portfolios. Twelve released bread wheat varieties were evaluated during 2019 cropping season at Sekela district of Amhara region, Ethiopia. Pair-wise ranking was used to identify farmers' selection criteria and direct matrix ranking to prioritize those selected criteria. Varieties were planted in two sets with and without lime application. Grain yield, followed by earliness, disease tolerance, and tillering capacity, was identified the first preferred criterion by farmers. The mean values showed that higher yield was recorded with the lime application compared to no lime application. Lemu (6.4 t/ha), Alidoro (6.3 t/ha), Dambal (6.3 t/ha), Obora (6.1 t/ha) and Liben (6.1 t/ha) had greater yield with lime application. The t-test results indicated that significant difference between with and without liming for the number of tillers per plant, spike length per plant, plant height, 1000 seed weight, and hectoliter weight, but non-significant difference for grain yield. The selected varieties should be included in the production plan of the cooperatives for large scale production to increase the variety portfolios and to address the demand of the farming community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the impact of sowing direction and wheat cultivars on growth and yield in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. The study reveals that sowing in the east-west direction yields higher and better quality crops compared to sowing in the north-south direction. Among the wheat cultivars tested, PBW-343 demonstrates the best performance in terms of yield and other characteristics. The study suggests that sowing in the east-west direction with the PBW-343 cultivar is the most suitable approach for cultivation in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. [Extracted from the article]

This document summarizes a study on the effects of different levels and methods of NPK fertilizer application on wheat crop yield and quality. The study found that applying 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) with three foliar sprays of soluble NPK fertilizer resulted in higher grain and straw yield, as well as increased nutrient content and uptake in the grain and straw. The study suggests that this nutrient management practice can improve the productivity and quality of wheat crops. [Extracted from the article]

In recent decades, the widespread adoption of wireless electronic devices, notably cell phones, has led to a considerable rise in environmental electromagnetic field radiations (EMF-r). The EMF-r has potential to interact and interfere with the living organisms. Therefore, it is essential to examine how these radiations affect biological systems, including plants which are immobile in nature and may remain continuously exposed to these radiations. The present study investigated the long-term exposure effects of 2850 MHz EMF-r on 30 and 60-days old wheat (Triticum aestivam L.) crop, focusing on their growth, photosynthetic pigments, and carbohydrate metabolism. The findings of the study revealed that the EMF-r exposure leads to a decline in root length, shoot length, and plant biomass along with a marked reduction in photosynthetic pigments. Moreover, a significant reduction in carbohydrate-metabolizing enzyme activity, water-soluble carbohydrate, and reducing sugars content was observed in EMF-r irradiated samples. The study suggests that EMF-r exposure adversely affects the plant growth, photosynthetic pigments, and carbohydrate metabolism, highlighting the need for effective management to prevent productivity losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effectiveness of mineral fertilization on wheat productivity was determined in a field experiment on Alluvial-meadow soil (Fluvisol, FAO 2015) at the experimental field of Tsalapitsa village, Plovdiv region, during 2019-2020. Four increasing rates of nitrogen fertilization along with a constant background of phosphorus fertilization were tested in the following variants: N40P100; N80P100; N120P100; N160P100, and N0P0 (control) - without any fertilization. The influence of these variants on yield and the content of basic macro and microelements in wheat's dry biomass were assessed. Plant samples were collected at the full maturity phase of wheat, with each variant sampled in triplicate, to determine the concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Fe. Correlation analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were employed to identify dependencies between observed variables. Significant differences between the variants for N% content in grain, chaff and straw of wheat were established. The highest nitrogen values were observed in the grain of the N160P100 and N120P100 variants, at 2.10% and 2.02%, respectively. The applied fertilization had a significant positive effect on the accumulation of potassium, calcium, copper, manganese and iron in wheat biomass. This finding was supported by the correlation coefficients between fertilizer rates and N (R = 0.948), Ca (R = 0.854), Cu (R = 0.681), Mn (R = 0.735), and Fe (R = 0.769) in the wheat grain. Significant yield differences were observed among the variants, with the highest yield recorded for N120P100 (7123.0 kg/ha), more than tripling that of the control variant. The uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by the total biomass of wheat increased depending on the fertilization rates and it was the highest in the N120P100 variant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To find out genetic variability, heritability, and trait association among yield and yield-related traits among bread wheat genotypes, an alpha lattice design was used in triplicate manner where 50 wheat genotypes were evaluated at the University of Agriculture Peshawar during rabbi growing season 2021-22 along with a regional check genotype. Data were taken on ten parameters. All the genotypes showed significant variation among them, signifying the possibility of enhancing genetic improvement through breeding programs. Highly significant differences were found in days to heading, days to maturity, plant height, spike length, grain filling duration, number of grains per spike, biological yield and grain yield these traits indicating diversity in yield potential. Moderate to low heritability values were noted for most of the traits. The study exhibits positive correlations for plant height with grain yield, spike length with biological yield and harvest index with grain yield. On the basis of high heritability and positive correlation of grain yield with other traits, it is recommended that G-41, G-3, G-12, G-37, G-34 and G-14 genotypes which have the potential to be incorporate in further breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), is a devastating disease that seriously threatens wheat yield and quality. To control this disease, host resistance is the most effective measure. Compared with the resistance genes from common wheat, alien resistance genes can better withstand infection of this highly variable pathogen. Development of elite alien germplasm resources with powdery mildew resistance and other key breeding traits is an attractive strategy in wheat breeding. In this study, three wheat-rye germplasm lines YT4-1, YT4-2, and YT4-3 were developed through hybridization between octoploid triticale and common wheat, out of which the lines YT4-1 and YT4-2 conferred adult-plant resistance (APR) to powdery mildew while the line YT4-3 was susceptible to powdery mildew during all of its growth stages. Using genomic in situ hybridization, multi-color fluorescence in situ hybridization, multi-color GISH, and molecular marker analysis, YT4-1, YT4-2, and YT4-3 were shown to be cytogenetically stable wheat-rye 6R addition and T1RS(1BL translocation line, 6RL ditelosomic addition and T1RS(1BL translocation line, and T1RS(1BL translocation line, respectively. Compared with previously reported wheat-rye derivative lines carrying chromosome 6R, YT4-1 and YT4-2 showed stable APR without undesirable pleiotropic effects on agronomic traits. Therefore, these novel wheat-rye 6R derivative lines are expected to be promising bridge resources in wheat disease breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen (N) fertilization is critical for spike and floret development, which affects the number of fertile florets per spike (NFFs). However, the physiological regulation of the floret development process by N fertilization is largely unknown. A high temporal-resolution investigation of floret primordia number and morphology, dry matter, and N availability was conducted under three N fertilization levels: 0 (N0), 120 (N1) and 240 (N2) kg ha-1 . Interestingly, fertile florets at anthesis stage were determined by those floret primordia with meiotic ability at booting stage: meiotic ability was a threshold that predicted whether a floret primordium became fertile or abortive florets. Because the developmental rate of the 4th floret primordium in the central spikelet was accelerated and then they acquired meiotic ability, the NFFs increased gradually as N application increased, but the increase range decreased under N2. There were no differences in spike N concentration among treatments, but leaf N concentration was increased in the N1 and N2 treatments. Correspondingly, dry matter accumulation and N content of the leaf and spike in the N1 and N2 treatments was increased as compared to N0. Clearly, optimal N fertilization increased leaf N availability and transport of assimilates to spikes, and allowed more floret primordia to acquire meiotic ability and become fertile florets, finally increasing NFFs. There was no difference in leaf N concentration between N1 and N2 treatment, whereas soil N concentration at 0– 60 cm soil layers was higher in N2 than in N1 treatment, implying that there was still some N fertilization that remained unused. Therefore, improving the leaf’s ability to further use N fertilizer is vital for greater NFFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Ondokuz Mayis Universitesi, Ziraat Fakultesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the context of climate change, in-season and longer-term yield predictions are needed to anticipate local and regional food crises and propose adaptations to farmers' practices. Mechanistic models and machine learning are two modelling options to consider from this perspective. In this study, multiple regression (MR) and random forest (RF) models were calibrated for wheat yield prediction in Morocco, using data collected from 125 farmers' wheat fields. Additionally, MR and RF models were calibrated both with or without remotely sensed leaf area index (LAI), while considering all farmers' fields, or specifically to agroecological zoning in Morocco. The same farmers' fields were simulated using a mechanistic model (APSIM-wheat). We compared the predictive performances of the empirical models and APSIM-wheat. Results showed that both MR and RF showed rather good predictive quality (normalized root mean square errors (NRMSEs) below 35 %), but were always outperformed by the APSIM model. Both RF and MR selected remotely sensed LAI at heading, climate variables (maximal temperatures at emergence and tillering), and fertilization practices (amount of nitrogen applied at heading) as major yield predictors. Integration of remotely sensed LAI in the calibration process reduced NRMSE by 4.5 % and 1.8 % on average for MR and RF models, respectively. Calibration of region-specific models did not significantly improve the predictive. These findings lead to the conclusion that mechanistic models are better at capturing the impacts of in-season climate variability and would be preferred to support short-term tactical adjustments to farmers' practices, while machine learning models are easier to use in the perspective of mid-term regional prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive nitrogen (N) fertilizer application severely degrades soil and contaminates the atmosphere and water. A 2-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different N fertilizer strategies on wheat-summer corn rotation systems in yellow-brown soil areas. The experiment consisted of seven treatments: no N fertilization (CK), conventional fertilization (FP), optimized fertilization (CF), reduced N rates of 10% (90% FP), 20% (80% FP), 30% (70% FP), and a combination of controlled release with conventional urea at 7:3 ratio (CRU). The results indicate that under the condition of 80% FP, both CF and CRU treatments can increase the yield of wheat and corn for two consecutive years. Compared with FP treatment, the wheat yield of CF and CRU treatments increased by 3.62-2.57% and maize yield by 3.53-1.85% with N fertilizer recovery rate (NRE) of crops by 46.2-37.8%. The agronomic N use efficiency (aNUE) under CF treatment increased by 35.4-37.7%, followed by CRU, which increased by 30.5-33.9%. Moreover, compared with FP treatment, both CF and CRU treatment increased the content of organic matter (OM), total N (TN), and hydrolyzed N (HN) in the topsoil layer, and 70% FP treatment significantly reduced the HN content. Both CF and CRU treatments significantly increased the NO3 concentrations in the 0-20 cm soil depth during the wheat and maize season at maturity stages and decreased the residual inorganic N below the plow layer (40-60 cm). During the corn season, the CF and CRU treatments significantly reduced the NO3 concentration in the 40-60 cm soil layer from seedling to jointing. Considering various factors, CRU treatment under 80% FP conditions would be the best fertilization measure for wheat-corn rotation in yellow-brown soil areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the critical role of precise meteorological parameter estimation in water resources management, particularly concerning the water footprint (WF) concept and considering the scarcity of data, this study utilized thirty years of data from four meteorological datasets to estimate the WF of two main cereals, wheat and maize, in Qazvin province, Iran. AquaCrop was used to calculate the WF parameters based on a synoptic station and the closest datasets to the synoptic station. Coefficient of determination (R2), root-mean-square deviation (RMSE) and its normalization (NRMSE), and maximum error (ME) were used to compare the results. The results showed that these datasets efficiently estimate the WF components and can be used instead of synoptic stations. Also, all datasets were more efficient in estimating the green WF than the blue WF. The Global Precipitation Climatology Center (GPCC) dataset was the most efficient dataset in assessing the WF components for wheat, where the RMSE and NRMSE were 84.8 m3/ton and 17.18%. These amounts were 55.1 m3/ton and 12.96% for the green WF. For estimating the blue WF of maize, the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) datasets were the most efficient datasets in assessing the WF components of maize, which were 35.58 m3/ton and 15.91%. This study demonstrated the robustness of meteorological datasets in accurately estimating the components of the WF. Furthermore, the study advocates for the utilization of diverse datasets in estimating meteorological and crop parameters, recommending this approach for different crops across various regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In two growing seasons (2018/19 and 2019/20) on the experimental field of the Center for Small Grains and Village Development in Kragujevac, plant height, lodging resistance and grain yield of ten prospective wheat genotypes were analyzed with one of two standards. During the growing seasons, the average annual temperature and amount of precipitation were above the long-term average, which affected the increased values of the analyzed properties. In the first growing season, the season with a more significant amount and favourable distribution of precipitation, the plant height was about 3 cm higher than in the second season. All allied genotypes generally had a satisfactory resistance to lodging, with the fact that genotypes with a taller plant height had lodging of less than 20% of lodging plants in both years. Three genotypes achieved a significantly higher yield than the standard varieties, six were up to the standard, while only one genotype had a significantly lower yield than the standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metal toxicity is a real threat to the environment, crop productivity, and the health of humans and their animals, especially when the toxicity enters the food chain. This study investigates the effect of cadmium on the physiological and molecular levels of ten introduced wheat genotypes. Genotypes were stressed by cadmium (75 mg.L-1 ) in comparison with unstressed treatment to highlight their response to the cadmium. The experiment was laid out as a factorial arrangement in RCBD, with three replicates. The genotypes included in this study varied in their response to cadmium stress during the laboratory tests. Notably, genotype G-41 was superior to the rest of the genotypes in terms of seed vigor (18.58), chlorophyll content (8.72 mg.g-1 ), and carotenoid content (4.87 mg.g-1 ), while genotype IRAQ had wider epidermis in the root (2.28 µm) and ordinary epidermis cells (3.10 µm). Cadmium boosted some physiological and anatomical traits (e.g., REC, Chlorophyll, carotenoids, length and width of root epidermis cells). However, cadmium concentration caused a deterioration in some anatomical traits, including cortex thickness and the length of the ordinary epidermis cells. Some wheat genotypes showed more resistance to cadmium stress than others, and G-3 was notably affected by cadmium treatment and this was associated with the high PCS1 expression of the enzyme that chelates Cd to the vacuole (39 folds). It can be concluded that cadmium reduced the physiological performances except for some genotypes that showed more tolerance. Those genotypes could therefore be investigated further to assess the accumulation of cadmium in their grains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This field experiment aimed to study the positive effect of some herbicides (Atlantis, Tonic + 2.4 D, Granstar + Tonic, and control, on weed plants to improve the growth and yield of three wheat varieties (Hasad, Wafia, and Rezan) under the rain-fed condition of both locations. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design, arranged according to a split plot with three replicates. At the Grdjan location, herbicide treatment caused a significant reduction in the number of weeds at sampling (100 DAS) compared with the control treatment by 87.98%. While, at the Qaladze location, the reduction values in the number of weeds by herbicides at sampling (120 DAS) was 60.77%. At the Grdjan location, herbicide treatment significantly decreased flag leaf area as compared with the control treatment. However, at the Qaladze location herbicides significantly increased, plant height and a number of grains spike-1, whereas significantly reduced the flag leaf area biological yield and wheat grain yield, compared with the control treatment. At the Grdjan and Qaladze locations, the Rezan variety surpassed the Hasad and Wafia varieties in plant height, spike length, number of grains spike-1, 1000-grain weight, wheat grain yield and biological yield. The interaction among Granstar + Tonic application with the Rezan variety increased plant height and wheat grain yield at the Qaladze location. The interaction among Tonic + 2.4 D treatment with Rezan increased the number of grains spike-1 1000-grain weight and harvest index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article aims to estimate and verify the correctness of the specification of tail distributions of return rates of agricultural products listed on the Chicago Commodity Exchange from 1987 to 2022. The selected products include corn, soybeans, and wheat. The analysis determined a model describing the examined series concerning mean and variance values, considering the relationships between the series. To describe the tail distributions, a GARCH model was utilized. In the subsequent stage, the quality of fit of the estimated model was assessed. During the conducted research, it was found that the model best describing the analyzed series of prices for agricultural futures contracts is the AR (1)-GARCH (1,1) model with a conditional t-Student distribution. The conducted analysis is crucial for correctly determining the proper forms of estimated models. It is essential to emphasize that errors in the correctness of specifying tail distributions can consequently lead to incorrect parameter estimation in further studies conducted for agricultural products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbicides (HBs) are an integral part of modern agricultural practice globally as one of the most suitable methods for chemical weed control. Hence, they may inadvertently damage crops through similar mechanisms well-functioning at weeds. Tolerance to three categories of treatments (tribenuron-methyl, 2,4 D and their combination), and the impact of the mode of application (pre-treatment of seeds or spraying on plants) was assessed through morphometric analysis (total plant length, root length, stem length, lengths of the first three leaves, relative water content-RWC), and pigment content analysis for some wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars in use in Albania. Results speak of a cultivar specific tolerance to each HB category, discriminating "Dajti" as the most resistant cultivar, and suggesting that the stress imposed to plants by the combination of HBs can produce significant differences in pigment content. The mode of treatment, on the other side showed that glyphosate pre-treatment of seeds led to inhibition of germination, and plants germinated from seed pre-treatment with in 2,4-D displayed significant modification of plant morphology, and germination rate, and had limited impact on RWC. On contrary, few statistically significant changes in morphometric traits and pigments content were evidenced when plants were treated with 2,4-D or glyphosate after the germination. In conclusion, the combination of HBs produced significant changes in plant pigments content compared to the impact of each HB alone, and the pre-treatment of seeds lead either to inhibition or delayed germination. Based on the above we recommend avoiding these practices, and suggest further exploration of alternative HB combinations and modes of treatment before large scale applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in farmers' fields under No-till farming compared to conventional farming with two management practices: 'Research recommended' vs 'Local farmers' practices. The study was conducted over a period of three cropping seasons in the Chaouia plain in Western Morocco, a Mediterranean semi-arid area with low rainfall. Trials were set up in a split-plot design with two factors: (1) management method (No-till vs. Conventional), and (2) practices (research recommended vs. Farmers' local practices), with four replications and were carried out at four farmers' fields (sites). Data collected included: stand density, canopy height, average number of tillers per plant, number of spikes per plant, biological yield, grain yield and harvest index. The results obtained show a significant effect of climatic years on the measured parameters. No-till system significantly improved yield components, canopy height, biological yield, and grain yield, particularly in dry years. No-till as practiced by farmers (C2) improved biological and grain yields, respectively, by 18 and 42% compared with farmers' current local practices (C1). These gains were, respectively, 83% and 142%, for the research recommended package under No-till, those of the research recommended package under conventional management (without direct seeding), were 61% and 81% for the biological and the grain yields, respectively. The harvest index increased from 27% under the current conventional farmers' local management (C1), to 31% with the research recommended package under the same management mode. Under No-till management, this index increased to 33% with local practices (C2) and 36% with the research recommended packages. No-till system can be a adaptative and resilient practice for wheat cultivation in the low rain fall semi-arid areas impacted by climate change, but farmers should consider the adoption of the whole No-till system, rather than limiting themselves solely to the zero-till seeder technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anbar Journal of Agricultural Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Highly significant variations due to treatments, locations and TxL interactions were observed for wheat yield by analysis of variance during field evaluation of nano urea formulations at number of locations in the north western plans zone of the country. First component of AMMI analysis shared of about 51.3% while second accounted for 29.9%. Significant variations due to locations, TxL interactions and treatments effects were observed for thousands grains weight. Around 82.9% of the interaction effects accounted by two significant components while total of significant components were up to 96.9%. Maximum yield was observed at Karnal followed by Hisar more over maximum yield for 56.1 was expressed by T3 treatment. ASV1 & ASV measures based on 81.3% of interaction effects selected T5, T8 and T8, T5 treatments. Average of thousands grains weight found T3, T8, T9 treatments as suitable for maximum realization and as per MASV1 and MASV settled T6, T2 treatments for thousands grains weight. Adaptability measures corresponding to BLUP estimates of yield i.e. PRVG, PRVG*Gu, HMPRVG*Gu, HMPRVG measures found T3, T4, T2 treatments for yield. Superiority index measures considering average thousands grains weight and stability in 65 and 35 ratios for weighted average settled for T3, T7, T8 treatments formulation of nano urea in the study. Biplot analysis observed Pantnagar center had expressed strong bondage with superiority index measures while considering mean, GAI and HM of treatments based on fixed and random effects of treatments. WAASB, W3, W2, W5 had maintained direct association with MASV, MASV1 on right hand side and with ASV1, W1, IPC4 on left side for yield. Treatments T13, T5 and T4 would express unstable yield as compared to T11, T6, T7 placed near to origin of biplot analysis. Thousands grains weight found that Karnal, Hisar centers with IPV2 formed the first cluster while Gurdaspur with Gwalior joined hands with superiority index measures in second cluster of biplot analysis. Next cluster was of adaptability measures PRVG, HMPRVG, PRVG*Gu, HMPRVG*Gu, mean, GAI, HM with Jammu, Delhi and Ludhiana centres. Next cluster of IPC4, IPC6 with Pantnagar observed near to large cluster of adaptability measures PRVG, HMPRVG, PRVG*Gu, HMPRVG*Gu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat is an important cereal crop in terms of cultivation area and production in Turkey and around the world. Due to climate change, increasing world population, decreasing agricultural lands and waters, the demand for wheat and wheat-based products has increased in Turkey. The study was carried out to determine yield and yield components of some bread wheat genotypes under Duzce ecological conditions in 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 growing seasons. In this research, spike length, spikelet number per spike, grain number per spike, grain weight per spike, thousand kernel weight and grain yield were investigated. According to the two year results, spike length 8.3-11.9 cm, number of spikelets per spike 16.5-19.9, number of grains per spike 44.8-57.8, grain weight per spike 1.68-2.50 g, thousand kernel weight 40.8-51.2 g and grain yield ranged between 4611-7875 kg ha-1. The highest yielding genotypes were found as H8G3, H8G5, H9G4, Rumeli and Lucilla. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, published in the journal Environment & Ecology, discusses the assessment of genetic diversity for heat tolerance in advanced breeding lines of bread wheat. The study analyzed 64 bread wheat genotypes for heat tolerance based on 21 morpho-physiological traits and grouped them into five different clusters. The results showed that Cluster II was highly tolerant, Cluster I was moderately tolerant, and Cluster V was highly sensitive to heat stress. The study identified specific genotypes that were more heat tolerant and could be used for breeding programs. The findings are important for addressing food security concerns and the impact of climate change on global food demand. [Extracted from the article]

This article explores the impact of plant growth regulators and nano zinc on the growth and yield of wheat. The study was conducted in Prayagraj, India and found that the application of Nano zinc 120 ppm + Salicylic acid 400 mg/l resulted in higher growth parameters and superior yield parameters. The study suggests that using plant growth regulators and nano zinc can enhance wheat growth and yield. The combination of Nano zinc and Salicylic acid was found to be particularly effective in improving plant dry weight, number of tillers per hill, and test weight. [Extracted from the article]

Background and Objectives Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) holds crucial significance as a primary global food source, providing approximately 18% of required calories and 19% of essential protein for human consumption. The greenbug, Schizaphis graminum, poses a substantial threat to wheat crops worldwide, including in Iran, causing significant annual damage. Traditional methods for identifying induced resistance in host plants involve pest pre-infestation and the assessment of demographic parameters. Considering the adverse environmental and health implications of excessive pesticide use in wheat fields, the exploration of "induced resistance" as a biorational method has gained notable attention in recent years within the wheat-integrated pest management domain. This study's main objectives included examining induced responses in three distinct wheat varieties to S. graminum and determining the optimal pre-infestation period to activate this defensive reaction in the host varieties. Materials and Methods Seeds from three wheat varieties (Kohdasht, Morvarid, and Aseman) were planted in growth chamber conditions (temperature: 25±2°C, relative humidity: 60±5%, and a photoperiod of 14:10 L: D). Upon reaching the two-leaf stage, five one-day-old female apterus aphids were introduced to each plant, allowing them to feed for 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 days (considered as the experimental pre-infestation treatment duration). After the designated pre-infestation period, aphids were removed from the wheat plants, and the plants remained aphid-free for 48 hours. Following this interval, an age-specific two-sex life table of aphids was separately constructed for each wheat variety and pre-infestation duration. Using a cohort of 30 one-day-old first-instar nymphs, the biological and demographic parameters of aphids were measured and compared using the paired bootstrap test. Results The Aseman variety exhibited heightened resistance to S. graminum in comparison to Morvarid and Kohdasht varieties, as evidenced by the demographic parameter values. Notably, Aseman's extended nymphal developmental time and mean generation time (T), coupled with decreased longevity and fecundity, resulted in a significantly lower intrinsic rate of increase (rm) at 0.245 1/day, in contrast to Morvarid and Kohdasht varieties (0.348 and 0.358 1/day, respectively). Across all varieties, pre-infestation by aphids led to reductions in biological and demographic parameters, with the effective pre-infestation duration varying based on the variety and specific parameters studied. The nymphal developmental time increased, while fecundity and intrinsic rm significantly decreased as the pre-infestation duration progressed from 0 to 8 days. In Aseman, Morvarid, and Kohdasht varieties, rm decreased from 0.245 to 0.187, 0.348 to 0.275, and 0.385 to 0.335 1/day, respectively, with an increase in pre-infestation duration from 0 to 8 days. In the relatively more resistant Aseman variety, significant changes in nymphal developmental time and intrinsic rm occurred after a 2-day pre-infestation period, while aphid fecundity changed significantly after a 6-day pre-infestation duration. Morvarid exhibited significant changes in nymphal developmental time, female fecundity, and intrinsic rate of increase after 6, 4, and 2-day pre-infestation durations, respectively. Across all three varieties, the intrinsic rm, identified as a crucial demographic parameter, experienced significant changes after a 2-day pre-infestation period. Discussion Diverse demographic responses were observed for S. graminum across the studied wheat varieties, with the Aseman variety exhibiting heightened relative resistance to wheat green aphid. Pre-infestation of wheat plants with aphids induced resistance in all three varieties, resulting in a reduction in the biological and demographic potential of green aphid. Due to their favorable induction reactions to S. graminum, it is recommended to cultivate Kohdasht (resistant to pathogenic fungi, suitable for dry and semi-arid drylands) and Morvarid (resistant to pathogenic fungi, suitable for humid and plain areas) varieties. This approach can contribute to diminishing the aphid population and enhancing wheat production in these specified regions. The research outcomes offer valuable insights into identifying sources of resistance, understanding mechanisms, and facilitating the implementation of integrated aphid management strategies in wheat fields across Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Stem rust, also known as black rust and caused by the fungus Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt), poses a substantial threat to global food security by potentially devastating wheat crops. This disease can lead to a 100% loss in wheat crop yields under epidemic conditions. The combined impact of rust, including stripe rust, leaf rust, and stem rust, on overall wheat production is estimated at around $5 billion annually. Stem rust exhibits distinctive symptoms, such as dark brown pustules, appearing across all parts of the wheat plant. Recent reports highlight recurring stem rust epidemics across various global regions. Notably, there has been a significant spread of stem rust in Europe, particularly in England and Italy. Iran has also experienced two severe stem rust epidemics. The most effective strategy to mitigate the impact of this disease involves identifying and incorporating resistant genes from cultivars displaying robust resistance into favored wheat genotypes. This approach aims to establish enduring genetic resistance, representing a crucial method for disease control. Materials and Methods To uncover novel sources of resistance, an experiment was conducted to assess the resistance reactions of 30 wheat genotypes and a susceptible check (Morocco) against six distinct Pgt races, each characterized by unique pathogenicity patterns (TKTTF, TTTF, TTRTF, PKRTF, PKSTF, and TKSTC). The experiment followed a randomized complete block design with three replications. Each Pgt race was independently utilized for evaluating the genotypes, with the measured resistance components encompassing the infection type and latent period. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS software (v. 3.9) to perform analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the experimental design, Minitab (v. 16) for normality tests, and SPSS (v. 16) software for cluster analysis. The bi-plot method, grounded in multivariable models, emerged as a valuable statistical approach for classifying environments (races) due to its simplicity, high accuracy in analyses, and evaluative capabilities. Additionally, this method proved effective in identifying resistant genotypes to each of the races and elucidating the relationships between them. Results The results indicated that the differential genotypes carrying the Sr11, Sr21, Sr30 and Sr13+17 genes exhibited a distinct resistance reaction against the studied races. Notably, the Sr11 gene demonstrated a notable effect on four out of the six races. Among the races, TKSTC and TTTTF displayed the highest positive correlation, while PKSTF and TTRTF races exhibited the lowest correlation with each other. Phenotyping and ANOVA revealed significant phenotypic diversity among wheat genotypes concerning the measured resistance components to Pgt races. Cluster analysis effectively categorized the wheat genotypes into three primary groups: resistant, susceptible, and moderately resistant to moderately susceptible. Among the studied wheat genotypes, 11 (35%) displayed susceptibility to all races, while four genotypes (G1, G2, G3, and G17) (13%) showed resistance against all races. The remaining 16 genotypes (52%) demonstrated moderately resistant to moderately susceptible (specific reaction) responses. The biplot analysis (GGE biplot) identified genotype G17 as the most resistant genotype with a uniform response to all races. Discussion Genotypes with varying degrees of resistance to Pgt races identified in this study can serve as new and sustainable sources of resistance for breeding wheat cultivars with a broad genetic basis of resistance. Expanding the study to include a broader array of races and differential isogenic lines can refine conditions, enabling more precise identification of effective resistance genes in each genotype. Furthermore, evaluating the resistance of the examined genotypes at the adult plant stage proves invaluable in identifying resistance genes, which carry greater significance than those observed solely at the seedling stage. The existence of resistance genes at the adult plant stage remains plausible, even in cases where the genotype exhibits sensitivity during the seedling stage. The strategic and reasonable utilization of effective resistance genes at both the seedling and adult plant stages is envisioned to contribute to the development of new, resilient varieties with stable resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To break the narrow diversity bottleneck of the wheat D genome, a set of Aegilops tauschii-wheat introgression (A-WI) lines was developed by crossing Ae. tauschii accession T015 with common wheat elite cultivar Zhoumai 18 (Zhou18). A high-density genetic map was constructed based on Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) markers and 15 yield-related traits were evaluated in 11 environments for detecting quantitative trait loci (QTL). A total of 27 environmentally stable QTL were identified in at least five environments, 20 of which were derived from Ae. tauschii T015, explaining up to 24.27% of the phenotypic variations. The major QTL for kernel length (KL), QKl-2D.5, was delimited to a physical interval of approximately 2.6 Mb harboring 52 candidate genes. Three Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) markers were successfully developed based on nonsynonymous nucleotide mutations of candidate gene AetT093_2Dv1G100900.1 and showed that A-WI lines with the T015 haplotype had significantly longer KL than the Zhou18 haplotype across all 11 environments. Four primary valuable A-WIs with good trait performance and carrying yield-related QTL were selected for breeding improvement. The results will facilitate the efficient transfer of beneficial genes from Ae. tauschii into wheat cultivars to improve wheat yield and other traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat sharp eyespot, a stem disease caused by the soilborne fungus Rhizoctonia cerealis van der Hoeven, has become a threat to wheat production worldwide. Exploiting resistance resources from wild relatives of wheat is a promising strategy for controlling this disease. In this study, a new wheat-Dasypyrum villosum T2DS.2V#4L translocation line in the background of Chinese Spring (CS) showed stable resistance to R. cerealis. Introgression of the T2DS.2V#4L chromosome into wheat cultivar Aikang 58 by backcrossing produced a marked increase in sharp eyespot resistance in NIL-T2DS.2V#4L in comparison with NILT2DS .2DL, and no detrimental effects of 2V#4L on agronomic traits were observed in the BC2F2, BC2F2:3, and BC2F2:4 generations. Flow-sorted sequencing of 2V#4L yielded 384.3 Mb of assembled sequence, and 8836 genes were predicted of which 6154 had orthologs in at least one of the 2AL, 2BL, and 2DL arms of CS, whereas 1549 genes were unique to 2V#4L. About 100,000 SNPs were detected in genes of 2V#4L and 2DL in 10 sequenced bread wheat cultivars. A Kompetitive Allele Specific Polymerase chain reaction and 30 conserved ortholog sequence markers were developed to trace the 2V#4L chromatin in wheat backgrounds. T2DS.2V#4L compensating translocation lines represent novel germplasm with sharp eyespot resistance and the markers will allow rapid detection in breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many genetic loci for wheat plant height (PH) have been reported, and 26 dwarfing genes have been catalogued. To identify major and stable genetic loci for PH, here we thoroughly summarized these functionally or genetic verified dwarfing loci from QTL linkage analysis and genome-wide association study published from 2003 to 2022. A total of 332 QTL, 270 GWAS loci and 83 genes for PH were integrated onto chromosomes according to their locations in the IWGSC RefSeq v2.1 and 65 QTL-rich clusters (QRC) were defined. Candidate genes in each QRC were predicted based on IWGSC Annotation v2.1 and the information on functional validation of homologous genes in other species. A total of 38 candidate genes were predicted for 65 QRC including three GA2ox genes in QRC-4B-IV, QRC-5A-VIII and QRC-6A-II (Rht24) as well as GA 20-oxidase 2 (TaSD1-3A) in QRC-3A-IV. These outcomes lay concrete foundations for mapbased cloning of wheat dwarfing genes and application in breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thousand-kernel weight (TKW) is a measure of grain weight, a target of wheat breeding. The object of this study was to fine-map a stable quantitative trait loci (QTL) for TKW and identify its candidate gene in a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from the cross of Kenong 9204 (KN9204) and Jing 411 (J411). On a high-density genetic linkage map, 24, 26 and 25 QTL were associated with TKW, kernel length (KL), and kernel width (KW), respectively. A major and stable QTL, QTkw-2D, was mapped to an 8.3 cM interval on chromosome arm 2DL. By saturation of polymorphic markers in its target region, QTkw-2D was confined to a 9.13 Mb physical interval using a secondary mapping population derived from a residually heterozygous line (F6:7). This interval was further narrowed to 2.52 Mb using QTkw-2D near-isogenic lines (NILs). NILsKN9204 had higher fresh and dry weights than NILsJ411 at various grain-filling stages. The TKW and KW of NILsKN9204 were much higher than those of NILsJ411 in field trials. By comparison of both DNA sequence and expression between KN9204 and J411, TraesCS2D02G460300.1 (TraesKN2D01HG49350) was assigned as a candidate gene for QTkw-2D. This was confirmed by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of QTkw-2D NILs. These results provide the basis of map-based cloning of QTkw-2D, and DNA markers linked to the candidate gene may be used in marker-assisted selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Puccinia triticina (Pt), as the causal agent of wheat leaf rust, employs a plethora of effector proteins to modulate wheat immunity for successful colonization. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying Pt effector-mediated wheat susceptibility remains largely unexplored. In this study, an effector Pt_21 was identified to interact with the apoplast-localized wheat thaumatin-like protein TaTLP1 using a yeast two-hybrid assay and the Pt_21-TaTLP1 interaction was characterized. The interaction between Pt_21 and TaTLP1 was validated by in vivo co-immunoprecipitation assay. A TaTLP1 variant, TaTLP1C71A, that was identified by the site-directed mutagenesis failed to interact with Pt_21. Pt_21 was able to suppress Bax-mediated cell death in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana and inhibit TaTLP1-mediated antifungal activity. Furthermore, infiltration of recombinant protein Pt_21 into leaves of transgenic wheat line overexpressing TaTLP1 enhanced the disease development of leaf rust compared to that in wild-type leaves. These findings demonstrate that Pt_21 suppresses host defense response by directly targeting wheat TaTLP1 and inhibiting its antifungal activity, which broadens our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying Pt effector-mediated susceptibility in wheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the impact of organic nutrients and neem cake on the growth and yield of wheat. The study conducted a field experiment with nine different treatments, each replicated three times, and measured various parameters such as plant height, tillers per hill, plant dry weight, grains per spike, test weight, grain yield, and straw yield. The results showed that the combination of poultry manure and neem cake had the most positive effects on plant height and other growth attributes. The study emphasizes the potential benefits of using organic nutrients and neem cake to improve wheat production. [Extracted from the article]

This article explores the impact of fertility levels and liquid biofertilizers on soil chemical properties and nutrient uptake in wheat crops. The study found that increasing fertility levels and using liquid biofertilizers led to significant increases in primary nutrients in the soil after harvest. Nutrient uptake by the wheat crops also increased with higher fertility levels and the use of specific biofertilizers. These findings suggest that optimizing fertility levels and incorporating liquid biofertilizers can improve soil quality and nutrient availability for wheat crops. The study emphasizes the importance of proper fertilization and biofertilizer use in enhancing soil fertility and nutrient uptake in crops. [Extracted from the article]

Context and Background Estimating cereal yields in Morocco is still based on the traditional statistical method known as "CCE" crop cutting, which is objective but tedious and requires a lot of logistics, despite the fact that in 2012 a system for predicting cereal yields in Morocco called "CGMS_MA" was introduced to support this method; this system does not allow yields to be estimated at plot level, given the coarse resolution of the integrated satellite images (NDVI_AVHR), which is 1.1km. The use of finer resolution satellite images and more precise techniques is therefore very much in demand. Goal and Objectives The main objective of this research project is to model wheat yield at plot level using phenological parameters derived from SENTINEL 2 'S2' satellite images in semi-arid areas of Morocco. Methodology Two approaches were adopted for this modelling: - An MRL approach based on STEPWISE linear regression using phenological parameters from NDVI-SENTINEL2 satellite images. - An MML/MMA approach based on the use of Artificial intelligence (Maching Learning/Deep Learning) for yield modelling. - The 1st MRL modelling based on STEPWISE linear regression revealed performance indicators R² and RMSE testing a strong correlation between predicted and observed yield (R² = 0.75; RMSE= 7.08q/ha). The estimated wheat yields were validated using the k-fold cross-validation method. The MRL model explained 75% of the spatial variation in yield, with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 3.45 qx/ha. - The 2nd model was designed to improve on the first model by incorporating artificial intelligence techniques. The results The results obtained showed that the use of these techniques gives good results and the performances are higher: The R² correlation coefficient is 0.96 for the MLP deep-Learning algorithm and 0.94 for the Maching Learning algorithms (kNN, RF and CHAID), whereas it is lower for the STEPWISE regression. Finally, these MML/MAA techniques coupled with remotely sensed phenological data from LSP allow good modelling of wheat yields and good crop monitoring; they can form the basis of a high-performance system for estimating wheat yields, especially in the semi-arid zones of Morocco where the crop is highly dependent on climatic variations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bad agricultural practices, such as the excessive use of fertilizers, often lead to the accumulation of radioactive elements in the soil and further in the crops. This research aims to determine the activity concentration levels of radionuclides of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K in soil and wheat samples. At the same time, an assessment was made of the radiation hazard indices from natural radioactivity as well as the transfer from soil to the wheat of the studied radionuclides. A total of 92 soil and wheat samples were collected in the studied area (the western part of the country). The samples were measured on an instrument - a gamma spectrometer (Canberra Packard) using the GENIE 2000 program. In this study, it was observed that the specific activity of 40K, 226Ra, and 232Th in the soil is not uniform and probably differs depending on the geological or typographical characteristics of the area as well as the applied agricultural techniques and agrochemicals. The average activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K in the soil samples were 35.86 ± 1.55 Bq/kg, 37.40 ± 2.86 Bq/kg, and 165.78 ± 4.05 Bq/kg, respectively, while the average values for wheat were 0.63 ± 0.20 Bq/kg, for 226Ra 0.40 ± 0.08 Bq/kg, for 232Th and for 40K 61.18 ± 3.50 Bq/kg. The calculated mean values of radium equivalent activity Raeq, Dout, and Din were 102.98 Bq/kg, 46.72 nGy/h, and 77.93 nGy/h respectively. The soil-to-wheat transfer factor of naturally occurring radionuclides was in the following order: 40K > 226Ra > 232Th. This shows that there is no risk of radiation contamination in the tested wheat soils and there is no considerable risk to human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study economic feasibility of using available materials, inexpensive and environmentally friendly as fertilizers for wheat plants .also, Increasing wheat yield by improving the overall vegetative and physiological characteristics. The experiment was for the wheat plant cultivars utilizing two types, IPA99 and Abograib. plants sprayed with three different concentrations of ZnoNPs & SA (0, 50, 75, and100) ppm in three different Treatments,T1 foliar spraying SA, T2 foliar spraying ZnoNPS, and T3 foliar spraying SA & ZnoNP. The results showed the best effect of T3 at75 ppm on the Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b and Carotene on IPA99 cultivar, on the other hand T1 display better effect on Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b and Carotene on both cultivars. while,T3 at 100 ppm show less effects on both cultivars compared to the other treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Agriculture & Wildlife Science is the property of International Journal of Agriculture & Wildlife Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The field experiment was conducted on the research farm of Department of Agronomy, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara (Punjab) on, "Performance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under different planting patterns and nitrogen levels". The field study was conducted in Split Plot Design with three planting patterns viz. 2 rows/bed, cross sowing, flat sowing in main plots and five nitrogen levels viz. 0 kg/ha, 40 kg/ha, 80 kg/ha, 120 kg/ha, 160 kg/ha in sub plots. The result revealed that significantly higher grain yield was obtained from two rows/bed (43.86 q/ha) followed by cross sowing (42.48 q/ha) and flat sowing (40.77 q/ha). Also bed sowing increased grain yield of wheat by 4.2 and 7.6 % than cross and flat sowing respectively. Also cross sowing method recorded significantly more grain yield than line sowing method. Grain yield was significantly higher with use of 160 kg N/ha (54.95 q/ha) as compared to all other nitrogen levels. There was subsequent and significant increase in grain yield of wheat with successive increase in nitrogen level from 0 to 160 kg/ha. Grain yield of 0 kg N/ha was significantly less than all other nitrogen levels. There was 100.4, 92.7, 60.0 and 19.6 percent increased in grain yield of wheat with the application of 160 Kg, 120 Kg, 80 kg and 40 kg N respectively as compared to 0 kg N/ha (control). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agriculture & Nature / Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım & Doğa Dergisi is the property of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Randomised complete block design with the three-factor factorial test was executed with three replications in the garden 10 km away from Maragheh-Hashtrud road in the 2017-2018 agricultural year to study the effect of various resources and amounts of selenium, yield components, and stress susceptibility indexes to wheat cultivars. The experimental treatments include factor (a) of various selenium resources (sodium selenate and selenite index), factor (b) of various selenium amounts (0, 18, and 36 g/ha), and factor (c) of three wheat cultivars (Azar 2, Pishtaz, and Sardari). The characteristics of yield, yield components, stress susceptibility index (SSI), tolerance index (TOL), mean productivity (MP), geometrical mean productivity (GMP), yield index (YI), and yield stability index (YSI) were examined. The yield of wheat cultivars in drought stress conditions (not using selenium) (Ys) and in normal conditions (using selenium) (Yp) was used to estimate the tolerance index and drought susceptibility index. The mean factor a level from various selenium resources (sodium selenate and selenite) showed that using selenite is prior than selenate in all three characteristics of grain weight, yield in spike, and weight of thousand grains. The selenite treatment was selected as the prior treatment, and then it was examined based on the mentioned characteristics and estimation of SSI and TOI. The results from variance analysis showed a significant difference between the yield and yield components of cultivars in the normal conditions (18 and 36 g/ha of sodium selenite) and water stress (non-usage of selenium). The grain means yield and weight in the spike of the studied genotypes in the normal condition (18 and 36 g/ha selenite) were 1752.83 kg/ha 0.591 g and 1790.82 kg/ha and 0.59 g, respectively. Pishtaz and Sardari genotypes in normal conditions (18 and 36 g/ha sodium selenite) and water stress (non-usage of selenium) had the maximum and minimum yield. The grain yield of Pishtaz is significantly higher than Azar 2 and Sardari cultivars in the normal conditions (18 and 36 g/ha sodium selenite), while it was indicated by imposing the water stress (non-usage of selenium) that water stress has a weaker effect on grain yield of Azar 2 and Sardari cultivars but it significantly reduced the grain yield of Pishtaz cultivar as grain yield of Pishtaz cultivar was more than Azar 2 and Sardari cultivars in water stress condition (non-usage of selenium). In this research, the Pishtaz cultivar had the maximum stress tolerance in both conditions of 18 and 36 g/ha sodium selenite with a mean of 1.05 and 1.02, respectively whereas the Sardari cultivar showed the minimum stress tolerance with a mean of 0.94 and 0.92, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waterlogging is a growing threat to wheat production in high-rainfall areas. In this study, a doubled haploid (DH) population developed from a cross between Yangmai 16 (waterlogging-tolerant) and Zhongmai 895 (waterlogging-sensitive) was used to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) for waterlogging tolerance using a high-density 660K single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array. Two experimental designs, waterlogging concrete tank (CT) and waterlogging plastic tank (PT), were used to simulate waterlogging during anthesis in five environments across three growing seasons. Waterlogging significantly decreased thousand-kernel weight (TKW) relative to non-waterlogged controls, although the degree varied across lines. Three QTL for waterlogging tolerance were identified on chromosomes 4AL, 5AS, and 7DL in at least two environments. All favorable alleles were contributed by the waterlogging-tolerant parent Yangmai 16. QWTC.caas-4AL exhibited pleiotropic effects on both enhancing waterlogging tolerance and decreasing plant height. Six high-confidence genes were annotated within the QTL interval. The combined effects of QWTC.caas-4AL and QWTC.caas-5AS greatly improved waterlogging tolerance, while the combined effects of all three identified QTL (QWTC.caas-4AL, QWTC.caas-5AS, and QWTC.caas-7DL) exhibited the most significant effect on waterlogging tolerance. Breeder-friendly kompetitive allele-specific PCR (KASP) markers (K_AX_111523809, K_AX_108971224, and K_AX_110553316) flanking the interval of QWTC.caas-4AL, QWTC.caas-5AS, and QWTC.caas-7DL were produced. These markers were tested in a collection of 240 wheat accessions, and three superior polymorphisms of the markers distributed over 67 elite cultivars in the test population, from the Chinese provinces of Jiangsu, Anhui, and Hubei. The three KASP markers could be used for marker-assisted selection (MAS) to improve waterlogging tolerance in wheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the ecological testing of 139 accessions of the winter wheat collection from Central Asia was conducted on the field plots of the Kazakh Research Institute of Agriculture and Plant Industry (Almaty region, South-east Kazakhstan) and Krasnovodopad Breeding Station (Turkestan region, South Kazakhstan) during 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 growing seasons. The collection was analyzed using 12 traits: heading date, seed maturation date, vegetation period, plant height, peduncle length, spike length, number of kernels per spike (NKS), number of productive spikes, weight kernel per plant, weight kernel per spike, thousand kernel weight (TKW) and yield per square meter (YM2). The Pearson correlation index showed positive correlations between yield component traits in the two studied regions. The average YM2 value of 107 and 134 accessions exceeded the local check cultivars in Almaty (Zhetisu) and Turkestan (Pamyat 47) regions, respectively. Seven cultivars (Karaspan, Mars 1, Pamyat, Dank, Zhamin, KYIAL, and Talimi) were revealed to be highly productive for three traits (NKS, TKW, and YM2) in two regions. The analysis of variance showed that genotype x environment interaction affected the studied traits of the winter wheat collection from Central Asia under Kazakhstan's conditions. The results of this research will be used for further studies related to the adaptation and productivity of winter wheat in the breeding program for the selection of best candidate lines and genome-wide association study for yield and yield-related traits in winter wheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of the research was to test the productive and qualitative potential of 20 Romanian and foreign wheat varieties, from seven seed producers: Axereal, INCDA Fundulea, ITC Seeds, KWS, Lidea, Limagrain and RWA The studies were carried out in the 2021/2022 agricultural year, in the vegetable farm belonging to the Samis Urban SRL company, from Mihălaeni, Botoșani county, under non-irrigated conditions. The main parameters monitored were production, MMB, MH, protein content and wet gluten. After centralizing the data, we can see that the highest production was obtained with the Absalon variety and was 6189 kg/ha; The highest MH was determined in the Ursita variety, this being 86 kg/hl; the highest protein content was obtained in the Voinic variety (14.3%), which also has the highest amount of wet gluten (36.9%). From the comparative analysis of the data we find that there is no positive correlation between the analyzed parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field trial examined the impact of nitrogen sources and application stages on yield components. The research was conducted at the Agronomy Research Farm, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, during the winter of 2022. The experiment was arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The experiment consisted of three factors: the first factor involved Nitrogen Levels (NL) (100, 120, and 140 kg. ha-1), the second factor pertained to application sources (S), urea and Farm Yard Manure (FYM) (urea + FYM), and the third factor addressed application stages (A) (sowing, tillering, and stem elongation). Nitrogen levels significantly affected spikes m-2 (255.0), net grains weight spike-1 (2.6 g), grains spike-1 (52.2) and thousand grains weight (48.1 g), respectively. Application stages significantly affected net gain weight (2.5 g) and thousand grains weight (46.9 g). Applications sources also significantly affected grains spike-1 (52.7). The interaction NL × S significantly affected grains spike-1. Similarly, the interaction S × A also suggestively affected grains spike-1. The interaction NL × A affected the thousand-grain weight significantly. The research concluded that applying integrated nitrogen sources (Urea + FYM) at a rate of 120 kg. ha-1 at an application stage of stem elongation gives a higher yield and is recommended to the end users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]