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Objective: This study evaluated variation in substance use and mental health among graduate student subgroups. Participants: A sample of 2,683 master's and doctoral students completed an online survey in October 2017. Methods: Subgroup variation in behavioral health by demographic and program characteristics, particularly degree type and academic discipline, was explored. Results: Compared with academic doctoral students (ie, PhD students), professional doctoral students (ie, MD, JD, etc.) were significantly more likely to report high stress levels and moderate or severe anxiety symptoms. Master's students were more likely to report moderate or severe anxiety symptoms and use marijuana than academic doctoral students. Students in the behavioral and social sciences, social work, and arts and humanities disciplines were more likely to use substances and report mental health problems than engineering and business students. Conclusions: These findings highlight graduate student subgroups who might require closer attention with respect to access to behavioral health services.

Objective: This study examines the prospective relationship between substance use during college and two outcomes: having definite plans to attend graduate school; and, among individuals with plans, enrolling in graduate school upon college graduation. Participants: n = 980 were originally enrolled as first-time, first-year college students in an ongoing longitudinal study (August 2004 to present). Methods: Measures from personal interviews included demographics, GPA, alcohol use, alcohol abuse/dependence, and other drug use during college. Results: Fifty-four percent had definite plans to attend graduate school, and 47% of students with definite plans enrolled in graduate school. Alcohol dependence was significantly associated with reduced likelihood of having graduate school plans. Among students with plans to attend graduate school, alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence during college were associated with decreased likelihood of enrolling in graduate school. Conclusions: Substance use during college might impact graduate school enrollment, and early intervention efforts could help students achieve their educational goals.

The authors sought to develop a multidimensional scale that could be used in academic assistance settings to assess barriers to academic success among college students. Relative to the number of studies in the literature focused on the relationship between behavioral health and study behaviors as they relate to academic success (American College Health Association, 2018; Becker et al., 2018; Credé & Kuncel, 2008), fewer studies have included the impact of trauma (childhood trauma, sexual assault, relationship violence, or other trauma; Baker et al., 2016; Jordan et al., 2014). The results of this study suggest that more attention to trauma is warranted: trauma was endorsed as a barrier to academic success by almost 1 in 6 (14.6%) students in this study. Items representing trauma and mental health barriers loaded onto separate factors, reveal that trauma might influence academic performance independently of mental health issues. One limitation of this study was that some potential barriers to academic success were not assessed, such as excessive drinking and marijuana or other substance use. Research has demonstrated that substance use is associated with lower academic achievement and attrition (Arria et al., 2013; DuPont et al., 2013; Suerken et al., 2016). Future iterations of research with the Measure of Obstacles to Succeeding Academically in College (MOSAIC) should consider the inclusion of additional barriers, such as inability to concentrate after using marijuana. The 14-item MOSAIC provides the foundation for a novel and comprehensive academic support tool that could be used to measure and address barriers to student success.

Objective: Examine trends in nonmedical use of prescription stimulants (NPS), including motives, routes of administration, sources, cost, and risk factors. Participants: 1,253 college students. Methods: Data were collected annually during academic years 2004-2005 through 2008-2009. Generalized estimating equations analyses evaluated longitudinal trends. Logistic regression models evaluated stability of associations between risk factors and NPS over time. Results: Almost two-thirds (61.8%wt) were offered prescription stimulants for nonmedical use by Year 4, and 31.0%wt used. Studying was the predominant motive (73.8% to 91.5% annually), intranasal administration was modest (less than 17% annually), and the most common source was a friend with a prescription ([greater than or equal to] 73.9% annually). Significant changes over time included decreasing curiosity motives, increasing overuse of one's own prescription, and increasing proportion paying $5+ per pill. Lower grade point average and alcohol/cannabis use disorders were consistently associated with NPS, holding constant other factors. Conclusions: Prevention opportunities exist for parents, physicians, and college administrators to reduce NPS. (Contains 3 tables.)

Early conduct problems have been linked to early marijuana use in adolescence. The present study examines this association in a sample of 1,076 college students that was divided into three groups: (1) early marijuana users (began marijuana use prior to age 15; N = 126), (2) late marijuana users (began marijuana use at or after age 15; N = 607), and (3) nonusers (never used marijuana; N = 343). A conduct problem inventory used in previous studies was adapted for use in the present study. Early conduct problems were associated with early marijuana use but not with late marijuana use, holding constant other risk factors. Results suggest that early conduct problems are a risk factor for early marijuana use even among academically achieving college-bound students. (Contains 4 tables.)

Aims: To: (1) estimate the proportion of students exposed to specific types of information regarding the positive and negative effects of ecstasy, (2) test models that quantified the relationship between exposure to these messages and subsequent ecstasy use, controlling for peer drug use and sensation-seeking. Methods: As part of the College Life Study, 447 students, aged 17-20 years, from a university in the mid-Atlantic region of the US completed an in person interview plus three follow-up assessments. Findings: Individuals who had heard a greater number of negative messages were significantly more likely to use ecstasy, even controlling for positive messages, prior ecstasy use, peer ecstasy use, perceived harm, sensation-seeking, sex and race. Some messages were significant at the bivariate level. Conclusions: Ecstasy use may have been influenced more by the content of the messages than by the quantity or diversity of messages. Interventions should be designed to address both positive and negative perceptions about a particular drug, rather than focusing exclusively on the negative information. Future evaluations should focus on the effectiveness of multi-pronged sustainable prevention programs in reducing adolescent drug use risk. (Contains 3 tables and 1 note.)

Inland recreational swimming sites provide significant social value globally. This study focused on public recreational swimming sites across the Murrumbidgee River and its tributaries in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) throughout the swimming season (September-April) from 2009 to 2020 to determine whether high intestinal enterococci concentrations could be predicted with flow exceedance and routinely monitored physical and chemical parameters of water quality. Enterococci concentrations were positively correlated with the turbidity associated with high-flow conditions. The predictive accuracy of high enterococci levels during high-flow conditions was good (mean percentage correctly classified, 60%). The prediction of high enterococci levels at low flows was significantly less reliable (mean percentage correctly classified, 12-15%). As the ACT is expected to experience decreases in rainfall overall but increases in extreme rainfall events due to climate change, understanding the drivers of elevated intestinal enterococci under extreme flow conditions remains important from a public health perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonmedical use of prescription stimulants and analgesics was assessed from personal interviews with a stratified random sample of 1,253 first-year college students ages 17 to 20 attending a large public university (86% response rate). Lifetime and past-year prevalence of nonmedical use of stimulants, analgesics, or both was [19.6%.sub.wt] and [15.6%.sub.wt], respectively. Nonmedical users had significantly lower grade point averages (GPAs) in high school as compared with nonusers; in college they skipped classes more often, spent more time socializing, and spent less time studying. For example, nonmedical users of both stimulants and analgesics skipped 21% of their college classes whereas nonusers skipped 9%. Controlling for high school GPA and other factors, past-year nonmedical use independently predicted lower college GPA by the end of the first year of college; this effect was partially mediated by skipping more classes. Nonmedical users of prescription drugs comprise a high-risk group for academic problems in college.

In the face of French occupation, the people of Spain in 1809 organized a Junta Suprema Central y Gubernativa del Reino (Supreme Central and Governing Junta of the Kingdom) to represent all the Spanish Monarchy, including the American territories, to coordinate resistance against the French and to sustain and finance the Monarchy in the absence of the Spanish king. Elections of representatives to the Junta Central were held throughout the Spanish world during the year. This article relates the processes and results of the elections in New Spain and examines their importance in the development of a democratic political culture in pre-independence Mexico. Durante la ocupacion francesa, el pueblo de Espana creo en 1809 la Junta Suprema Central y Gubernativa del Reino, con el objeto de representar a toda la monarquia espanola, incluyendo los territorios americanos, para coordinar la resistencia frente a los franceses y para sostener y financiar a la monarquia en

This study evaluated variation in substance use and mental health among graduate student subgroups. A sample of 2,683 master's and doctoral students completed an online survey in October 2017. Subgroup variation in behavioral health by demographic and program characteristics, particularly degree type and academic discipline, was explored. Compared with academic doctoral students (ie, PhD students), professional doctoral students (ie, MD, JD, etc.) were significantly more likely to report high stress levels and moderate or severe anxiety symptoms. Master's students were more likely to report moderate or severe anxiety symptoms and use marijuana than academic doctoral students. Students in the behavioral and social sciences, social work, and arts and humanities disciplines were more likely to use substances and report mental health problems than engineering and business students. These findings highlight graduate student subgroups who might require closer attention with respect to access to behavioral health services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonmedical use of prescription stimulants (NMPS) has increased on college campuses during the past two decades. NMPS is primarily driven by academic enhancement motives, and normative misperceptions exist as well. However, large, nationwide studies have not yet been conducted to generalize findings more broadly and gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between NMPS and other substance use (e.g. alcohol use, marijuana, etc.). The present study was conducted to lay the foundation for prevention efforts related to NMPS by establishing NMPS prevalence, practices surrounding NMPS, and other substance use. N = 2,989 students from seven universities around the U.S. completed a web-based survey assessing NMPS practices and related behaviors. Prevalence and factors associated with NMPS were explored. Analyses revealed a 17% past-year prevalence of NMPS with associated widespread misperceptions of peer use. NMPS was significantly related to alcohol use, binge drinking, and marijuana use, as well as skipped classes and affiliation with Greek life. Although most college students do not report NMPS, those who do also are more likely to report alcohol use, binge drinking, and marijuana use, and NMPS could be a "red flag" for other risk behaviors worth exploring. Implications for prevention and intervention are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background College drinking is a significant public health problem. Although parental monitoring and supervision reduces the risk for alcohol consumption among younger adolescents, few studies have investigated the impact of earlier parental monitoring on later college drinking. This study examined whether parental monitoring indirectly exerts a protective effect on college drinking by reducing high school alcohol consumption. Methods A longitudinal cohort of 1,253 male and female students, ages 17 to 19, attending a large, public, mid-Atlantic university was studied at two time points. First, data on high school parental monitoring and alcohol consumption were gathered via questionnaire during the summer prior to college entry. Second, during the first year of college, past-year alcohol consumption was measured via a personal interview. Multiple regression models tested the relationship between parental monitoring and past year alcohol use (i.e., number of drinks per drinking day). Results Holding constant demographics, SAT score, and religiosity, parental monitoring had a significant protective effect on both high school and college drinking level. However, the association between parental monitoring and college drinking level became non-significant once high school drinking level was held constant. Conclusion While parental monitoring did not directly influence college alcohol consumption, evidence for mediation was observed, whereby parental monitoring had an indirect influence on college drinking through reductions in high school drinking. Initiatives that promote effective parenting might be an important strategy to curb high-risk drinking among older adolescents. More research is needed to understand the nature and degree of parent-child communication that is necessary to extend the protective influence of parents into the college years.