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Purpose: Both aging and neurodegenerative illnesses are thought to be influenced by mitochondrial malfunction and free radical formation. Deformities of the energy metabolism, mitochondrial genome polymorphisms, nuclear DNA genetic abnormalities associated with mitochondria, modifications of mitochondrial fusion or fission, variations in shape and size, variations in transit, modified mobility of mitochondria, transcription defects, and the emergence of misfolded proteins associated with mitochondria are all linked to Parkinson's disease. Methods: This review is a condensed compilation of data from research that has been published between the years of 2014 and 2022, using search engines like Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus. Results: Mitochondrial transplantation is a one-of-a-kind treatment for mitochondrial diseases and deficits in mitochondrial biogenesis. The replacement of malfunctioning mitochondria with transplanted viable mitochondria using innovative methodologies has shown promising outcomes as a cure for Parkinson's, involving tissue sparing coupled with enhanced energy generation and lower oxidative damage. Numerous mitochondria-targeted therapies, including mitochondrial gene therapy, redox therapy, and others, have been investigated for their effectiveness and potency. Conclusion: The development of innovative therapeutics for mitochondria-directed treatments in Parkinson's disease may be aided by optimizing mitochondrial dynamics. Many neurological diseases have been studied in animal and cellular models, and it has been found that mitochondrial maintenance can slow the death of neuronal cells. It has been hypothesized that drug therapies for neurodegenerative diseases that focus on mitochondrial dysfunction will help to delay the onset of neuronal dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Niosomes increase drug bioavailability and address issues with drug insolubility, instability, rapid degradation, and lower treatment costs. By incorporating herbal medications into the delivery method, niosomes are created to enhance their toxicity protection, sustained delivery, pharmacological action, tissue macrophage distributions, and resilience to chemical and physical deterioration. By limiting a drug's activity to its intended target cells, niosomes make it less toxic and raise its therapeutic index. Niosomes, a novel medication delivery method, help increase therapeutic effects while decreasing adverse effects in herbal compositions. This study's goal is to draw attention to the use of phytoniosomes. Niosomes, a new type of drug delivery vehicle, are useful in herbal formulations because they lessen toxic effects while enhancing therapeutic effects. This article reveals details regarding niosomes and the use of herbs in niosomes. To acquire the data for the aforementioned study, research and review publications from different publishers, including Hindawi, Elsevier, Springer Nature, and Bentham Science, were examined using Google Scholar as a search engine. Herbal medicines containing water-soluble phytoconstituents are less absorbed due to their large molecular mass and less lipid solubility. To overcome these drawbacks, numerous experiments are being done that try to incorporate herbal components into cutting-edge pharmaceutical delivery systems like niosomes. Improvements in stability and pharmacological activity, are also brought about by the formulation of phytoniosomes. Numerous studies employing different phytoniosome have been conducted. However, more studies are required to gauge the potency of the phytoniosome using a variety of herbs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individual clinical experience is combined with the best possible external clinical data from systematic research in the practice of evidencebased medicine. Data-based treatment is a complete approach to treating healthcare problems that allow the best available research evidence to be combined with clinical experience and patient choices. Evidence-based medicine's obligations to the medical industry and allied areas in terms of creating a platform for integrating research findings into healthcare delivery and raising awareness of the need to take individual patient preferences into account. In terms of culture and medical practice, South Asian countries are different. This region has little understanding of evidence-based medicine. Evidence-based medications have been adopted in some parts of South Asia, according to multiple survey data, while it is yet unknown in others. Treatments for mobile phones are fast expanding, and a preliminary study indicates that South Asian countries could benefit from this technology as well. People can benefit from digital healthcare initiatives in a variety of ways, including improved skill-training opportunities in real-world situations, continual assistance from medical practitioners, and better drug management. Evidence-based medications will become more accessible and successful as a result of the combination of Evidence-based medications with mobile technologies. It will also allow for a timelier deployment of Evidence-based medications [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibodies that attack the neuromuscular junction induce myasthenia gravis, an immunological illness. Such antibodies assault and degrade postsynaptic molecules in by binding to the postsynaptic muscular end-plate. As a consequence, signal transduction is disrupted, resulting in muscular weakness and fatigability. Developments in our knowledge of the immunological mechanisms that cause myasthenia gravis have paved the way for the development of new targeted immunity treatments. The majority of myasthenia gravis sufferers have a well-managed condition with just minor to moderate symptoms. The goal must be to create more targeted therapies that reduce or enhance tolerance to the well-known and particular autoimmune reactions that result in autoantibody formation and muscular weakening. Several drugs widely used in obstetrics can aggravate the condition. The impact of maternity on myasthenia varies greatly from one woman to the next, as well as from one pregnancy to the next within the same woman. Acetylcholine esterase inhibitors, corticosteroids, and other immunosuppressants, as well as proper rest, are the most common therapy. Intrauterine antibody exposure can cause in utero or neonatal effects in newborns, which are usually temporary. This review focuses on myasthenia gravis subgroups and treatment breakthroughs, as well as the influence of myasthenia gravis on pregnancy and its management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A spike protein is a protein that builds a huge spike that ejects from an enveloped virus's membrane. The spike protein is the only virus membrane protein that enables the virus to penetrate through the cell. Spike Protein has three potential methods of action. Most common viral illnesses have relatively similar virus structures, which are predominantly made up of dimers or trimers of the spike glycoprotein, as well as analogous mechanisms of host cell invasion. The purpose of this paper is to explore the structure of the spike protein and its cell invasion method. The prevalence of spike protein in distinct viruses, as well as their similar invasion mechanisms, are also highlighted in the paper. We observed that many infectious viruses have very identical structures, predominantly constituted of spike glycoprotein, as well as similar processes of invasion into host cells. There are diverse sorts of pathogenesis that have been identified, especially those relating to host cell contamination and the means wherein the infection spreads and produces disease. The Spike protein must be operational for the virus to penetrate the host organism, and variations in the protein's activation techniques are thought to have an influence in viral pathogenesis. Vaccines struggle to prevent the transmission of all virus variants due to variances in the spike protein in different viral versions, as well as modifications in them. More research into the structure of spike glycoproteins, as well as the creation of more effective vaccines to inhibit spike protein invasion and infection, are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A small, translucent nematode known as Caenorhabditis elegans, or C. elegans, is frequently utilized as a model organism in biomedical studies. These worms, which are around 1 mm long and feed on bacteria, are usually found in soil. For accessible and effective research on genetics, developmental biology, neuroscience, cell biology, and aging, C. elegans provide an ideal model. Its simplicity, which includes a translucent body and a nervous system with only 302 neurons, makes it possible to see cellular and developmental processes in great detail. Because of its special benefits, the worm Caenorhabditis elegans allows for a thorough characterization of the cellular and molecular processes causing age-related neurodegenerative diseases. This is a general review of the life cycle, experimental methodologies, and the use of C. elegans to model brain diseases, including those related to molecular and genetic factors that cause neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, we go over how C. elegans is a perfect model organism for studying neurons in instances of prevalent age-related neurodegenerative illnesses due to a combination of its biological traits and new analytical techniques. The literature review process was carried out step-by-step using online search databases such as Web of Science, PubMED, Embase, Google Scholar, Medline, and Google Patents. In the first searches, keywords like C.elegans, disease modelling, and neuroprotective activity were employed. Because of C. elegans's physiological transparency, it is possible to track the development of neurodegeneration in aging organisms by using co-expressed fluorescent proteins. Importantly, a fully characterized connectome provides a unique ability to precisely connect cellular death with behavioural instability or phenotypic diversity in vivo, thus permitting a deep knowledge of the detrimental effect of neurodegeneration on wellbeing. In addition, pharmacological therapies and both forward and reverse gene screening speed up the discovery of modifiers that change neurodegeneration. These chemical-genetic investigations work together to determine important threshold states that either increase or decrease cellular stress in order to unravel related pathways., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Background: Inflammatory, immune, and neurodegenerative diseases constitute a category of persistent and debilitating conditions affecting millions worldwide, with inter-twined pathophysiological pathways. Recent research has spotlighted naturally occurring compounds like naringenin for potential therapeutic applications across multiple ailments., Objective: This review offers an encompassing exploration of naringenin's anti-inflamma-tory, immune-protective, and neuroprotective mechanisms, elucidating its pharmacological targets, signal transduction pathways, safety profile, and insights from clinical investigations., Methods: Data for this review were amassed through the scrutiny of various published studies via search engines such as PubMed and Google Scholar. Content from reputable publishers including Bentham Science, Taylor and Francis, Nature, PLOS ONE, among others, was referenced., Results: Naringenin exhibits substantial anti-inflammatory effects by restraining the NF-κB signaling pathway. It activates Nrf2, renowned for its anti-inflammatory properties, inducing the release of hemeoxynase-1 by macrophages. Furthermore, naringenin treatment downregulates the expression of Th1 cytokines and inflammatory mediators. It also impedes xanthine oxidase, counteracts reactive oxygen species (ROS), scavenges superoxide radicals, mitigates the accessibility of oxygen-induced K+ erythrocytes, and reduces lipid peroxidation. Naringenin's antioxidant prowess holds promise for addressing neurological conditions., Conclusion: Extensive research has been undertaken to establish the anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and neuroprotective attributes of naringenin across various medical domains, lending credence to its pharmacological utility. The principal obstacle to naringenin's adoption as a therapeutic agent remains the dearth of in vivo data. Efforts should focus on rendering naringenin delivery patient-friendly, economically viable, and technologically advanced., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Background: The existence of aberrant myocardial activity and function in the exclusion of those other cardiovascular events, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and severe valve disease, is known as diabetic cardiomyopathy. Diabetes patients are much more prone to death from cardiovascular illnesses than from any other cause, and they also have a 2-5 fold higher likelihood of acquiring cardiac failure and other complications., Objective: In this review, the pathophysiology of diabetic cardiomyopathy is discussed, with an emphasis on the molecular and cellular irregularities that arise as the condition progresses, as well as existing and prospective future treatments., Method: The literature for this topic was researched utilizing Google Scholar as a search engine. Before compiling the review article, several research and review publications from various publishers, including Bentham Science, Nature, Frontiers, and Elsevier, were investigated., Result: The abnormal cardiac remodelling, marked by left ventricular concentric thickening and interstitial fibrosis contributing to diastolic impairment, is mediated by hyperglycemia, and insulin sensitivity. The pathophysiology of diabetic cardiomyopathy has been linked to altered biochemical parameters, decreased calcium regulation and energy production, enhanced oxidative damage and inflammation, and a build-up of advanced glycation end products., Conclusion: Antihyperglycemic medications are essential for managing diabetes because they successfully lower microvascular problems. GLP-1 receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors have now been proven to benefit heart health by having a direct impact on the cardiomyocyte. To cure and avoid diabetic cardiomyopathy new medicines are being researched, including miRNA and stem cell therapies., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Background: Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurological ailment. It is also known that it affects practically all other brain components, although only gradually. Animal models are mostly used to test the efficacy of treatment against a specific enzyme and aid in creating a new drug dose., Objective: The purpose of this review is to highlight in vivo Parkinson's disease screening approaches, as well as the mechanism of action of each drug involved in Parkinson's disease development, and discuss the limitations of each model. In addition, it also sheds light on Parkinson's disease genetic models., Methods: The data for the publication was gathered from databases, such as PubMed, Bentham Science, Elsevier, Springer Nature, Wiley, and Research Gate, after a thorough examination of diverse research findings linked to Parkinson's disease and its screening models., Results: Each chemical or drug has a unique mechanism for causing disease, whether through the production of reactive oxygen species or the blockage of the dopamine receptor. Almost every disease symptom, whether physical or behavioral, is covered by each of the constructed models' unique set of indicators and symptoms., Conclusion: Animal models are typically used to assess a medicine's activity against a specific enzyme and aid in the creation of a new drug dose. The process, restrictions, and mechanisms interfering with the screening, as well as the level of animal suffering, must all be thoroughly reviewed before any model for screening for Parkinson's disease can be implemented., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative syndrome defined by a variety of motor, cognitive, and psychomotor dysfunctions. The current pharmaceutical treatment focuses on treating the condition's symptoms. They are primarily concerned with reducing illness symptoms or avoiding dopamine metabolism. As our understanding of disease pathogenesis improves, new therapeutic approaches emerge., Objective: This article aims to describe the standard Parkinson's medications based on symptoms and requirements. It emphasizes recent advancements in symptomatic therapy for motor indications and achievements in the research and clinical testing of medicines that promise to enable disease modification in patients with already-manifest PD., Methods: Information for this paper was found by looking through Google Scholar and reading several research and review articles from Bentham Science, Science Direct, Elsevier, Frontiers, Taylor & Francis, and other publishers., Result: Parkinson's disease therapeutic interventions are now limited to symptomatic therapy, mostly in dopaminergic medications and deep brain stimulation (DBS). They have the potential to deliver great therapeutic progress, yet they can also have serious drawbacks that decrease a patient's quality of life. The progress of pluripotent stem cell therapies and genome engineering procedures has sparked renewed hope for the treatment of a wide range of human illnesses, particularly genetic abnormalities., Conclusion: The current Parkinson's therapy trends are successful and continually evolving, with several drugs currently undergoing clinical trials. As these new therapies constantly coming out and can be used together, they will likely change how Parkinson's disease is treated in the coming years., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Background: Parkinson's disease is a complicated, gradually progressive neurological illness characterized by locomotor and non-motor symptomatology that impedes daily activities. Despite significant advances in symptomatic therapies with various extents of negative effects, there are currently no disease-modifying medicinal alternatives. Symptoms worsen, creating an additional strain that reduces living quality and creates the perception that prescription drugs are no longer productive., Objective: Adopting healthy lifestyle habits can help patients feel more empowered, promote wellness, relieve symptoms, and potentially slow neurodegeneration. Nutrition, intellectual stimulation, physical exercise, and stress reduction are all examples of lifestyle habits that improve cognitive health and life satisfaction. We discuss how changes in lifestyle, nutrition, yoga, exercise, and acupuncture can help with managing the disease's symptoms., Methods: We searched Google Scholar for various research papers and review articles from publishers, such as Bentham Science, Elsevier, Taylor and Francis, Springer Nature, and others for gathering the data for the study., Results: Pesticide exposure, environmental hazards, dietary choices, stress, and anxiety all have an indirect or immediate influence on the commencement of Parkinson's disease. Naturopathic remedies, such as nutraceuticals, yoga, exercise, and acupuncture, have been shown to help with Parkinson's disease management., Conclusion: Various preclinical and clinical studies have shown that the various factors mentioned are beneficial in the management of the disease, but more research is needed to validate the extent to which such factors are beneficial., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)